aWhat is computer?

 Computer is a electronic device which can arithematical and logical given by the user and give
desired output.
Major parts of computer:

> CPU
> Monitor
> Keyboard
> Mouse

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Parts of cpu:
 Mother board
 Processor
 Ram
 Rom (HDD, SSD)
 SMPS(power supply)
 Graphics Card
 Cabinet
 Network card
 Cmos battery
 CPU colling Fan

Computer= Hardware + Software

Software
Software, simply are the computer programs. The instructions given to the computer in the form of
a program is called Software. Software is the set of programs, which are used for different
purposes. All the programs used in computer to perform specific task is called Software.

Software type:
 System Software
 Application Software
 Utility software

1. System software:
a) Operating System Software :
Defination of system software

System software is a type of computer program designed to run a computer's hardware and application
programs. Essentially, system software manages the hardware components and provides a platform for
other software to operate.
Some key examples of system software include:
 Operating Systems (OS): Software like Windows, macOS, and Linux that manage hardware
resources and provide common services for application software
  DOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Unix/Linux, MAC/OS X etc.

a) Application, is a type of software designed to help users perform specific tasks or activities.
Package Software Ms. Office 2003, Ms. Office 2007, Macromedia (Dreamweaver, Flash,
Freehand), Adobe (PageMaker, Photoshop)

b) Utility Software Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management), Windows Media Player,

AntiVirus Utilities, Disk Defragmentation, Disk Clean, BackUp, WinZip, WinRAR etc…

Types of Computer:
On the basis of working principle
a) An analog computer is a type of computing device that uses continuous physical quantities to
represent data and perform calculations.
b) b) Digital Computer A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.
Example: PC, Smartphone, Tablet
c) A hybrid computer is a type of computing system that combines the features of both analog and
digital computers.
Example: Medical Devices: Certain medical diagnostic equipment, such as an
Electrocardiogram (ECG) machine, uses hybrid computing. The analog component processes the
continuous signals from the patient's heart, while the digital component analyzes and displays the
data.

Size basis Computer

Computers can be classified based on their size and processing power. Here are the main
categories:
1. Microcomputers:
o Personal Computers (PCs): These include desktops and laptops used by individuals for
everyday tasks. Examples: Dell Inspiron, Apple MacBook.
o Tablets: Portable devices with touchscreens. Examples: Apple iPad, Microsoft Surface.
o Smartphones: Handheld devices combining phone and computing capabilities. Examples:
iPhone, Samsung Galaxy.
2. Minicomputers:
o Midrange Computers: These are more powerful than microcomputers and used in small to
medium-sized businesses for specific applications like database management and
enterprise resource planning. Examples: IBM AS/400, HP3000.
3. Mainframe Computers:
o Large-scale Computers: Used by large organizations for critical applications, bulk data
processing, and large-scale transaction processing. Examples: IBM zSeries, Unisys
ClearPath.
4. Supercomputers:
o Highly Powerful Computers: Designed for complex computations, scientific simulations,
and research tasks. Examples: IBM Summit, Fujitsu Fugaku.
5. Embedded Computers:
o Specialized Computers: Integrated into other devices to control specific functions.
Examples: Computer systems in cars, home appliances, and industrial machines.

Generation Of Computer With Founder And

Example
Certainly! Here's a detailed overview of the generations of computers along with their founders and
examples:

1. First Generation (1940s-1950s)

  Technology: Vacuum Tubes
 Founder: J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
 Example: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), one of the earliest general-
purpose computers.

2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s)

 Technology: Transistors
 Founder: John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley (for the invention of the transistor)
 Example: IBM 7090, a transistorized computer widely used in scientific and industrial applications.

3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s)

 Technology: Integrated Circuits (ICs)
 Founder: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce (for the invention of the integrated circuit)
 Example: IBM System/360, a family of mainframe computers that revolutionized the industry.

4. Fourth Generation (1970s-Present)

 Technology: Microprocessors
 Founder: Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, and Stanley Mazor (for the development of the
microprocessor at Intel)
 Example: Apple Macintosh, a personal computer that introduced the graphical user interface to a
broader audience.

5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

 Technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Advanced Microprocessors
 Founder: Various pioneers in AI, such as John McCarthy (coined the term "Artificial Intelligence")
 Example: IBM Watson, an AI system capable of understanding natural language and processing
vast amounts of data.
These generations highlight the incredible advancements in computing technology over the
decades. If you want to delve deeper into any specific generation or learn more about a particular
founder or example, just let me know

Networking Basics

1. Definition:
o A network is a group of interconnected devices (such as computers, servers, and other
hardware) that can communicate with each other to share resources and information.
2. Types of Networks:
o Local Area Network (LAN): Covers a small geographic area, such as a home, office, or
building.
o Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers a large geographic area, such as a city, country, or
even worldwide. The internet is the largest WAN.
o Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Spans a city or campus.
o Personal Area Network (PAN): Very small network typically for an individual's devices, like
connecting a smartphone to a laptop via Bluetooth.
1)  Components of a Network:
2) Nodes: Devices like computers, servers, and printers connected to the network.
3) Networking Devices: Such as routers, switches, and hubs that manage data traffic within the
network.
4) Communication Links: The medium over which data travels, like Ethernet cables, fiber optics, and
wireless signals.
5)  Protocols:
6) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The foundational protocols of the
internet, allowing devices to communicate over different networks.
7) HTTP/HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol/Secure): Protocols used for web communication.
(a) FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between computers.
8) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.
9)  Addressing:
10) IP Address: A unique identifier assigned to each device on a network.
11) MAC Address: A unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications at the data
link layer.
12)  Network Security:
13) Firewalls: Monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules.
14) Encryption: Protects data by converting it into a secure format.
15) VPN (Virtual Private Network): Creates a secure connection over a public network.
16)  Network Topologies:
17) Star: All nodes are connected to a central hub.
18) Bus: All nodes are connected to a single communication line.
19) Ring: Each node is connected to two other nodes, forming a circular data path.
20) Mesh: Every node is connected to every other node.
21)