CHAPTER 4

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Content

1. Moving Boundary Work

2. First Law of Thermodynamics For Closed Systems
3. Specific Heats
4. Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Specific Heats of Ideal
Gases
5. Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Specific Heats of Ideal
Liquids and Solids
1. Moving Boundary Work
Moving Boundary Work (P dV Work)

Wb is positive → for expansion

Wb is negative → for compression

δ=
Wb F= ds P dV
ds PA=
2
Wb = ∫ p dV (kJ)
1
PdV Work on P-V diagram

2 2

Area = A   dA   P dV
1 1
Cyclic Process

Qnet − Wnet = ∆U cycle

Qnet = Wnet
 Boundary Work for a Constant-Volume Process

P 1

P-V diagram for V = constant

 Boundary Work for a Constant-Pressure Process
2 2

Wb   PdV P0  d V  P0 V2 − V1 

1 1

Wb  mP0 v 2  v1 

Example 4–2. Frictionless piston-cylinder device

contains 5kg of steam at 400kPa and 200°C.
Heat is transferred until temperature reaches 250°C. m=5kg
P=400kPa
Look up the superheated steam table A-6, and find v1
and v2. Then, work done by the steam is Wb = P0 x m x P, kPa
(v2-v1). Wb=122kJ.
P=400kPa
400kPa

v1=0.53434 v2=0.59520
 Boundary Work for an Isothermal Compression Process
C
PV  mRT0  C or P 
2 2
V
V2 
Wb   PdV   CV dV  PV 1n  
1

1 1
V 
1

2 2 2
C dV V V
Wb   PdV   dV  C   C In 2  P1V1 In 2
1 1
V 1
V V1 V1

Example 4-3 Isothermal compression of an ideal gas.

Work done on air in the cylinder by the piston during a
compression process. Volume decreased to 1/4.

V1=0.4 m3 P1=100kPa T1=80°C

V2=0.1 m3

Then, the boundary work is (100)(0.1)kJ ln(0.1/0.4) = -

13.86kJ
Boundary Work for a Polytropic Process
PVn = C , P = CV− n
2 2
V2n1 V1n1 P V  P1V1
Wb   PdV   CV dV  C
n
 2 2
1 1
n  1 1 n
mR T2  T1  For ideal gas
Wb  n  1 kJ 
1 n

Process Exponent

Constant pressure 0
Constant volume ∞
Isothermal & ideal gas 1
Adiabatic & ideal gas k = CP/CV
 Expansion of a Gas against a Spring

(a)Final pressure
(b)Total work done by the gas
(c)Fraction of the work done against the spring to compress it

V2=2V1=0.1 m3, x1=0, x2 = (V2 - V1)/A = 0.05 m3/ 0.25 m2 = 0.2 m ,

F = kx2 = 30kN, P2 - P1=30kN/0.25 m2 =120kPa, P2=320kPa

Work = Area I + Area II = 13kJ; Spring Work = Area II = 3kJ

2. First Law of Thermodynamics for
Closed Systems
 First law for a constant-pressure expansion
or compression process
General analysis for a closed system undergoing a quasi-equilibrium
constant-pressure process. Q is to the system and W is from the system.

Wb  p0 V2 V1  Q  Wother  P0 V2 V1   U 2  U1

P0 = P2 = P1 → Q − Wother = (U 2 + P2V2 ) − (U1 + P1V1 ) H  U  PV

Q  Wother  H 2  H1 kJ 
For a constant-pressure expansion or compression process: U  Wb  H
First law for a constant-pressure expansion – Superheated
vapor W  Q  W  U
e,in out b

We,in  Qout  H  m h2  h1  since P  constant 

Q – W = ΔU; Q =-Qout; W=Wb-Win; Win-Qout=ΔH

Win = 7.2kJ; ΔH = 7.2 – 3.7 = 0.025 x (h2-h1)
h1 = 2724.9 kJ/kg at 300kPa from saturated vapor table A-5
h2 = 2864.9 kJ/kg at 300kPa,
Look up the steam table with 300kPa and h2=2864.9kJ/kg, find T2 =
200°C.
Constant Pressure Expansion and Unrestrained Expansion
 Unrestrained Expansion of Water

Ein  Eout
  Esystem

Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass Potential, etc.,energies

Qin U  m(u2  u1 )

Find (a) The volume of tank, (b) final pressure, (c ) heat transfer
Stationary system, ΔE=ΔU, Q - W = ΔU; W = P(V2 - V1) = 0; Q = ΔU
3. Specific Heats
 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas

Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise the
temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
pressure is maintained constant.
Constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats cv and cp
(helium gas)
 Specific Heat Relationships and first law
 q   wb  du
(δq/dT)
 wb  Pdv
 q  c dT  du at constant volume,  wb  0
 q  c p dT  du  Pdv  dh at constant pressure
 q   u 
c    c   
 T   T 


 q   h 
c p     c p   
 T   T  p
p

The equations are valid for any substance undergoing any process.
cv is related to the changes in internal energy and cp to the changes in enthalpy.
General Substance
The state postulate for a simple compressible system

u (T , v) and h h(T , P)
u=

The total differential of u

 4. Internal Energy, Enthalpy,
and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
 Joule’s Experiment
Joule showed using this experimental
apparatus that u = u(T)

= (T ) h h(T )
u u=
du = cv (T )dT
dh = c p (T )dT

Internal energy and enthalpy

change of an ideal gas
2

u  u2  u1   c v (T ) dT (kJ / Kg)
1
2

h  h2  h1   c p (T ) dT (kJ / Kg)
1
The specific heat of a substance changes with temperature

kJ
Cp
kmol ⋅ K Vibration mode
9
Ru
2 Rotation mode

7
Ru
2
5
Ru “Dumbbell
2
Translation mode model”

T
 Internal Energy and Enthalpy of
Ideal Gases
 ∂u 
du Cv dT +   dv
=
 ∂v T
  ∂P  
du =
Cv dT + T   − P  dv
  ∂T v 
Temperature Dependence

du = CV dT
dh = CP dT

2a
P
2b
1 2c
T2
T1

P-V diagram for several processes for an ideal gas.

Find Properties of Real Gases
Figure 4–25
In the preparation of ideal-gas tables, 0 K is chosen as the reference
temperature.
Three ways of calculating ∆u and ∆h
Figure 4–28
Three ways of calculating Δu.
Figure 4–26
For small temperature intervals, the
specific heats may be assumed to vary
linearly with temperature.
 Specific Heat Ratio of Ideal Gases
h = u + RT. The relationship between cp, cv and R

dh = du + RdT cp=cv+R (KJ/Kg·K)

dh = cpdT and du=cvdT cp
k Specific heat ratio
cv
On a molar basis c p  cv  Ru (KJ / Kmol.K)
 Heating of a Gas in a Tank by Stirring

Ein  Eout  Esystem

 
Net energy transfer Change in internal, Kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass Potential,etc., energies

Wsh,in  U  m u2  u1  =mcv ,avg (T2  T1 )

Figure 4–30
Schematic and P-V diagram for Example 4–8.

He Gas
350kPa
27 deg C
0.7kg
 Heating of a Gas by a Resistance Heater
Ein  Eout
  Esystem

Net energy transfer Change in internal, Kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass Potential,etc., energies

We,in  Qout  Wb ,out  U

We,in  Qout  H  m h2  h1  =mc p (T2  T1 )
Figure 4–31
Schematic and P-V diagram for Example 4–9.
 Heating of a Gas at Constant Pressure

Ein  Eout  Esystem

 
Net energy transfer Change in internal, Kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass Potential,etc., energies

Qin  Wb ,out  U  m u3  u1 

Figure 4–32
Schematic and P-V diagram for Example 4–10.
 4. Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and
Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids
Incompressible Substance:

du = CV dT = CdT
 Internal Energy Changes

du c=
= v dT c (T ) dT h = u + Pv
2 dh = du + Pdv + vdP
∆u = u2 − u1 = ∫ c (T ) dT
1
( kJ/kg )
dv = 0
∆u ≅ cavg (T2 − T1 ) ( kJ/kg )
dh = du + Pdv/ 0 + vdP
dh = du + vdP
∆h = ∆u + v∆P = C∆T + v∆P
Enthalpy Changes

For solids, the term v ΔP is insignificant, and thus

∆h =∆u + v ∆P ≅ cavg ∆T + v ∆P ( kJ/kg )
∆hsolid = ∆usolid + v/ 0 ∆P
∆hsolid = ∆usolid ≅ C∆T
For liquids,

1. Constant-pressure processes, as in heaters ( ∆P =0 ) : ∆h =∆u ≅ cavg ∆T

2. Constant-temperature processes, as in pumps ( ∆T = 0 ) : ∆h = v∆P

The enthalpy of a compressed liquid

h@ P ,T ≅ h f @ T + v f @ T ( P − Psat @ T )
 Cooling of an Iron Block by Water

Ein − Eout = ∆Esystem

   
 
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies

0 = ∆U

∆U sys = ∆U iron + ∆U water = 0

 mc (T2 − T1 )  iron +  mc (T2 − T1 )  water =
0
 Summary

• Moving boundary work.

• Energy balance for closed systems.
• Specific heats.
• Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of ideal gases.
• Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of incompressible
substances (solids and liquids).
End of Chapter 4