Tishk International University

Science Faculty
IT Department

Computer Hardware
Lecture 01: Introduction

2nd Grade – Spring Semester

Instructor: Alaa Ghazi

Course Name: COMPUTER HARDWARE
Code/Section: IT 232/A

Instructor: Mr. Alaa Ghazi

Qualification: [Link]. in Computer Engineering
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Room No.: 313
Reference: Mueller, Scott. Upgrading and Repairing PCs:
Upgrading and Repairing_e22. Que Publishing, 2015.
 COURSE CONTENT
# Topic
1 Introduction
2 CPU (part 1 –8086 , part 2 –80386)
3 Standard Input Output Systems
4 Network Cards
5 Motherboard
6 Memory Organization
7 Video and Audio Systems

8 Storage Devices
 Lecture 01: Introduction
Part 1 - Computer Evolution
 Computer Architecture Definition
• Computer Architecture: is how to integrate
computer components to build a computer system to
achieve a desired level of performance.
– Analogy: architect’s task during the planning of a
building (overall layout, floorplan, etc).
• This lecture will focus on the IBM PC evolution, since it
remains the most popular architecture and, most
computers could still run MS-DOS based programs
from the 80’s and 90’s
• Understanding how the design of the PC has evolved
will help when solving problems as it is necessary have
a deeper understanding of why things are done and
what problems can happen to it. 5
Evolution of the Types of Computers
(not required in the exam)

6
 Mainframe: IBM System/360
• Very popular mainframe computer of the
60s and 70s.
• Introduced many advanced architectural
concepts that appeared in microprocessors
several decades later.

7
 IBM PC History
• 1981: IBM releases a Personal Computer (PC. It
has the below features
– Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) for low-level
control
– Microsoft made the operating system MSDOS.
– 3rd party designers were asked to design extension
cards.
– 3rd party developers were asked to write software for
MSDOS.
– IBM PC hardware became the de-facto standard
8
 IBM Loses Control
• 1982: Compaq, HP and others release IBM-
compatible PCs
– Different hardware implementations (except 8086 CPU)
– Reverse engineered and re-implemented BIOS
– Relied on customized version of MS-DOS
• 1985: IBM clones dominated computer sales
– Used the same underlying CPUs and hardware chips
– Close to 100% BIOS compatibility
– MS-DOS compatible
– Until recently, most computers could still run MS-DOS
based programs from the 80’s and 90’s.

9
 Typical Memory Layout of IBM PC
Top 0xFFFF
Memory
• 64KB of memory mapped
• Memory Addresses from 0x0000 to 0xF000
devices
0xFFFF
• Specific ranges get used by devices, Free
Memory
system services, the BIOS, etc.
0x0DFF
BIOS Code
0x00FF
Interrupt
Vector
Bottom 0x0000
10
 OS and Hardware Relation
(not required in the exam)

Comma
Text
GUI nd Line
Editor
Shell

Operating System

Hardware (e.g., mouse,

keyboard)
11
Typical Modern Computer Hardware
Components
 Lecture 01: Introduction
Part 2 – Digital Signals and Circuits
 Digital and Analog Quantities

Analog quantities have continuous values Digital quantities have discrete sets of values

• Sampling Converts Analog quantity to Digital Quantity.

• Each discrete number will be represented in Digital
Systems (like computer, Smartphone,..etc) as a binary
number with set of bits.
• Each bit can have two values 0 or 1
• The Binary values 0 and 1 are represented by voltage
levels.
• They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW = 0
and HIGH = 1
 Binary Numbers
• The binary digit is called bit which can be either 0 or 1
• Right most bit is least significant bit LSB
• Left most bit is most significant bit MSB
• Each position is weighted by a factor of 2.
bits

------------

26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Weight of each bit depends on position
 Counting in Binary
Decimal Binary
23 22 21 20
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
 Digital Pulse
Binary values represented by voltage levels over time.
 Combinational & Sequential Logic
Combinational
Logic . Combinational .
Inputs . . Outputs
. Logic Gates .

Sequential
Logic Inputs . . Outputs
. Combinational .
Logic Gates

Memory
Elements
Clock (Flip-Flops)
 Flip-Flop
A Flip-Flop is a memory to store 1 bit, in which only the clock edge
determines when a new bit is entered.
In D-type Flip-Flop the output Q assumes the state of the D input on
the triggering edge of a clock pulse and keep memorizing this value
till next clock edge.
 Register
 An register has a group of n flip-flops so it is capable of storing n
bits of information.
• The maximum value that a register can represent is 2n-1
• Example: A 4-bit register. A new 4-bit data is loaded every clock
cycle. The maximum value for this register is 24-1 =15
 Register Functions:
 Read data from register
 Write new data into register
 Shift the data within register
 Register States & Clock Signal
The output of the register will memorize the last state even when
input changes until clock edge present

State 1 State 2 State 3

 Von-Neumann Architecture
• All instructions and data are stored in memory.
• An instruction and the required data are
brought into the CPU for execution.
• Input and Output devices interface the CPU
with the outside world.

22
 CPU: Central Processing Unit
At the heart of all personal computers and smart phones sits a
microprocessor.
In the world of computers, the terms microprocessor (µP),
processor, and CPU have the same meaning.
Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital
devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.
Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:
i) Instruction set: The set of instructions that the CPU can execute.
ii) Bus width: The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
iii) Clock speed (in MHz): determines how many instructions per
second the processor can execute.
Bus Concept
Bus Types
Computer Architecture Block Diagram

26
CPU Buses Practical Demo
CPU Buses Practical Demo