Part-2: Block Diagram of Computer System

Task-1

Part-2: Block Diagram of Computer System

Input

All the data received by the computer goes through the input unit. The input unit
comprises different devices like a mouse, keyboard, scanner, etc. In other words, each of these
devices acts as a mediator between the users and the computer.

The data that is to be processed is put through the input unit. The computer accepts the
raw data in binary form. It then processes the data and produces the desired output.

The 3 major functions of the input unit are-

 Take the data to be processed by the user.

 Convert the given data into machine-readable form.

 And then, transmit the converted data into the main memory of the computer. The sole
purpose is to connect the user and the computer. In addition, this creates easy
communication between them.

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CPU – Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit or the CPU, is the brain of the computer. It works the same way
a human brain works. As the brain controls all human activities, similarly the CPU controls all
the tasks.

Moreover, the CPU conducts all the arithmetical and logical operations in the computer.

Now the CPU comprises of two units, namely – ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and CU
(Control Unit). Both of these units work in sync. The CPU processes the data as a whole.

Let us see what particular tasks are assigned to both units.

ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit

The Arithmetic Logic Unit is made of two terms, arithmetic and logic. There are two primary
functions that this unit performs.

1. Data is inserted through the input unit into the primary memory. Performs the basic
arithmetical operation on it. Like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It
performs all sorts of calculations required on the data. Then sends back data to the
storage.

2. The unit is also responsible for performing logical operations like AND, OR, Equal to,
Less than, etc. In addition to this it conducts merging, sorting, and selection of the given
data.

CU – Control Unit

The control unit as the name suggests is the controller of all the activities/tasks and
operations. All this is performed inside the computer.

The memory unit sends a set of instructions to the control unit. Then the control unit in
turn converts those instructions. After that these instructions are converted to control signals.
These control signals help in prioritizing and scheduling activities. Thus, the control unit
coordinates the tasks inside the computer in sync with the input and output units.
Memory Unit

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All the data that has to be processed or has been processed is stored in the memory unit.
The memory unit acts as a hub of all the data. It transmits it to the required part of the computer
whenever necessary.

The memory unit works in sync with the CPU. This helps in faster accessing and processing
of the data. Thus, making tasks easier and quicker.

There are two types of computer memory-

1. Primary memory – This type of memory cannot store a vast amount of data. Therefore,
it is only used to store recent data. The data stored in this is temporary. It can get erased
once the power is switched off. Therefore, is also called temporary memory or main
memory.

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is an example of primary memory. This
memory is directly accessible by the CPU. It is used for reading and writing purposes.
For data to be processed, it has to be first transferred to the RAM and then to the CPU.

2. Secondary memory – As explained above, the primary memory stores temporary data.
Thus it cannot be accessed in the future. For permanent storage purposes, secondary
memory is used. It is also called permanent memory or auxiliary memory. The hard disk
is an example of secondary memory. Even in a power failure data does not get erased
easily.

Output

There is nothing to be amazed by what the output unit is used for. All the information
sent to the computer once processed is received by the user through the output unit. Devices like
printers, monitors, projectors, etc. all come under the output unit.

The output unit displays the data either in the form of a soft copy or a hard copy. The
printer is for the hard copy. The monitor is for the display. The output unit accepts the data in
binary form from the computer. It then converts it into a readable form for the user.

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IDENTIFY THE PERIPHERALS OF A COMPUTER

Introduction
The basic parts of a desktop computer are the computer
case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power cord. Each part plays an important
role whenever you use a computer.

MONITOR: A monitor is an electronic output device used to display information

being entered and processed on a computer. The primary use of a monitor is to
display images, text, video, and graphics information generated by the computer
via a computer's video card.
CPU:A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process,
and store data and information. Computer systems are currently built around at
least one digital processing device.
KEYBOARD: A keyboard is an input device and is the most basic way for the
user to communicate with a computer.
MOUSE: The mouse is a small, movable device that lets you control a range of
things on a computer.

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COMPONENTS IN A CPU AND ITS FUNCTIONS

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):

A central processing unit (CPU) is an important part of every computer. The
CPU sends signals to control the other parts of the computer, almost like how a
brain controls a body.
A CPU is essentially a hardware that performs functions related to input and
output, processing and storage of data for a computer system. It is the main control
center for all operations that happen in a computer system.
A CPU can be installed or inserted into a CPU socket. These sockets are usually
located on the motherboard. Further, a CPU is provided with a heat sink. This heat
sink helps in absorbing and dissipating heat. This helps in keeping the CPU cool
and functioning smoothly. A CPU performs several essential features. Some of
those features are:
 It can perform various types of data processing [Link] can store
data, instructions, programs, and intermediate results.

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 It controls the functions of all the significant parts of a computer.

The central processing unit has three significant parts. And those parts of
CPU are:
 Storage unit or memory.
 Control unit.
 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
What are the Different Parts of the CPU?
A CPU has various components which are dedicated to performing certain specific
functions. The various components are:
 The Storage or the Memory Unit
As per its name, this unit is dedicated to storing all information and
data that is saved on the computer system. This data is supplied
whenever the user needs it. It is also sometimes referred to as the
internal storage unit.
 The Control Unit
This part of the CPU is responsible for handling all operations of the
system. But does not actually carry out specific functions related to
data processing. This unit uses electrical signals to execute all
processes for the system. It controls the transfer of data, input/output
functions and coordinates all internal working of the hardware.

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

As the name indicates, this unit mainly consists of two subsections.
The first is the arithmetic section, and the second is the logic section.
The function of the arithmetic section is to perform various arithmetic
operations. Some arithmetic operations that are usually performed
include addition, division, multiplication, and subtraction.
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Single Core CPU

This is the oldest type of computer CPUs. These CPUs were used during the
1970s. As the name indicates, these types of CPUs only have a single core
that processes different [Link] means that the CPU can only process
one operation at a time. The CPU continuously switches between different
sets of data streams whenever more than one program is started. This is why
this type of CPU is not suitable for multitasking. This is because this would
reduce the quality of performance of the CPU.
Dual-Core CPU
Dual-Core CPUs contain two cores within a single Integrated Circuit (IC).
Each core also has its cache and controller. These controllers and cache are
linked together to work as a single unit. This is why these CPUs can work
faster than the single-core processors. These types of CPUs are better at
handling multitasking more efficiently in comparison to single-core
processors.
Quad-Core CPU
Quad-Core CPUs come with two dual-core processors present within a
single integrated circuit (IC) or chip. This means that a quad-core processor
contains a chip with four independent units, also known as [Link] cores
are capable of reading and executing various instructions provided by the
CPU.
The cores can also run multiple instructions at the same time. This increases
the overall speed for programs that are compatible with parallel processing.

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MOTHERBOARD
A motherboard (also called mainboard, main circuit board, MB,
mboard, backplane board, base board, system board, mobo; or in Apple
computers logic board) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-
purpose computers and other
expandable systems. It holds and allows
communication between many of the
crucial electronic components of a
system, such as the central processing
unit (CPU) and memory, and provides
connectors for other peripherals. Unlike
a backplane, a motherboard usually
contains significant sub-systems, such
as the central processor, the chipset's input/output and memory
controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for
general use.

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Motherboard components

Each motherboard is designed to support specific components, such as CPUs and

memory. They can accommodate most types of hard drives and peripherals.
Motherboards include the following primary components:
 CPU with its logic circuitry that processes the instructions from programs,
the operating system and other computer components;
 memory where instructions and data are temporarily stored and executed;
 storage interface for solid-state or hard disk drive for persistent data and
application storage;
 ROM BIOS providing non-volatile memory (Non-volatile memory (NVM)
or non-volatile storage is a type of computer memory that can retain
stored information even after power is removed) that stores firmware,
such as the basic input/output system or BIOS;
 Northbridge chipset that connects CPU, memory, storage and other
components;
 Southbridge chipset that connects peripheral elements to the motherboard
and connects to the Northbridge;
 cooling fans that maintain a suitable internal operating temperature;
 peripheral connector slots for plugin peripheral cards, such as graphics and
communications adapters;
 connectors for peripheral devices such as USB ports and other connectors
for external devices;
 the backup battery that ensures key system configuration data is
maintained when main power is unavailable; and
 the power connector, connecting to an external power source.

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Many other elements comprise a typical motherboard. Think of a motherboard as a

large mosaic of electrical connections linking the various parts of a computer.

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PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICE

Primary storage (also known as main memory) is the component of the
computer that holds data, programs and instructions that are currently in use.
Primary storage is located on the motherboard. As a result, data can be read from
and written to primary storage extremely quickly.
Classification of Primary Memory
We can broadly classify Primary Memory into two parts:
1. Read-Only Memory or ROM
2. Random Access Memory or RAM

Read-Only MemoryROM stands for Read-Only Memory. ROM is a memory

device that is used to permanently store information inside a chip.

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It is a non-volatile memory (it means that the stored information cannot be

lost even whan the power is turned off) that is used to store important
information which is used to operate the system.
As its name refers to read-only memory, we can only read the programs and data
stored on it. It is also a primary memory unit of the computer system. It contains
some electronic fuses that can be programmed for a piece of specific information.
The information stored in the ROM in binary format. It is also known as
permanent memory.

Types of ROM
We can classify ROM into three major types on the basis of their
behavior. They are:
1. PROM – (Programmable Read Only Memory) The user
can only change the programmable ROM once. The user purchases a blank
PROM and writes the required text on it; however, the content cannot be
changed once it has been written.
2. EPROM – (Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory) It can be erased and programmed
by removing the original material, which can be
done by exposing EPROM to UV (Ultra Violet)
radiation, and the content can be modified. The
charge on the ROM is dissipated by the ultraviolet
light, allowing content to be rewritten on it.
3. EEPROM – The initial content of an electrically
erasable and programmable ROM can be modified

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by erasing the content that can be easily deleted electrically. Instead of

removing everything at once, one byte can be wiped at a time. As a result,
reprogramming an EEPROM is a time-consuming procedure.
Random Access Memory

Any system process that has to be executed is put into RAM, where it is processed
by the CPU according to the program’s instructions. If we click on an application
like Browser, the Operating System will first load browser code into RAM,
following which the CPU will execute and open the Browser.
Primary Memory is a section of computer memory that the CPU can access
directly. Primary Memory has a faster access time than secondary memory and is
faster than cache memory in a memory hierarchy. Primary Memory, on average,
has a storage capacity that is lower than secondary memory but higher than cache
memory.

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Types of RAM
We can broadly classify RAM into SRAM or Static RAM and DRAM or Dynamic
RAM on the basis of behaviour.

DRAM SRAM
1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) - To keep data, dynamic RAM, or
DRAM, must be refreshed every few milliseconds. DRAM is made up of
capacitors and transistors, and capacitors leak electric charge; hence DRAM must
be charged on a regular basis. Because DRAM is less expensive than SRAM, it is
commonly used in personal computers and servers.
2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) – The data is stored in static RAM, or
SRAM, as long as the system is powered on. SRAM stores a bit using sequential
circuits, similar to a flip-flop, so it does not need to be refreshed on a regular basis.
Because SRAM is so expensive, it’s only used when speed is critical.
Difference between SRAM and DRAM

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

Data is stored in transistors and requires a
constant power flow. Because of the
continuous power, SRAM doesn’t need to be
refreshed to remember the data being stored.
SRAM is called static as no change or action i.e. refreshing is not needed to keep
the data intact. It is used in cache memories.

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Characteristics of Static RAM

 Static RAM is much faster than DRAM.
 Static RAM has greater storage than DRAM.
 Static RAM takes less power to perform.
Advantages of Static RAM
 Static RAM has low power consumption.
 Static RAM has faster access speeds than DRAM.
 Static RAM helps in creating a speed-sensitive cache.
Disadvantages of Static RAM
 Static RAM has less memory capacity.
 Static RAM has high costs of manufacturing than DRAM.
 Static Ram comprises of more complex design.

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)

Data is stored in capacitors. Capacitors that store
data in DRAM gradually discharge energy, no
energy means the data has been lost. So, a
periodic refresh of power is required in order to
function. DRAM is called dynamic as constant
change or action (change is continuously
happening) i.e. refreshing is needed to keep the
data intact. It is used to implement main
memory.
Characteristics of Dynamic RAM
 Dynamic RAM is slower in comparison to
SRAM.
 Dynamic RAM is less costly than SRAM.

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 Dynamic RAM has high power consumption.

Advantages of Dynamic RAM
 Dynamic RAM has Low costs of manufacturing than SRAM.
 Dynamic RAM has greater memory capacities.
 Dynamic RAM does not need to refresh its memory contents.
Disadvantages of Dynamic RAM
 Dynamic RAM has a slow access speed.
 Dynamic RAM has high power consumption.
 Dynamic RAM data can be lost in case of Power Loss.

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SECONDERY SORAGE DEVICES

HARD DISK DRIVE

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or
fixed disk, is an electro-mechanical data storage
device that stores and retrieves digital data using
magnetic storage with one or more rigid rapidly
rotating platters coated with magnetic material.
A hard drive is a non-volatile hardware component on
a computer that acts as the storage for all digital
content. It holds program files, documents, pictures, videos, music, and more.
The non-volatile nature of hard drives means they don’t lose data, even if power is
lost. Due to this, they help computers store files and other data for a long time – as
long as they don’t get damaged or corrupted.
Since the first release of hard drives by IBM in 1956, hard drives have evolved
from being the size of a refrigerator and having a storage capacity of just 5MB to
ones that are pocket-sized and have up to 4 TB of storage capacity.
1. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) : IDE is an interface standard introduced
in the year 1986. It is for connection of storages devices such as Hard Disk
Drives (HDD), Solid State Drives (SSD) and CD/DVD drives to the computer. In

IDE data transfer speed

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ranges from 100 MB/s to 133 MB/s. It is a parallel connector. It gives a slower
performance and does not support of hot plugging. It is an older concept.

2. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) : SATA is a computer bus

interface or standard hardware interface introduced in the year 2003. It connects
hard drives, Solid State Drives (SSD) and CD/DVD drives to the computer. In
SATA data transfer speed ranges from 150 MB/s for SATA I and 300 MB/s for
SATA II. It is a serial connector. It gives a faster performance with support of hot
plugging. It is a newer concept. SATA cables are better than IDE.

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[Link]. IDE SATA

Serial Advanced Technology
Integrated Drive Electronics in Attachment in short referred as
01. short referred as IDE. SATA.
SATA is a computer bus interface
IDE is an interface standard for or standard hardware interface
connection of storages devices which connects connecting hard
such as Hard Disk Drives (HDD), drives, Solid State Drives (SSD)
Solid State Drives (SSD) and and CD/DVD drives to the
02. CD/DVD drives to the computer. computer.
IDE has been introduced in the SATA has been introduced in the
03. year 1986. year 2003.
It does not support hot plugging It supports hot plugging (i.e
(i.e adding/removing component adding/removing component while
04. while the computer is running). the computer is running).
In SATA data transfer speed
In IDE data transfer speed ranges ranges from 150 MB/s for SATA I
05. from 100 MB/s to 133 MB/s. and 300 MB/s for SATA II.
Here IDE cables are wide and can Here SATA cable can be narrow
06. be up to 18 inches long. and can be up to 39 inches long.
Integrated Drive Electronics is an Serial Advanced Technology
07. older standard. Attachment is a newer standard.
IDE drives are slower than SATA SATA drives are faster than IDE
08. drives. drives.
09. It is a parallel connection. It is a serial connection.
The cables are difficult to install The cables are easier to install
10. since there are jumpers. since there are no jumpers.
It has a single cable for data and It has data and power cable on
11. power. different sides.
As it is wide, hence it will not As it is narrow, hence it will allow
12. allow free air flow. free air flow.

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SMPS (switched-Mode power supply)

A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic circuit that converts
power using switching devices that are turned on and off at high frequencies, and
storage components such as inductors or capacitors to supply power when the
switching device is in its non-conduction state.

Working principles of SMPS

In the SMPS device, the switching regulators are used which switches on and off
the load current to maintain and regulate the voltage output. Suitable power
generation for a system is the mean voltage between off and on. Unlike the linear
power supply, the SMPS carry transistor switches among low dissipation, full-on
and full-off phase, and spend much less time in high dissipation cycles, which
decreases depleted strength.
Benefits of SMPS
 The switch-mode power source is small in scale.
 The SMPS is very lightweight.
 SMPS power consumption is typically 60 to 70 per cent, which is ideal for
use.
 SMPS is strongly anti-interference.
 The SMPS production range is large.

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Limitations of SMPS
 The complexity of SMPS is very large.
 The production reflection is high and its control is weak in the case of
SMPS.
 Use of SMPS can only be a step-down regulator.
 In SMPS, the voltage output is just one.
MPS full form is Switching Mode Power Supply. It is the main power supply to
power each and every component of the computer or it converts the main power
supply 230volts to 12volts, 5volts, 3volts and distributes to all components of the
computer.
Three Types of SMPSs are
 AT SMPS
 ATX SMPS
 BTX SMPS

1. AT SMPS:
AT stands for Advanced Technology. These are all old SMPSs.
They had a 12pin power connector, this is called as AT power
connector. They were used in Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX,
Pentium-II, and Pentium-III CPUs.
ATX SMPS:
ATX stands for Advanced Technology extended. They had a
20pin Power connector, which is called as ATX power
connector. They were used in Pentium-III, Pentium-IV, and
AMD CPUs.

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BTX SMPS:
BTX stands for Balanced Technology extended. They have a
24pin Power connector, which is also called as ATX power
connector. It has 15pin SATA power connectors. They are
used in Dual-core, core2duo, Quad-core, i3, i5, i7, and latest
AMD CPUs.

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Computer Assembly Is An Essential Job Of A Computer Installation

Technician

Computer Assembly Is A Process In Which All The Internal Components

Required For The Computer System Are Fitted So As To Make The Computer
Functional. There Is A Proper Sequence Of Attachment Of Each And Every
Component Into The Computer System.

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Computer Assembly
As We Know, Computer Assembly Is A Systematic Process. First, Arrange
The Computer Parts.

1. Open The Case

2. Install The Power Supply
3. Attach The Components To The
Motherboard
4. Install The Motherboard
5. Install Internal Drives
6. Connect All Internal Cables
7. Install Motherboard Power
Connections
8. Connect External Cables To The
Computer
9. Boot The Computer For The First Time.

Procedure for Computer Assembling

Step 1: Open The Case

The First Step In Assembling A Computer Is To Open The Computer Case.

To Open The Case, First Remove The Screws Of The Left Side Cover And Slide
The Side Cover.

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Step 2: Install The Power Supply

The Next Step Is To Install A Power Supply. There Are

Usually Four Screws That Attach The Power Supply To
The Case.

Step 3: Attach The Components To Motherboard

The Motherboard Has To Be Prepared Before Its

Installation. To Prepare The Motherboard, You First
Need To Install The CPU, Then The Heat Sink On The
CPU And CPU Fan.

CPU

A CPU Socket Uses A Series Of Pins To Connect A

CPU’s Processor To The Pc’sMotherboard. If ACPUIs
Connected Via A CPU Socket.

Heat sink and fan assembly

A Heat Sink And Fan (HSF) IsAn Active Cooling

Solution Used To Cool Down Integrated Circuits In
Computer Systems, Commonly The Central
Processing Unit (CPU).

Connect The Assembly Power Cable To The CPU

Fan Connector On The Motherboard.

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Installation of RAM

To Install The RAM First On The Motherboard And

Then Fix The Motherboard In The Case. To Install
RAM, First Ensure Its Compatibility With The
Motherboard.

Step 4: Install motherboard

After PreparingThe Motherboard, You Can Install In The

Computer Case.

Step 5: Install internal drives

The Hard Drive Is The Device Which Stores All The Data.
Connect The Power Cable Coming From The SMPS To
The Power Socket Of Hard Disk Drive.
Connect SATA Data Cable From Hard Disk Drive Socket
To The Motherboard Socket

Step 6: Connect all internal cables

Power Cables Are Used To Distribute Electricity

From The Power Supply To The Motherboard And
Other Components. Data Cables Transmit Data
Between The Motherboard And Storage Devices,
Such As Hard Drives.

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Step 7: Install motherboard power connections

The Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) Main Power Connector Will Have
Either 20 Or 24 Pins.

Step 8: Connect external cables to the computer

Connecting Monitor
The VGA Cable Is Used To Connect To Monitor.

Step 8: Connect external cables to the computer

Connecting Keyboard
If It Uses A USB Connector, Plug It Into Any Of
The USB Ports On The Back Of The Computer.

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Step 8: Connect external cables to

the computer

Connecting Headphones Or Speakers,

And Microphone Connect The
External Speakers Or Headphones, To
Computer’s Audio Port (Either On The Front Or Back Of The Computer Case).

Connect external cables to the computer

Connect The Computer To A Power Supply
Power Supply Cable Connect Into The Back
Of The Computer Case.

Connect external cables to

the computer
Connecting Printer, Scanner,
Webcam

Step 9: Starting the computer

Always Remember That The First Step Is To Push Power Button Of The CPU
Than The Monitor’s. An Operating System Or System Software Like Window Or
Linux Will Start Loading, Now Your Computer Is Ready To Use.

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Procedure for Computer Dissembling

Disassembly Is The Process Of Breaking Down A Device Into Separate Parts.

Procedure for Computer Dissembling

Step 1: Unplugging
 Unplug The Power Cord From The PC
 Unplug All The Peripherals Attached To The Computer, Such As The
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Headphones.

Step 2: Open The Case

First Remove The Screws Of The Left Side Cover And Slide
The Side Cover

Step 3: Disconnect All The Connectors

Disconnect All The Connectors Connected To The Motherboard. These Include
SATA Power Cable And Data Cable Of HDD As Well As SATA Cable Of Optical
Drive

Step 4: Remove The Fan

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Step 5: Remove The Power Supply

Remove The Power Supply Is Connected To The Motherboard By A 20-pin
Connector And 4-pin Connector.

Step 6: Removing HDD And Optical Drive

Remove The SATA Cable Connecting To The HDD And Optical Drive In
Motherboard.

Step 7: Remove RAM (Random Access Memory) Modules

To Remove The RAM

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Step 8: Remove Expansion Cards

To Remove The Expansion Cards, Disconnect
The Cables Attached To It.

Step 9: Remove Motherboard

To Remove The Motherboard,
Disconnect All The Cables From
The Motherboard.

Step 10: Reassemble The Components

 Identify Every Component And Take Its Photograph.

 After Identification Of Each Component, Put All The Components Back In
Their Place And Ensure That All Cables And Wires Are Connected At The
Right Place To Avoid Further Troubleshooting.

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 Windows Installation

Windows10 System Requirements

Today’s modern computers are capable of installing Windows 10. However, if you wish to check the
hardware requirements of old computers, check the minimum hardware requirements as follows:

1. processor: IntelI3 or faster processor

2. memory: 4GB RAM for 32-bit & 64bit

3. storage: 16 GB of disk space for 32-bit & 64-bit

4. graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver

5. display: 800x600 pixels

Step1: Configuring Correct Boot Order

The operating system Windows 10 has been provided to

you on a DVD media. If not, then prepare the bootable
media DVD or USB pen drive by using the standard
process. Set the boot order first according to installation
media that you are using for installation. Inside the BIOS
interface, look for the ‘Boot’ menu and configure the boot
order to start from the DVD or USB drive according to
installation media. Save the new changes. The bootable
media can be prepared by using the windows tool or
Microsoft Media Creation Tool or third-party tools like.

All desktop editon of Windows 10 come in 32-bit and 64-bit.

Windows 10 Installation

This comes in various editions ranging from a single device to large enterprise. The specific editions of
Windows 10 are listed below:

 Windows 10 Home
 Windows 10 Pro
 Windows 10 Enterprise
 Windows 10 Education
 Windows 10 Mobile
 Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise
  Windows 10 Business Edition

Performing a Clean Installation of Windows 10:

To perform a installation of Windows 10, insert a bootable media DVD or USB pen drive in your
computer system, and press any key to boot from the bootable disk as shown. Let the disk allow the
loading of the setup file as shown. Follow the steps below for clean installation of Windows 10.

(i) Insert a bootable media DVD or USB pen drive in your computer system. Provide the details of
language, time zone, and keyboard layout as shown. Then click on the ‘Next’ button.

(ii) Click the ‘Install now’ button as shown.

(iii) In the next window, you will be asked to enter the product key. Enter it and click on the ‘Next’
button to proceed. In case you don’t have the product key currently, then you can skip to enter the
product key by clicking on the option ‘I don’t have a product key’ to continue the installation as
shown.
(iv) A new window as shown will appear where you have to accept the licence terms
by putting the tick () on the checkbox „I accept the license terms‟.
(v) Click the „Next‟ button.
(vi) Click on the ‘Custom: Install Windows only (advanced)’ option

(vii) Select the partition with the current installation of Windows (usually
“Drive 0”), and click the „Delete‟ button to remove it from the hard drive.
(viii) Click the „Yes‟ button to confirm the deletion.
(ix) Select the empty drive („Drive 0 Unallocated Space‟) and click on the
„Next‟.
(x) After completion of these steps, the set-up will proceed to install Windows 10 as shown.
(xi) After complete installation, the initial, window will appear on the computer screen as shown.
 Internet & World Wide Web

What Is the World Wide Web?

The World Wide Web is a network of web pages found by their addresses. It was
developed at the European physics lab CERN, home of the Hadron Collider, by Sir Tim Berners-
Lee. The development of the web spanned from Berners-Lee’s initial proposal in 1989 to the
finalized version co-authored with Robert Calliou in 1990.
The resulting software became part of the public domain in 1993, at which point
companies and individuals around the world could create their own websites and share
information. CERN notes that approximately 2 billion web pages now exist, hosting content of
all kinds.
The Mozilla Foundation dates the true birth of the World Wide Web to two years before
it entered the public domain, at Berners-Lee’s announcement of its existence in 1991. The
essential individual components of the web include the HTTP data transfer protocol, the
hypertext markup language (HTML), which is the most popular web publishing format, and
uniform resource locations (URLs) for every web page.

What Is the Internet?

The internet is the network of networks that provides the basis for the web. As NBC
News explains, some form of internet technology dates back to 1969, and a U.S. government
program by the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Known as
ARPANET, this mainframe computer network eventually became the basis for all types of
digital data transfer.
While the World Wide Web is one of the main ways to access the internet, with websites still
basically requisite for today’s companies, NBC News specifies that some of the most popular
uses of internet connectivity today, such as sending emails, accessing file transfer protocols,
using mobile apps, and instant messaging, are not necessarily web functions. Of course, if you
went to [Link] to send that email, you are using both the internet and the web.

A local area network (LAN) consists of a series of computers linked together to form a network
in a circumscribed location. The computers in a LAN connect to each other via TCP/IP ethernet
or Wi-Fi. A LAN is normally exclusive to an organization, such as a school, office, association

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What isaLocalAreaNetwork?

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of

computers or other devices interconnected within a
single, limited area, typically via Ethernet or Wi-Fi

LAN Example: Components Necessary for a LAN

Connection
To build a LAN or WLAN, you need the following:

 Computers with Interface Cards: Most modern

PCs, laptops and tablets come with a network
interface card (NIC) for Ethernet and one for Wi-
Fi. This allows the machine to connect to a
network. The NIC should come with driver
software that the operating system automatically
configures and updates.
 Cables: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables are
the standard (CatX cables, where X is a number that
indicates the speed a cable will fetch). If you’re
looking for insanely fast speeds, fiber optic cables are
the (expensive) ticket.
 Switches and Hubs: You’ll run cables
to boxes containing switches and a hub
(or more than one hub for a larger
network). Plenty of LANs use both
switches and hubs. A hub divides up
and shares data packet transmission
with all the computers on a LAN, while
switches dedicate packet transmission
to a single computer, which reduces
network traffic.

Parameter Hub Switch

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 Speed 10Mbps 10-100Mbps

Transmission mode Half-duplex Full-duplex

Electrical signal
Data transmission form Frame & packet
or bits

 Routers: Network routers allow you to connect to other

LANs (if need be), and they assign IP addresses to your
devices. A wireless router will allow computers with Wi-Fi
NICs to connect with each other and with the internet.

 Modem: If you’re going to connect a LAN to other LANs and to the internet to form a
WAN, a modem facilitates signal conversion and reversion.

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 Software: Network software should come with
your operating system of choice, but you’ll also
need to download security software.

 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

(DHCP) Server: You’ll need a PC with plenty
of RAM and hard drive space to act as your
DHCP server.

Configure the TCP/IP setting:

TCP/IP defines how your PC communicates with other PCs.

Configuring Windows clients for TCP/IP involves installing and configuring the TCP/IP network
protocol.

The following instructions are based on the Configuring TCP/IP function of Windows 10.

1. Click Start > Settings > Control Panel.

2. On the control panel, double-click Network and Dial-Up Connections.
3. Right-click Local Area Connection.
4. Click Properties. If Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) does not appear in the list
5. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click on Properties.
6. Select Using the Following IP Address. Check with your network administrator to
determine the correct settings for this tab. If your PC does not automatically obtain IP and
DNS addresses, do the following:
a. Enter the IP address of your PC (for example, [Link]).
b. Enter the subnet mask (for example, [Link]).
c. Enter the default gateway (for example, [Link]).
d. Enter the preferred DNS server (for example, [Link]).
e. Enter the alternate DNS server (for example, [Link]).
7. Click OK on the Local Area Connection Properties window. It is not necessary to
restart your PC.

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Dept. of CSE, BVCEC(A), Odalarevu. 5
[Link]. INTERNET WWW

Internet is a global network of WWW stands for World wide

1
networks. Web.

Internet is a means of connecting World Wide Web which is a

2 a computer to any other collection of information which is
computer anywhere in the world. accessed via the Internet.

WWW is service on top of that

3 Internet is infrastructure.
infrastructure.

Internet can be viewed as a big Web can be viewed as

4
book-store. collection of books on that store.

At some advanced level, to At some advanced level, to

5 understand we can think of the understand we can think of the
Internet as hardware. WWW as software.

Internet is primarily hardware- WWW is more software-oriented

6
based. as compared to the Internet.

English scientist Tim Berners-

It is originated sometimes in late
7 Lee invented the World Wide
1960s.
Web in 1989.

WWW is a subset of the

8 Internet is superset of WWW.
Internet.

The first version of the Internet In the beginning WWW was

9
was known as ARPANET. known as NSFNET.

10 Internet uses IP address. WWW uses HTTP.

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Types of Computer Networks
Based on the size of the network, ownership, and distance covered by the network, there are
three types of computer networks

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide area network (WAN)

Refer to the below image to show the types of computer networks

Types of Computer Networks

Based on the size of the network, ownership, and distance covered by the network, there are
three types of computer networks

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide area network (WAN)

Refer to the below image to show the types of computer networks

LAN (Local Area Network)

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of connected devices that are in a limited area such as a
school, office, building, or home. It is a network mostly used for sharing hardware resources
such as printers, files, scanners, etc. If we talk about the simplest LAN network then we will
consider a computer and a printer connected in a home as the simplest network. The data
transmission speed of the LAN is up to 10 Mbps.

Refer to the below image to show LAN

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There are two types of LAN:

Wired LAN– In this type of LAN, wired cables such as twisted pair or coaxial cables are used
for the connection and transmission of data.

Wireless LAN– In this type of LAN, devices are connected by wireless cables such as radio, and
light waves.

Refer to the below image to show the types of LAN

Characteristics

 LAN is a type of network owned by the private owner

 LAN can be used to connect printers, personal computers, etc.
 LAN Networks can be designed very easily.

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  Troubleshooting of LAN networks is easy.
 Data transfer rate of the LAN network is about 10 Gbits/s.
 It is a network which is limited to the local area.
 LAN operates relatively faster than the WAN network.

Advantages

 LAN allows sharing of computer hardware like printers, scanners, etc. which may reduce the
cost of buying expensive computer hardware.
 LAN permits to share of a single internet facility among the devices connected to LAN.
 LAN provides high security and fault tolerance capability.
 It allows the transmission of data between people and devices at a high transmission rate.

Disadvantages

 LAN reduces the cost by allowing sharing of computer hardware, but the initial installation cost
of LAN is very high.
 Technical and skilled manpower is required for the configuration and installation of the LAN
network.
 Due to the sharing of computer resources among the devices, sometimes the operation speed of
the network may slow down.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is a network connecting devices across an entire town,
entire city, or any other small region. This is a network larger than LAN but smaller than the
WAN. WAN stands for Wide Area Network which is used to connect devices geographically
such as across the country or continent. MAN network works between LAN and WAN. MAN
can be used to connect multiple LAN networks. When one LAN uses modems, direct digit
devices, and any other media types to connect with other LAN, then it covers a large area which
is considered a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).

Refer to the below image to show the MAN

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Characteristics

 MAN is a larger network in comparison to LAN.

 MAN network generally covers the towns and cities in a maximum of 50 km range
 MAN is the most used medium in cables and optical fibers.

Advantages

 MAN network connects all the branches of the company that exist in the same city.
 Dual Bus in MAN networks permits bidirectional data transfer concurrently.
 MAN network is considered economical as it allows the sharing of resources among all the
branches of the company which are in the city.

Disadvantages

 It becomes difficult to protect MAN networks from hackers because MAN connects the devices
within a city or town.
 You are required a large number of cables for establishing a connection using the MAN network.
 The installation cost of the MAN network is very high in comparison to LAN.

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WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN stands for Wide Area Network is a type of computer network which can cover a large
geographical area such as a continent, or a country. The size of the WAN network is larger than
the LAN and MAN network. When the size of the network grows more than the MAN then it is
considered a WAN. Usually, telecommunication networks are considered a Wide Area Network.
WAN Network could be an interconnection between two or more LANs that are connected
through telephone lines or radio waves.

Refer to the below image to show the WAN

Characteristics

 WAN is used to cover a large geographical area, like a country.

 WAN can be used to connect within the world and around the world.
 Any office and organization can use WAN to form its global integrated network.

Advantages

 WAN allows covering a large geographical area.

 Offices situated at longer distances from each other can easily communicate through WAN.
 Allows connecting devices like mobile phones, laptops, tablets, etc.

Disadvantages

 There are more chances of error and issues because of the use of more technologies and wide
coverage.
 Provides less security in comparison to other types of networks.
 The initial and configuration cost of WAN is very high.
 Skilled technicians and network administrators are required for the setup of this network.

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 Difference between LAN vs MAN vs WAN
Now let us understand the difference between different types of computer networks

LAN MAN WAN

LAN stands for Local Area MAN stands for WAN stands for Wide Area
Network Metropolitan Area Network Network.
Speed of LAN network is Speed of MAN network is Speed of WAN network is low in
very high average comparison of LAN
Ownership of the MAN
Private organizations own Ownership of the WAN network
network can be public or
the LAN network can be public or private.
private.
LAN has a low maintenance MAN has maintenance cost Maintenance cost of WAN is
cost. more than LAN more than both LAN and WAN.
Congestion is more than Congestion is more than both
Congestion is less in LAN.
LAN. LAN and MAN.
LAN covers small areas such WAN can cover a large
MAN covers a large area
as the same office or geographical area such as
such as a city or town.
building. country, continent, etc.

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 Web Browsers, Surfing the Web:

Web browsers are the gateway to the internet! There are several popular ones available—Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Safari, and Opera, to name a few. Each has its own
features, speed, and design, so picking one often comes down to personal preference. Have you
used any specific browser before?

Creating Bookmarks:

1. Save a Page as a Bookmark:

 Visit the webpage you want to bookmark.
 Click on the browser's bookmark icon (usually looks like a star) in the address bar.
 Choose a folder to save the bookmark or edit the bookmark's name if needed.
 Save the bookmark.
2. Keyboard Shortcut:
 Press Ctrl/Cmd + D to bookmark the current page.

Organizing Bookmarks:

1. Creating Folders:
 Most browsers allow you to create folders to organize bookmarks.
 Right-click on a bookmark or within the bookmarks bar/folder area to create a new
folder.
 Name the folder and drag bookmarks into it.
2. Editing Bookmarks:
 Right-click on a bookmark to edit its name or URL.
 You can also change the folder it's stored in.

Accessing Bookmarks:

1. Bookmarks Bar:
 Drag important bookmarks to the bookmarks bar for quick access.
 Right-click the bookmarks bar and select "Show bookmarks bar" if it's hidden.
2. Bookmark Manager:
 Access the full list of bookmarks through the browser's Bookmark Manager.
 Usually found in the browser's settings or by pressing Ctrl/Cmd + Shift + O.

Deleting Bookmarks:

1. Right-Click Deletion:
 Right-click on the bookmark and select "Delete" to remove it.
2. Bookmark Manager Deletion:
 Access the Bookmark Manager and delete bookmarks from there.
SEARCH TOOLBARS
A browser toolbar is a toolbar that resides within a browser's window. All major web
browsers provide support to browser toolbar development as a way to extend the
browser's GUI and functionality. Browser toolbars are considered to be a particular kind
of browser extensions that present a toolbar. Browser toolbars are specific to each browser,
which means that a toolbar working on a browser does not work on another one. All browser
toolbars must be installed in the corresponding browser before they can be used and require
updates when new versions are released.

Many high-profile browser toolbars released over the years have been fraught with problems,
either intentionally as malware or injected with computer viruses or due to poor or conflicting
programming when considering multiple toolbars being included on the single browser.
 3

USING MICROSOFT WORD

A word processor is a computer program used to create and print text documents that might
otherwise be prepared on a typewriter. The key advantage of a word processor is its ability to
make changes easily, such as correcting spelling, adding, deleting, formatting and relocating text.
Once created, the document can be printed quickly and accurately saved for later modifications.
In fact, the document that you are reading now was created using only a small amount of the
many features available in Microsoft Word!

Opening Microsoft Word:

Before you get started with Microsoft Word (commonly referred to as MS Word), you will need
to locate and open it on the computer. It may be on your desktop.

From the computer desktop:

1. Double-click on the MS Word icon →

Go to the Start Menu if the MS Word icon is not on the desktop:

1. Click → Start → Programs → Microsoft Word*

* Occasionally, Microsoft Word will be in a folder called "Microsoft Office" or something

similar – this will make one more step between "Programs" and "Microsoft Word" in the
diagram above.

MS Word will open a blank page called "Document 1."

This is an image of the upper-left corner

of MS Word.

This box features two important bits of

information: which file you are currently
working on (in this case, "Document 1"
since we have not yet renamed it) and
which program you are using (in this
case, "Microsoft Word.")

This box shows a blinking cursor, ready

for your commands.
 4

The Title Bar

This is a close-up view of the Title Bar, where file information is located. Notice the three
buttons on the right side, controlling program features.

The Ribbon Menu System

The tabbed Ribbon menu system is how you navigate through Word and access the various
Word commands. If you have used previous versions of Word, the Ribbon system replaces the
traditional menus. Above the Ribbon in the upper-left corner is the Microsoft Office Button.
From here, you can access important options such as New, Save, Save As, and Print. By default
the Quick Access Toolbar is pinned next to the Microsoft Office Button, and includes
commands such as Undo and Redo.
 5

The Microsoft Office Button

The Microsoft Office Button appears at the top of the Word window. When you click the button, a
menu appears. From this menu you can create a new document, open existing files, save files in a
variety of ways, and print. You can also add security features, send, publish, and close files.

Home Tab Toolbar

Toolbars provide "shortcuts" to commands also found in the Menu Bar. Toolbars are usually located
just below the Menu Bar and exist to offer another way to perform the same task.

The most commonly used commands in MS Word are also the most accessible. Some of these
commands are:

Paste | Cut | Copy | Font

 6

Font Style | Font Size | Font Color | Text Alignment

The Home Tab Toolbar offers options that can change the font, size, color, alignment, organization
and style of the text in the document. For example, (starting from the left side of the Toolbar) the
"Calibri" indicates the FONT of your text, the "11" indicates the SIZE of your text; and so on.

The Ruler

The ruler is found below the Ribbon. The ruler tells you where you are on the page, along with
the dimensions of the overall document. Just like a real-world piece of paper, the default setting
is 8.5 x 11 inches, and margins have been incorporated for you. Similar to most options in MS
Word, this is entirely customizable and the user can create document of any dimension.
 7

The Keyboard

In order to use MS Word effectively, you must input commands using both the mouse and the
keyboard. The above image of a keyboard may closely resemble (if it is not identical to) the
keyboard in front of you; learning just a few certain keys will help to improve your efficiency in
typing as well as present you with more options within the program. The following is a list of
commonly used keys that have special functions in MS Word (key functions can change
depending on which program you are using):

1. Backspace: This key deletes backwards as you type.

2. Delete: This key deletes forwards as you type.
3. Shift: This key, when pressed WITH another key, will perform a secondary function.
4. Spacebar: This key enters a space between words as you type.
5. Tab: This key will force the cursor to indent, or jump forward 10 spaces.
6. Caps Lock: This key will present the capitalized version of each letter key.
7. Control (Ctrl): This key, when pressed WITH another key, performs as shortcut.
8. Enter: This key executes a command (pressed in MS Word, it begins a new line).
9. Number keypad: This is a redundant keypad existing only for user preference.
10. Arrow keys: Like the mouse, these keys are used to navigate through the document.
 8

SIMPLE TASKS IN MICROSOFT WORD

Typing Text

To enter text, type just as you would if you were using a typewriter.

To capitalize a letter, hold down the SHIFT key while typing the letter.

Or, press the CAPS LOCK key on the left-hand side of your keyboard. You will have to press
the CAPS LOCK key again—once you are done capitalizing—to remove the lock.

You do not need to press ENTER to start a new line—Microsoft Word will automatically wrap
your sentence at the end of the line.

To move the cursor from its position at the end of the your sentence to anywhere else on the
page, use the mouse or the arrow keys to move the cursor where you want the letters or spaces to
be (left-click the mouse to place the cursor) and then type what you want to add—the text will
adjust to include it.

Press ENTER to start a new paragraph (this is sometimes called a “carriage return”).

PRACTICE - Type the following text in your document:

Dear Diary,
Today was a good day. I got a promotion at work. My boss says it is because I’m a SUPER
salesperson! The whole office went out to lunch to celebrate.

Deleting Text

While typing a document, sometimes you will make a mistake. Unlike a typewriter, MS Word
can delete text on the screen and leave no trace—it is as if you never typed on the page in the
first place.

There are two different buttons on the keyboard that will allow you to erase text. They are the
“Delete” key and the “Backspace” key (#s 1 and 2 on the keyboard map on page 7). The
“Backspace” key deletes words to the LEFT of the cursor, and the “Delete” key deletes words to
the RIGHT of the cursor.

This is my crea | tive sentence.

BACKSPACE ↔ DELETE

Let’s assume that the vertical line dissecting the word “creative” in the example above is our
cursor. Pressing the “Backspace” key will erase “a,” “e,” “r,” “c,” and so on, moving LEFT. The
“Delete” key will erase “t,” “i,” “v,” “e,” and so on, moving RIGHT.
 9

To delete a whole chunk of text at once, left-click with your mouse and drag to highlight a
section of text. Then simply press “Backspace” or “Delete” and all of the highlighted text will
disappear!

PRACTICE
Delete the following sentence from the text you typed earlier: My boss says it’s because I’m a
SUPER salesperson!

Undoing and Redoing

The UNDO and REDO features of Microsoft Windows applications are great tools to rely on
(especially in MS Word). The program will keep a list of the last 25 commands that you have
performed, and it allows for taking "one step" backwards in order to erase what you have just
done.

Click on the UNDO button in the Quick Access Toolbar to go back one step (up to
25).

Click on the REDO button in the Quick Access Toolbar to go forward one step (up to
25).

PRACTICE
Undo your previous deletion so that your sentence reappears in the paragraph.

Formatting Text

Changing the look of what you've written is called "formatting." This can include changing the
text style, size, color, and more.

This is a sentence that features many different fonts.

This is a sentence that features many different sizes.

From the Home Tab, the "B" will make your text BOLD, the "I" will put it in italics, and the
"U" will add an underline to your text. These features do not have to be used independently of
each other either—in other words, you can bold, underline, and italicize a single piece of text.

The alignment of the text can be altered using the buttons with the horizontal lines on them. You
can align text

To the LEFT,
To the CENTER,
 10

And to the RIGHT.

In order to apply certain stylistic or other changes to text, you must first HIGHLIGHT the text.
This is a common procedure in Microsoft Windows applications, and, because it is so useful, it is
a skill worth practicing.

You can also change the font color by clicking on the appropriate buttons in the Formatting
Toolbar. Experiment and remember—you can always start over with a fresh, new document, so
don't worry about making mistakes! If you do, however, there is always the incredible "UNDO"
tool.

PRACTICE
Use the alignment button to center the line with ‘Dear Diary,’ on it. Change the font color to
your favorite color. Highlight the rest of the sentences to select them. Now change the font to
Times New Roman, font size to 14 and italicize it. Your document should now look similar to
below:
Dear Diary,
Today was a good day. I got a promotion at work. My boss says it’s because I’m a
SUPER salesperson! The whole office went out to lunch to celebrate.

Spelling and Grammar Check:

One benefit of using a computerized word processor is its ability to recognize, change and give
advice about your writing. MS Word has utilities that can check your spelling and grammar
against a master database, and can offer advice on a variety of different grammatical styles.

MS Word automatically underlines any words that it does not recognize in red, assuming that
they are not spelled right, and green if it does not recognize the grammar, assuming that the
sentence does not make logical sense. For example:
The quickly brown fox jumps over the laziy dog.

In this case, "quickly brown fox" should read "quick brown fox" and "laziy" should be "lazy." If
you right-click on the word, a menu with pop up with options, including "Ignore" if you do not
want help on this specific phrase.

You can also choose to add words to the MS Word database, if you are going to be typing them
consistently and do not want to flag each one – this is especially useful for names of people as
MS Word will interpret these as misspellings.

The spelling and grammar tools can be found out the Review Tab.

Copying, Cutting, and Pasting Text

 11

In MS Word, you can CUT or COPY text from one area of the document and save that text to be
PASTED elsewhere (these commands are found on the Home Tab).

When you CUT text, you actually delete it from where you took it, as opposed to COPYING it,
which makes a copy of your selection.

When you CUT or COPY text, it is stored on the CLIPBOARD. The Clipboard is a tool in MS
Word that stores cuts and copies of your work, to be pasted in other places in the document.
Once your selection is on the CLIPBOARD, you can PASTE it as many times as you want!

CUTTING a selection will also make a copy of it, just in case you want to PASTE it elsewhere.

To CUT a selection, first highlight it. Then, click on the CUT icon from the Home Tab.

The highlighted text will disappear, as you have just cut it out, but a copy is now on your
clipboard, and MS Word is waiting for you to paste it somewhere else.

To PASTE this cut selection, place your cursor where you want the selection to go. Click on the
PASTE icon from the Home Tab toolbar, and it will pop the text into place, right where you
have your cursor.

To COPY, simply follow those same steps, replacing the CUT command with COPY.

The COPY command will not alter your original selection at all, as it simply makes a copy of
the selection without changing or deleting it in any way.

PRACTICE
Highlight the first sentence of your paragraph “Today was a good day.” Select COPY. Move the
cursor to the end of your paragraph and press enter a couple of times to move the cursor further
down the page. Now press PASTE. Your document should now look similar to below:
Dear Diary,
Today was a good day. I got a promotion at work. My boss says it’s because I’m a
SUPER salesperson! The whole office went out to lunch to celebrate.

Today was a good day.

Inserting Clip Art Images:

Clip Art is a collection of cartoon and computer-generated images that cover a broad array of
commonly needed icons and pictures. These include business, holiday, nature, entertainment,
academic and other themes, along with standard bullets and symbols.
 12

To insert a clip art picture into a Microsoft Word document, you will first need to place your
cursor (left-click) where you wish to insert you picture in your document.

Then, from the Insert tab on the Ribbon, click on

“Clip Art.”

An Insert Clip Art Window will appear. You can

search for a word related to the type of picture you are
looking for.

Navigate the window and make a selection. It will appear in your document where the cursor is.
To resize, grab one of the corners of the image by left-clicking and holding – drag it to size and
fine tune the placement.

You can move the image to another place in the document by left-clicking and holding on the
center of it; drag it to its desired location. More options, such as aligning the image with text (or
special effects like wrapping text around or through an image) can be found by right-clicking the
center, and choosing the Format Picture option from the menu.

Occasionally, images are not as they seem. In other words, it may look one
way in the preview, but come out far different in the document.

To resize your image, grab one of the corners of the image by left-clicking and
holding—drag it to your desired size and fine-tune the placement.

The cursor will change from a typing icon to a double-arrow when it can be
used to resize the image. Drag the corner toward the upper-left corner of the
screen, and the image will grow. Drag toward the bottom-right, and it will
shrink.

You can move the image to another place in the document by left-clicking and holding on the
center of it; drag it to its desired location. More options, such as aligning the image with text (or
special effects like, wrapping text around or through an image) can be found by clicking on the
picture, and then choosing the Picture Tools tab.

You can also insert a photograph or other multimedia from your files using this same process.
On the Insert Tab, click on Picture and locate the files that you want to include.

PRACTICE
Place your cursor under the sentence “Today was a good day” and navigate to the Insert Clip Art
window. Search for ‘computer’. Pick an image you like and click it to insert it into your
document. Take a minute or two to resize the image to a size you like

Changing Views and Overall Look:

 13

There will be times in which you create documents that don't fit on a standard piece of paper in
its normal dimensions (8.5" by 11").

Click on the Page Layout Tab.

From this menu, you can alter the margins, the width, height, orientation (portrait = 11" long;
landscape = 11" wide), as well as choose from a variety of templates different types of paper and
document styles that come with the program.

To change the orientation of your page, click on the Orientation button.

Click on Landscape from the drop-down box that appears. Your
document should now be in a landscape position. If you wish to return to
a portrait orientation, go through the same steps, clicking on the
Landscape option instead of Portrait.

Your document should now be in a landscape position. If you wish to place it back in a portrait
position, go through the same steps but instead of clicking on the Landscape option, click on the
Portrait option.

Anything you change from the View Tab will not change the way your document prints out. So
if you want your text to be bigger when you print out, make sure to change the size of the font
instead of the zoom.

PRACTICE
Change the orientation of your document to Landscape.
 14

CLOSING MICROSOFT WORD

Saving Documents:

When you finish typing and want to leave the computer, it is important to save your work, even
if you are printing a hard copy. To save your work in MS Word, it is essential to know WHAT
you are trying to save and WHERE you are trying to save it.

Click on the Microsoft Office Button → then click Save to get started.

You can change the file name that Word has automatically chosen just by typing a new one in
the “File name” box at the bottom of the window that appears.
 15

MS Word will automatically save your document with the suffix (“extension”) “.docx”—this
simply lets your computer know that the file needs to be opened in Word 2007. You do not have
to type this extension name—just highlight the words (the default is “Document1”) and write a
new file name.

As evidenced in the picture above, there are many places where you can save a file, some of
which are portable and some of which are immobile.

The My Documents folder on your computer’s hard drive is a good place to store your
documents. A blank CD (compact disc) is a great portable storage device and can contain a LOT
of data. Another good option is a USB key/thumb drive/flash drive.

Due to differences between older versions of Word and the new 2010 version, older versions of
Word cannot open documents saved in Word 2010 with the suffix “.docx”. If you think you
might want to share your document with someone who has an older version of Word on their
computer, you can save your document in a format that is compatible with older version, like
“.doc”.

To do this, click on the Microsoft Office button, click Save

As, then choose Word 97-2003 Document.

Follow the normal steps above to name your document.

It is important to note that every following command of

SAVE will overwrite your original file, creating the most up-
to-date version. To save multiple versions of your document,
you will need to save copies with slightly different names.

If you want to save the changed document without

destroying the original one:

If you want to save the changed document without

destroying the original one:

Click on the Microsoft Office Button and then click “Save

As,” giving your document a new file name, different from
the original.

If you want to open up a saved document in Word:

Click on the Microsoft Office Button, then click Open.

Locate where the file is located on your computer and double-click on the file name of the
document you want to open.
 16

Printing Documents:

To print your MS Word document:

Click on the Microsoft Office Button, then click Print; a print preview and print options will
appear.

Click OK for your document to start printing.

As with all commands in MS Word, you can make changes along the way. From the Print menu,
you can alter how many copies will be made, in what order the pages will be printed, etc.

As with all commands in MS Word, you can make changes along the way. From the Print menu,
you can alter how many copies will be made, in what order the pages will be and much more.

Finding More Help:

You can get help with MS Word by clicking the Question Mark Button located in the top right
corner of the window.

Tutorials are also available on the Internet. Some of them come

straight from Microsoft! Of course, you can also always come and
ask quick questions at the library.

Closing the Program:

Congratulations! You have completed this course in Microsoft Word

Basics. As you become more and more comfortable with the
program, it is always helpful to continue to experiment with options
that you come across–sometimes, you can uncover a tool that would
have stayed hidden–and you can improve proficiency by learning the
fine details of the program. When you are finished,

Click on the Microsoft Office button → then click Exit Word.

OR
Click on the X in the top right corner of the computer screen.

It’s that easy! If you don’t save before attempting to close the program, Word will prompt you
to save the file. Make sure you save if you don’t want to lose any changes!!

NOTE: Images and screen captures may differ from those seen on another system.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0

International License.
 3

USING MICROSOFT EXCEL

Microsoft Excel is an example of a program called a “spreadsheet.” Spreadsheets are used to
organize real world data, such as a check register or a rolodex. Data can be numerical or
alphanumeric (involving letters or numbers). The key benefit to using a spreadsheet program is
that you can make changes easily, including correcting spelling or values, adding, deleting,
formatting, and relocating data. You can also program the spreadsheet to perform certain
functions automatically (such as addition and subtraction), and a spreadsheet can hold almost
limitless amounts of data—a whole filing cabinet’s worth of information can be included in a
single spreadsheet. Once you create a spreadsheet, you can effortlessly print it (as many copies
as you want!), save it for later modifications, or send it to a colleague via e-mail. Microsoft Excel
is a very powerful calculator—This handout covers just a small number of its features!

Microsoft Excel is available on both PCs and Macs, so what you learn in class today should be
applicable to any computer you use. The program may look slightly different depending on the
version and computer that you’re using, but Microsoft Excel will function in the same basic ways.
There are other spreadsheet programs out there, including Google Spreadsheets (part of Google
Docs), OpenOffice Calc, Apple iWorks Numbers, Lotus 1-2-3, and WordPerfect Quattro. They
have many features in common with Microsoft Excel, and you should feel free to choose any
program you prefer.

Opening Microsoft Excel

To get started with Microsoft Excel (often called “Excel”), you will need to locate and
open the program on your computer. To open the program, point to Excel’s icon on
the desktop with your mouse and double-click on it with the left mouse button.

If you don’t see the Excel icon on your desktop, you’ll have to access the program from the Start
Menu. Click on the button in the bottom left corner to pull up the Start Menu. You may see the
Excel icon here, so click on it once with your left button. If you still don’t see it, click on “All
Programs” and scroll through the list of programs until you find it. It may also be located in a
folder called “Microsoft Office” or something similar—it will depend on your specific machine.
Click once with your left button to open the program.

Excel will then open a blank page called “Book1.”

Microsoft Excel Features

The Title Bar

This is a close-up view of the Title Bar, where file information is located. It shows the name of
the file (here, “Book1,” the default title) and the name of the program (“Microsoft Excel”). You
will be able to name your file something new the first time that you save it. Notice the three
buttons on the right side of the Title Bar, controlling the size and closing of the program.
 4

The Ribbon Menu System

The tabbed Ribbon menu system is how you navigate through Excel and access various Excel
commands. If you have used previous versions of Excel, the Ribbon system replaces the
traditional menus.

At the bottom, left area of the spreadsheet, you will find worksheet tabs. By default, three
worksheet tabs appear each time you create a new workbook. On the bottom, right area of the
spreadsheet you will find page view commands, the zoom tool, and the horizontal scrolling bar.

The Microsoft Office Button

Above the Ribbon in the upper-left corner is the

Microsoft Office Button. When you left-click the
button, a menu appears. From this menu, you can
create a new spreadsheet, open existing files, save
files in a variety of ways, and print. You can also
add security features, send, publish, and close files.
 5

Quick Access Toolbar

On the top left-hand side of the Title Bar, you will see several little
icons above the File menu. These let you perform common tasks,
such as saving and undoing, without having to find them in a menu.
We’ll go over the meanings of the icons a little later.

The Home Tab

The most commonly used commands in Excel are also the most accessible. Some of these
commands available in the Home Tab are:

New | Open | Save | Print | Preview AutoSum | Sort

Font | Style | Font Size | Font Color | Text Alignment

The Home Tab Toolbar offers options that can change the font, size, color, alignment,
organization and style of the text in the spreadsheet and individual cells. For example, the
“Calibri” indicates the FONT of your text, the “11” indicates the SIZE of your text; etc. We will
go over how to use all of these options to format your text in a little while.

Each of these options expands into a menu if you left-click on the tiny down-arrow in the bottom
right corner of the window.

This tab works the exact same way as the MS Word Formatting Toolbar. The main difference is
that the format changes will only affect the selected cell or cells, all unselected cells remain in
the default setting (“Calibri” font, size “11”).

Formula Bar

The Formula Bar, also known as the Equation Editor, is generally found below the ribbon menu.
The left side denotes which cell is selected (“A1”) and the right side allows you to input
 6

equations or text into the selected cell. There are two ways to input information into a cell. You
may either select an individual cell and type the equation or text into the formula bar or type the
equation or text directly into the selected cell.

Equations (for example, =SUM(D5+E5)) will automatically be hidden inside the cell and can
only be viewed using the formula bar; the result of the equation will display in the cell.

If any written text is longer than the cell width, then the spreadsheet will cover up any portion
longer than the cell width. The information will still be in the cell, you just won’t be able to see it
at all times.

Keyboard Review

In order to use Excel effectively, you must input commands using both the mouse and the
keyboard. The above image of a keyboard should look similar to the keyboard in front of you;
learning just a few certain keys will help to improve your efficiency in typing as well as present
you with more options within the program. The following is a list of commonly used keys that
you may already be familiar with:

1. Backspace: This key deletes letters backwards.

2. Delete: This key deletes letters forward.
3. Shift: This key, when pressed WITH another key, will perform a secondary function.
4. Spacebar: This key enters a space between words or letters.
5. Tab: This key will indent what you type, or move the text to the right. The default indent
distance is usually ½ inch.
6. Caps Lock: Pressing this key will make every letter you type capitalized.
7. Control (Ctrl): This key, when pressed WITH another key, performs a shortcut.
8. Enter: This key either gives you a new line, or executes a command.
9. Number Keypad: These are exactly the same as the numbers at the top of the keyboard;
some people just find them easier to use in this position.
10. Arrow Keys: Like the mouse, these keys are used to navigate through a document or
page.
 7

Pointer Shapes

As with other Microsoft programs, the pointer often changes its shape as you work in Excel.
Each pointer shape indicates a different mode of operation. This table shows the various pointer
shapes you may see while working in Excel.
 8

MICROSOFT EXCEL BASICS

Typing in Cells

Cells are the small rectangular boxes that make up the spreadsheet. The boxes are the
intersection of columns (A, B, C, etc.) and rows (1, 2, 3, etc.). To reference a cell, use the
column and the row name. For example, the cell in the first column and first row is called “A1”.
All the information entered into an Excel spreadsheet is entered into cells.

Click on a cell to begin typing in it. It is that easy! When you are finished typing in the cell, press
the Enter key and you will be taken to the next cell down. You can then begin typing in that cell.
You can easily navigate around the cells using your arrow keys.

Keep in mind that the Formatting toolbar in Microsoft Excel 2007 is exactly the same as the one
used for Microsoft Word 2007. The biggest difference between the two programs is that, in
Excel, the format is set for each individual cell. So if you change the font and applied the bold
option in cell C5, then this format will only be applied to cell C5. All remaining cells will remain
in default mode until they have been changed.

Sometimes you may only wish to adjust the format of one particular cell. In this case, simply
select the cell by clicking the mouse on it and make any necessary adjustments to the font, size,
style, and alignment. Those changes will not carry over when you begin typing in a new cell.

Other times, you may wish to adjust the text format of a group of cells, entire rows, or entire
columns.

In Excel, you can choose groups of cells in rectangular units—all the cells you select must form
a rectangle of some kind. To select a group of cells, begin by clicking on the cell that would be in
the upper-left hand corner of your rectangle. Hold down the Shift key on your keyboard and use
the arrows (←, →, ↑, ↓) on the keyboard to expand the selection of cells, or click and drag your
mouse.

Once the group of cells has been selected, you can make adjustments to the font, size, style, and
alignment and they will be applied to all selected cells.

PRACTICE:
Select cell A1. Type 123 in that cell and press Enter on the keyboard. Select cell C6. Type abc in
that cell and press Tab on the keyboard. Pressing Enter, Tab or left-clicking another cell will
indicate to Excel that you are done typing in that cell.

Left-click in the Formula Bar. You should now see a blinking cursor in the bar. Type hello in the
bar and press Enter. As you’re typing in the formula bar, the data appears in the highlighted cell.
Now use the Undo button in the quick access toolbar to remove “hello”. Select cell C6. Press the
delete button on your keyboard to delete “abc” from that cell.
 9

Formatting Cells

The cell width and height will usually need to

be adjusted to view all the information entered
into a cell.

To adjust the cell width, move the mouse pointer in between two cell
columns in the column header. Hold down the left mouse button and drag the
mouse left to shorten the width or right to expand the width. Notice that all
cells within the column are automatically adjusted.

Adjust the cell height using the same method. Move the mouse cursor between
two rows, hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse up to decrease the
height and down to increase the height.

Before you begin entering data into a spreadsheet, you may already know the width and height
you want your cells to have. In this case, you can adjust all the widths and heights by doing the
following:

Select the “square” between Column A and Row 1. This will select ALL the cells
in the spreadsheet. From the “Home” tab of the Ribbon Menu, within the “Cells”
box, click on “Format,” and select Row Height. You will now be asked to enter a
numerical value for height. The default value is 15, but you can enter your own
height value (10, 20, 25, etc.).

Repeat the same steps for Column width. From the “Home” tab of the Ribbon
Menu, within the “Cells” box, click on “Format,” and select Column Width.
Note that the default value for the width is 8.43. Enter your own width value (5,
10, 15, 20, etc.).

PRACTICE:
In cell A1, type “1600 Penn Ave”. In cell B1, type
“Washington DC”. You will notice that the street address is
cut off and the city blends into cell C1. If you highlight cell
A1, you will see the entire address is still there and shows up
in the formula bar. Adjust the cell width for columns A and B so you can see all the data in both
cells. Set the row height for the entire worksheet to 20. Set the column width for the entire
worksheet to 15. With the entire spreadsheet still selected, Hit the Delete key on the keyboard to
remove all data from the cells.
 10

For any given cell or selected cells, you can also format the way your data is represented within
the cell(s). Select a single cell or multiple cells. Again, from the “Home” tab of the Ribbon
Menu, within the “Cells” box, click on “Format.” Select “Format Cells.” The format window
will now appear, giving you a wide variety of options on how to format your cell.

Number – This allows you to choose how to represent the numbers that are entered into a cell
(number, currency, time, etc.).

Alignment – This determines how the data will be aligned within the cell (left-side, centered, or
right-side).

Font – Select the type of font to be used within the cells.

Border – This option lets you choose what type of border, if any, you would like around the
cells or some of the cells.

Fill – This allows you to change the background color of the cell.

Protection – This option allows you to “lock” cell information so that other users cannot make
changes.

To select an entire row, click on the Row Number with your

mouse—note how the entire row becomes highlighted. All formatting

changes will now be applied to the whole row.

To select an entire column, click on the Column Number with your mouse—
again, the entire column will become highlighted. All formatting changes will be
applied to the whole column.

Inserting Rows and Columns

When you are working on a spreadsheet, you may realize that you
left out a row or column of data and need to add it in.

To insert a row, click on the row below where you want your new
row to be (remember to click on the row number to highlight the
entire row). From the “Home” tab, within the “Cells” box, click
“Insert.” Select “Insert Sheet Rows.” A new row will
 11

automatically be inserted and the row numbers automatically adjusted.

To insert a column, click on the column to the right of where you want your new column to be
(remember to click on the column letter to highlight the entire column). From the “Home” tab,
within the “Cells” box, click “Insert.” Select “Insert Sheet Columns.” A new column will
automatically be inserted and the column letters automatically adjusted.

PRACTICE:
Enter the data as shown in the screenshot below.

Now let’s insert a heading. Insert a row above row 1. In cells A1 and B1 enter Bill and January.

Sorting Data

Once you have created your spreadsheet and entered in some data, you may want to organize the
data in a certain way. This could be alphabetically, numerically, or another way.

First, select all the cells that represent the data to be sorted, including the header descriptions by
selecting cell A1 and click and dragging down and to the right until all the cells you want to sort
are selected.

Using the mouse, select Sort & Filter from the Editing panel. Select Custom Sort…
The following window should appear: Ensure that the “My data has headers” box is checked.
 12

Select the column you wish to sort by. Do you want to sort by alphabetical order, reverse
alphabetical order, least to greatest number, etc.? When you press “OK,” your spreadsheet will
be sorted in the order that you specified.

PRACTICE:
Select all the data on your worksheet (cells A1
through B7) and go to the Custom Sort menu. Ensure
that “My data has headers” is checked. Choose to sort
by Bill and click OK. Your list should now be sorted
alphabetically.

Basic Formulas

Excel can calculate basic equations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Let’s
say you just want to add two numbers, with the answer appearing in a particular cell. (As you
may remember, all formulas begin with an = sign. This lets Excel know that you are entering a
formula.)

To write a formula that adds two numbers together (for example, 181 + 376):

1. Click on the cell where you want the answer to the equation to appear.

2. Begin by typing the = sign.

3. Type the numbers you want to add separated by the + sign (without spaces): 181+376.
 13

4. Your entire equation should look like this:

=181+376

5. Press the Enter key.

6. You will now see the sum appear in the cell – in this
case, 557.

You can repeat these steps for subtraction, multiplication, or division too. Instead of the plus
sign (+), use - for subtraction, * for multiplication, and / for division.

Cell References

What if you want to be able to add numbers in two different cells, but those numbers might
change and you don’t want to have to retype your equation every time they do? In situations like
this, you can use cell references within your equation. This tells Excel to use whatever value is
in a specific cell to calculate the equation. That way, if the number in one of the cells does
change, your equation will automatically recalculate the answer.

In the example to the right, we want to add the contents

of cells B3 and B4 (181 + 376). We could write our
formula the way we did above, but then if we changed
the value in cell B3 to 200, our equation wouldn’t
reflect the sum of these two cells anymore. We would
have to update the equation manually.

Instead, we can write our equation using the names of

the cells rather than the numbers in them. The name of
a cell is its column letter and its row number (A2, C3, etc.).

To write a formula using cell references:

1. Type the numbers you want to add in two different cells.

2. Click on the cell where you want the answer to the equation to appear.

3. Begin the equation by typing the = sign.

4. Either click on or type in the name of the cell with the first number to be added (in this
example, B3).

5. Type the + sign.

 14

6. Either click on or type in the name of the cell with the second number to be added (in this
example, B4). Your equation should look like this: =B3+B4

7. Press the Enter key.

8. You will now see the answer appear in the cell – in this example, 557.

Now, if you changed the value of cell B3 to 200, the answer that appears in the cell where you
typed your equation will be 576 (200+376). It automatically recalculates when one of the
numbers in a referenced cell changes.

Once you have entered your equation, when you click on the cell with that equation it will
highlight the cells it is referencing by drawing colored borders around them (see the example
above). This helps you see if it is using the cells you want it to use or if you have made a
mistake in typing the formula.

AutoSum and Excel Equations

One of the most powerful features of Excel is its ability to perform basic math functions on data.
Excel can add, subtract, multiply, divide, find the average, and perform general counting
functions on the numerical data that you enter. To enable this feature, highlight all of the cells in
a column, plus one additional empty cell in which to display the result.

Select the AutoSum icon from the ribbon menu:

If you click directly on the ∑, Excel will automatically add up the numbers you have selected. If
you click on the little dropdown arrow next to it (▼), you will get the full choice of
mathematical functions.

If you double-click on the cell in which the answer appears, you will see an equation that looks
something like this (you will also see this equation in the Formula bar):

Let’s break down what exactly the equation means:

= indicates that you are starting an equation in this cell.

SUM tells the function to be performed. In this case, all the cells will be added together.
( ) The parentheses contain the cells that the function will be performed on.
D2 This is the first cell to be included in the addition formula.
D10 This is the last cell to be included in the addition formula.
: indicates that all cells between the first and the last should be included in the formula.
 15

The spreadsheet will often “select” the cells that it thinks you wish to include. But you can
manually change the cell range by typing into the Formula bar.

When you are ready to execute the formula, just press the “Enter” key.

Other mathematical functions you can perform from the AutoSum button include:

Average – This function will calculate the average of the selected cells.
Count Numbers – This function simply counts the number of cells selected.
Max – This function will return the highest value of the selected cells.
Min – This function will return the lowest value of the selected cells.

*Remember* Excel equations are similar to programming languages, so have some patience and
if at first you don’t succeed, try again. Even Excel professionals create incorrect formulas on
their first try.

Once you get an equation to work, you will technically be a computer programmer!

PRACTICE:
Select cell B8. Click the AutoSum button. Excel will highlight the
amounts in cells B2:B7. Click Enter to accept this. The total amount now
appears in cell B8. Now change the amount of electric to $90. Note that
the total price changes automatically.
 16

CLOSING MICROSOFT EXCEL

Saving Spreadsheets

When you finish your spreadsheet and want to

leave the computer, it is important to save your
work, even if you are printing a hard copy. To
save your work in Excel, it is essential to know
WHAT you are trying to save and WHERE
you are trying to save it.

Click the Office Button, then hover your

mouse over Save As. Select Excel Workbook.

You can change the filename that Excel has

chosen just by typing a new one in the “File
name” box at the bottom of the window that
appears.

The My Documents folder on your computer’s

hard drive is a good place to store your
documents. A blank CD or a USB jump drive
are great portable storage options and can
contain a LOT of data.

Excel will automatically save your document with the suffix “.xls”–this is simply a tag that lets
Excel know that your work is specific to this program and what version it is in. You do not have
to type it–just highlight what is there (default is “Book1”) and write a new file name. You may
also chose to save it in an older format so that it can be opened with older versions of Excel.

After the first save, you can just click “Save” to preserve your work. However, it is important to
note that every following command of SAVE will overwrite your original file, creating the most
up-to-date version.

If you would like to keep saving different versions of your worksheet, be sure to use the “Save
As” function each time you save, using a slightly different name for each version.

Printing Spreadsheets

To print your Excel document, click on the Office Button, then click “Print” from the menu.
From the window that pops up, you can make changes to your print job and release it.

As with all commands in Excel, you can make changes along the way. You can change the
number of copies you would like to print, change the paper orientation, choose which printer you
want to use, and more.
 17

Other useful tools are the Print Preview function found alongside the Print command and the
Page Setup function. Print Preview will allow you to look over an exact copy of what will
come out of the printer before actually executing the print command. Page Setup will allow you
to select the page order in which multiple pages will be printed and to determine if the Gridlines
should be printed or not.

Finding More Help

You can get help with Excel by clicking on the Question Mark symbol in the upper-right hand
corner of the main menu bar or by pressing the “F1” button. This will take you to help from
[Link], Microsoft’s help website.

There are also many other resources and tutorials available online. You might try a Google
search with the words “Excel 2010” and the function you are trying to perform. Ask your
instructor for help finding these resources if you have any trouble.

Closing the Program

Click on the Office Button, then click “Exit.”

OR

Click on the X in the top right corner of the Excel screen.

It’s that easy! If you don’t save before attempting to close the program, Excel will prompt you to
save the file. Make sure you save if you don’t want to lose any changes!!

NOTE: Images and screen captures may differ from those seen on another system.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0

International License.
 3

USING MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

Microsoft PowerPoint is a professional presentation program that allows the user to create
"presentation slides" that can be displayed on the computer screen or through a projector that is
plugged in to the computer. A PowerPoint presentation is a good way to convey pieces of
information, usually in the form of an outline, to a large audience. Generally, PowerPoint
presentations are appealing to users because they are easy to create and edit and generally small
enough to fit onto a CD or a USB Jump Drive. Therefore, a user does not have to carry around any
slides or a slide project, and, if necessary, can make last-minute changes to the presentation.

Microsoft PowerPoint Components

Before you get started with Microsoft PowerPoint (commonly referred to as PowerPoint), you will
need to locate and open it on the computer. It may be on your desktop.

On the computer desktop:

1. Double-click on the MS PowerPoint icon

If the MS PowerPoint icon is not on the desktop, go to the Start menu:

1. Click ► Start ► Programs ► Microsoft PowerPoint*

*Occasionally, Microsoft PowerPoint will be in a folder called "Microsoft Office" or similar–this

will make one more step between "Programs" and "Microsoft PowerPoint" in the diagram above.

MS PowerPoint will open a blank page called "Presentation1."

 4

The Title Bar

This is a close-up view of the Title Bar, where file information is located. Notice the default title
"Presentation1." You will get a chance to rename your presentation slides the first time you choose
to save it.

The Ribbon Menu System

The tabbed Ribbon menu system is how you access the various PowerPoint commands. If you
have used previous versions of PowerPoint, the Ribbon system replaces the traditional menus.
Above the Ribbon in the upper-left corner is the Microsoft Office Button. From here, you can
access important options such as New, Save, Save As, and Print. By default, the Quick Access
Toolbar is pinned next to the Microsoft Office Button, and includes commands such as Save,
Undo, and Redo.

On the left side of the window, you will see a task pane with slides and outline tabs, which
appears by default. On the bottom right area of the screen, you will find View commands (Normal,
Slide Sorter, and Slide Show), and the zoom tool.
 5

The Microsoft Office Button

The Microsoft Office Button appears at the top of the PowerPoint

window. When you click the button, a menu appears. From this menu
you can create a new presentation, open existing files, save files, and
print. You can also add security features, send, publish, and close files.

Home Tab
The most commonly used commands in MS PowerPoint are also the most accessible. Some of
these commands are:

Paste | Copy | New Slide | Font | Font Size

Layout | Delete | Font Style | Font Color | Text Alignment

The Home Tab Toolbar offers options that can change the font, size, color, alignment, organization
and style of the text in the slide. For example, (starting from the left side) the "Calibri" indicates
the FONT, the "44" indicates the SIZE; and so on.

This tab works the exact same way as the MS Word Formatting Tab. The main difference is that
the format changes will only affect the text box in which you are currently working. All other text
boxes will remain in the default setting.

New Slide/Layout Icons

Two additional shortcut icons on the Home Tab are the New Slide icon and the Layout
icon. Both are frequently used, and it is good to be familiar with their location.

The New Slide icon automatically adds a new, blank slide for you to work on. You can keep track
of the slides you have already worked on in the Slide Outline panel on the left-hand side of the
screen. You can access a slide at any time by clicking on it with your mouse.

The Layout icon is a shortcut that allows you to choose how you want your information and/or
images to be arranged in the slide(s). Click the arrow next to the word Layout to see options.
 6

Slide Layout

The default in PowerPoint for each new slide is to have a

Title text box and a regular text box. As discussed earlier,
you have the option of rearranging the text boxes to fit
any layout you have in mind. However, sometimes it will
be easier to select a layout that fits your needs rather than
reformatting the default layout for each slide.

To choose a slide layout, from the Home Tab, click on

the Layout Button. A small menu of layout options will
appear. Click on one of the layout images to apply it to
the slide you have selected.

NOTE: Some layout designs offer options for only

organizing Text, some only for Content (pictures, charts,
or graphs), and some for both Text AND Content.

SIMPLE TASKS IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

Text Boxes

Text Boxes are designated areas that allow you to type words, sentences, and bullet points into the
slide. You can adjust the size and placement of the text box within any given slide. It is also
possible to have multiple text boxes per slide.
 7

When you open MS PowerPoint, there will automatically be two text boxes on the slide: "Click to
add title" and "Click to add subtitle." These text boxes already have a preset format applied to
them. The "title" box has a font size of "44" and the "subtitle" box has a font size of "32." You can
change the text format of any box at any time by adjusting the format settings on the Home
Tab.

To adjust the size of the text box, first click on the text box. Notice the change in
border. Once you have clicked on a text box, the border of the box becomes thicker
and little circles appear on the corners and at the midpoints of the box.

Move the mouse pointer over any one of the circles. Notice that the mouse pointer will change to
either ↔ or ↕. Click and hold down the left mouse button. To adjust the height, move the mouse up
or down; to adjust the width, move the mouse left or right. Note that the corner circles adjust both
height and width at the same time, while mid-point circles only adjust either height or width.

To move the text box to a different location on the slide, move your mouse pointer over any part
of the thick, gray box outline. Notice the change in your mouse pointer (it
will look something like a "plus" sign (+) with arrows). Click and hold down the left button on
your mouse. You can now drag the text box to any position on the slide by simply moving your
mouse.

To write in a text box, simply click inside the box with your mouse. When a cursor is flashing,
you are ready to type.

PRACTICE:
When you first open PowerPoint, a blank title slide will show up as the default. Make the title of
your presentation “Travel” and the subtitle “by: Your Name”. Add a new slide. Use the Layout
option to make it a “Title and Content” slide. Make the title of the slide “Agenda”. When you type
in the click to add text box, PowerPoint will automatically use bullet points. Make three bullet
points labeled North Carolina, Places To Go, and Q&A. Your slides should look similar to the
following:
 8

Slide Design

One of the more popular features of MS PowerPoint is the ability to use a wide variety of design
choices. At some point, you may wish to change the design and color of the background of your
slides. To do so, simply click on the Design Tab:

Design Tab Drop-down arrow

The Design Tab allows you to apply pre-made design/color themes to the background of your
slides. For each template, you have the option of applying the design to all slides or to only the
selected slide (see advanced box)

To Apply a Theme:

• Select the Design tab.

• Locate the Themes group. Each image represents a theme.
• Click the drop-down arrow to the right of the theme icons to access more themes.
• (If you are connected to the Internet, you can also choose to view hundreds of additional
templates by choosing "More Themes on Microsoft Office Online" on the bottom of the
drop-down theme menu.)
• Hover over a theme to see a live preview of it in the presentation. The name of the theme
will appear as you hover over it. If you have already entered text, your text should be
shown in the preview.
• Click a theme to apply it to the slides.

Color Schemes: This option gives you a variety of color

schemes to choose from to apply to your selected design
template. To switch to a different color theme option, select the
Colors command in the Themes Group on the Design Tab.
Hover over a Color Group to display a live preview of the
color combination on the selected slide. Click a color option to
select it.

Transitions: This option will allow you to select different

types of animation that can be applied to either all the slides or
selected slides. The animation schemes are different ways the
slides are introduced to your audience, such as "dissolve" or
"wipe down." To add a transition, click the Animations tab,
then hover over one of the transition options. Click the transition to apply it to the slide. (To see
more transition options, click the drop-down arrow located to the right of the transition option
icons.)
 9

PRACTICE:
Use the design tab and pick a theme that you like. Use the Animations tab to pick a transition that
you like. You can pick a different animation for each slide. Click ‘Apply To All’ if you want to
keep the transitions the same for your entire presentation.

Inserting Clip Art

Inserting a picture into MS PowerPoint is very similar to

inserting a picture into MS Word.

1. Select the slide that you wish to add a picture to.

2. From the Ribbon Menu Bar, select the Insert Tab, then select Clip Art.

3. A new menu pane will appear on the right side of the screen. In the Search
For box, type a word to describe the image you would like (for example,
“house”), then click Go. Click the picture you wish to insert.

*Note: The picture will be inserted in its original size, so you will probably
have to re-size it. You can re-size a picture the same way you re-sized a text
box. Click on the picture and note the circles at the corners and at the
midpoints of the length and width. To maintain the correct width/height ratio
(so that your image doesn’t look like it has been stretched), click on one of
the circles at the corners of the image and drag to resize.

Rotating a picture: It is possible to rotate pictures in MS PowerPoint. Once a picture has been
inserted onto a slide and you have clicked on the picture so it is "outlined," notice the green circle
above the center of the picture.

PRACTICE
Add a new slide and title it North Carolina. Now use ‘Clip Art’ and search for the term North
Carolina. If you receive a pop-up asking if you would like to include [Link] content, select
yes. Pick a clip art picture you like and click to insert it on your slide. Now resize it so that it
covers most of your slide. One example is below:
 10

Custom Animations

Once you have inserted a particular clip art or image into your presentation, you may want to give
it an extra animation so that it stands out more. To add an animation to your item:

PRACTICE:
1. Select the item that you would like to animate.
2. Click on the Animations tab found on the ribbon menu.

3. You’ll first see the different transitions that you can apply to your slide, like we talked
about earlier, but that’s not what we’re looking for.
4. This will open the Animations task pane that will allow you to apply different effects to
items in your slide. Select “Add an Effect” to get the different animation choices:
 11

PowerPoint classifies the animations into three categories:

• Entrance- these animations are used to give your item its own entrance to the slide.
For example, if you are giving a presentation and do not want your audience to be
able to see all components of your slide at once, this may be something you want to
use.
• Emphasis- these animations make your item stand out from the rest of your slide.
• Exit- these animations are used to give your item its own exit from the slide.
• The “Motion Paths” option allows you to designate which direction the animation
will go when it is in effect.

5. Now that you have your options in front of you, it’s time to pick an animation. Choose one
of the option that are listed first, or click on More Effects for more options. If you would
like to test an animation before you apply it to your image, make sure you have the
“Preview Effects” box checked – now when you click on an effect it will happen while you
still have the box open and you will see what it looks like.

Once you’ve found one that you like, click OK to add the animation.
 12

6. Now that you’ve added the animation, you should see a number next to the item to which
you applied it:

This just gives you a way to keep track of how many animations you’ve added to your slide, and
what order they will appear in.

7. Let’s add another animation to the same item. Make sure your image is selected, and then
go through the same steps as before to add another animation.

8. Once you do this, you should see that you now have a list
starting in the animation task pane. You should also see
that you have a number one and a number two next to your
item. Since you have multiple animations now, you can
reorder them if you’d like. To do this, just use the Re-
Order arrows at the bottom of the task pane.

9. Additionally, you will see that you can change the Start
cue, the Direction, and the Speed of each animation. To
edit any of these options, select the animation you want to
change. Then, choose the drop-down menu for one of the
modification options. For example, if you select Speed,
you will get these
options:

Finally, if you add a lot of animations and want to make sure they all look the way that you want
them to look, you can preview your animations by clicking on the Play button at the bottom of the
Task Pane.
 13

Inserting a Graph or Table

There are two ways to insert a graph or table into a PowerPoint slide.

1. The graph or table may already exist in another document or file. If this is the case, then you can
simply insert the graph or table as you would a picture. Follow the instructions under Inserting
Clip Art.

Alternatively, you could Copy and Paste a graph or chart from another document or file into your
slide presentation.

2. PowerPoint can also create graphs or tables directly in

the slide. From the Insert Tab, select Chart (or Table).

This will open a menu window in which you can select

from a variety of chart types (column, line, pie, etc.).
Select a chart type, then click OK.

This will open an Excel spreadsheet in an adjoining

new window. You will need to go in and edit the
information in the spreadsheet to conform to the
information you wish to represent in a chart.
 14

The Table option will present you with the following menu:

Click on “Insert Table”, and the following window will appear:

Select the appropriate number of rows and columns you wish to have in your table. Click "OK" to
insert the table. Once the table has been inserted you will be able to put information into the table
cells.

PRACTICE
Create a new slide and title it “Places To Go.” Insert a 2x4 table. That has 2 columns and 4 rows.
Now click in the cell of the first column and row. You will notice a blinking cursor to let you know
the cell is selected. Title the columns ‘City’ and ‘State’. In the City column, list Atlanta, Miami,
and Honolulu. In the State column, list Georgia, Florida, and Hawaii. Create a new slide and
change the layout to ‘Title Only’. Title this slide Q&A. Your slides may look similar to below.
 15

Slide Management

Once you have completed a slide, you can create a new slide by clicking on the New Slide icon on
the Home tab.

Notice that your previous slides still appear on the left-side frame. You can still access your
previous slides by simply clicking on them from this location.

Once all your slides have been completed, you can present your slides in a "slideshow." From the
Slide Show tab select From Beginning.

Notice that the slide takes over our entire screen. To navigate through the slides, use the arrow
keys on your keyboard (←, → or ↑, ↓). You can also navigate through your slides by clicking on
the left or right arrows in the lower left corner of your slide.

To end your slide show, click on the square box on the lower left side of your slide show (this is
difficult to see at first because it is designed to blend into you slide show as not to be noticeable to
your audience). Select End Show from the pop-up window.
 16

CLOSING MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

Saving Slide Shows

When you finish with your presentation and want to leave the computer, it is important to save
your work, even if you are printing a hard copy. To save your work in MS PowerPoint, it is
essential to know WHAT you are trying to save and WHERE you are trying to save it.

Click on the Microsoft Office Button à then click Save to get started.

You can change the filename that PowerPoint has chosen just by typing a new one in the File
name box at the bottom of the window that appears.

MS PowerPoint will automatically save your document with the suffix “.pptx” – this is simply a
tag that lets PowerPoint know that your work is specific to this program. You do not have to type
it–just highlight what is there (default is “Presentation1”) and write a new file name.

It is important to note that every following command of SAVE will overwrite your original file,
creating the most up-to-date version. To save multiple versions of your document, you will need to
save copies with slightly different names.

If you want to save any changes to your PowerPoint slides without destroying the original one:

If you want to save the changed document without destroying the original one:

Click on the Microsoft Office Button and then click “Save As,” giving your document a new file
name, different from the original.

If you want to open up a saved document in PowerPoint:

Click on the Microsoft Office Button, then click Open.

Locate where the file is located on your computer and double-click on the file name of the
document you want to open.

Printing Slides

To print your MS PowerPoint slides:

Click ►Microsoft Office Button ►Print, and a Print window will pop up on the screen.
Click ►OK for your document to start printing.

As with all commands in MS PowerPoint, you can make changes along the way. From the Print
menu, you can alter how many copies will be made, in what order the pages will be, etc.
 17

Other useful tools are the Presentation Views options found within the View Tab, and the Print
Preview function found within the Print menu (to access the Print Menu, click the Microsoft
Office Button). Presentation Views allows you to view and print your slideshow with optional
notes boxes, or as a handout (three to six slides will appear on each printed page). Print Preview
will allow you to look over an exact copy of what will come out of the printer before actually
executing the print command.

Finding More Help

You can get help with MS PowerPoint by clicking the Question Mark
Button located in the top right corner of the window.

Tutorials are also available on the Internet. Some of them come straight
from Microsoft! Of course, you can also always come and ask quick
questions at the library.

Closing the Program

Congratulations! You have completed this course in Microsoft PowerPoint Basics. As you become
more and more comfortable with the program, it is always helpful to continue to experiment with
options that you come across – sometimes, you can uncover a tool that would have stayed hidden –
and you can improve proficiency by learning the fine details of the program. When you finish:

Click ►Microsoft Office Button ► then click Exit PowerPoint

OR

Click on the X in the top right corner of the computer screen.

NOTE: Images and screen captures may differ from those seen on another system.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0

International License2.
 AI TOOLS – ChatGPT

What is Chat GPT full form?

ChatGPT stands for 'Chat Generative Pre-training Transformer. ' It's an AI-powered model
developed by OpenAI, a research organization aiming to ensure artificial general intelligence
(AGI) benefits all of humanity.

A.I. tools (like ChatGPT) are highly capable chatbots that produce a textual response to a wide
range of worded prompts. Unlike chatbots from the past, their responses are not pre-
programmed.

AI chat GPT refers to artificial intelligence-powered chatbots that utilize algorithms like GPT
(Generative Pre-trained Transformer) to engage in human-like conversations.

Is ChatGPT free?

Yes, Chat GPT is free to use. As per some estimations, OpenAI spends approximately $3
million per month to continue its use for the people. However, OpenAI has also introduced its
premium version which will be chargeable in the coming future.

How to use ChatGPT on the web or mobile app

1. Go to [Link] or the mobile app, and log in or sign up (it's free).

2. Enter your prompt on the ChatGPT home page. If you're using GPT-4o, you can use a text,
image, or audio prompt.

3. Once ChatGPT spits out a response, you have a handful of options:

Should I download ChatGPT?

In one sense, yes, ChatGPT is safe. If you log into your OpenAI account and use it, it won't
install anything malicious onto your device. However, you still need to be concerned about
OpenAI suffering a data breach and exposing your personal data, which is a risk with any
online account.
Yes, ChatGPT is safe to use.

The AI chatbot and its generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) architecture were created by
Open AI to safely produce natural language responses and high-quality content in a manner
that resembles human speech.
 Introduction to LATEX

LaTeX, which is pronounced «Lah-tech» or «Lay-tech» (to rhyme with «blech» or «Bertolt
Brecht»), is a document preparation system for high-quality typesetting. It is most often used
for medium-to-large technical or scientific documents but it can be used for almost any form
of publishing.

LaTeX is not a word processor! Instead, LaTeX encourages authors not to worry too much
about the appearance of their documents but to concentrate on getting the right content. For
example, consider this document:

Cartesian closed categories and the price of eggs

Jane Doe
September 1994

Hello world!
To produce this in most typesetting or word-processing systems, the author would have to
decide what layout to use, so would select (say) 18pt Times Roman for the title, 12pt Times
Italic for the name, and so on. This has two results: authors wasting their time with designs;
and a lot of badly designed documents!

LaTeX is based on the idea that it is better to leave document design to document designers,
and to let authors get on with writing documents. So, in LaTeX you would input this
document as:

\documentclass{article}
\title{Cartesian closed categories and the price of eggs}
\author{Jane Doe}
\date{September 1994}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
Hello world!
\end{document}
Or, in English:

o This document is an article.

o Its title is Cartesian closed categories and the price of eggs.
o Its author is Jane Doe.
o It was written in September 1994.
o The document consists of a title followed by the text Hello world!
 LaTeX Features
o Typesetting journal articles, technical reports, books, and slide presentations.
o Control over large documents containing sectioning, cross-references, tables and figures.
o Typesetting of complex mathematical formulas.
o Advanced typesetting of mathematics with AMS-LaTeX.
o Automatic generation of bibliographies and indexes.
o Multi-lingual typesetting.
o Inclusion of artwork, and process or spot colour.
o Using PostScript or Metafont fonts.
Demonstration and practice on LaTeX and produce professional pdf documents
LaTeX and Word

What is LaTeX?
 A typesetting program written by Leslie Lamport of MIT.
 Pronounced “Lah-tek, or Lay-tek”
 Uses TeX engine written by Donald E. Knuth
 Designed for producing beautiful books, thesis’s, papers, articles...
 De facto standard for writing academic papers
 Current version LaTeX2e

Why LaTeX, not MS Word?

 FAST professional output – highest quality
 Platform, version independent (Unix, Win)
 Device independent output (.dvi)
 Freely available
 Secure – never lose your files, both old and new!
 Concentrate on content, leave the style to LaTeX.
 Source code for large docs comparatively small.

Disadvantages
 Need other software for extensibility.
 Rather steep learning curve - need to remember commands
 Not integrated with other MS Office products

Where to get LaTeX?

 Linux:
 Almost all distributions bundle LaTeX.
 Windows packages and frontends.
 MikTeX
 WinShell/TeXnicCenter/LEd/Texmaker
 LaTeX package documentation
 Google for LaTeX tutorials

LaTeX package structure

 A collection of defined commands
 Classes and packages.
 AMS-TeX – a collection of extensions to TeX with more advanced mathematical
typesetting features.
 Markup language
 Similar to “tagging” and “Markup” (think HTML!)
 Create (tex) > Compile (tex) > Run/view (dvi/pdf/ps)
LaTeX Skeleton
% my first LaTeX file
\documentclass[options]{class}
 \begin{document}
Hello, world!
\end{document}
Syntax

The syntax of LaTeX

 Families, classes and environments
 All LaTeX commands start with ‘\’
 Ex - \author{K L Ganapathi Reddy}
\title{how to learn latex}
\section{section name}
 All environments begin with “\begin{env name}”
 Special Characters - #$%^&_{}~\
 Anything that begins with ‘%’ is a comment.
% Anything after this symbol is ignored
File formats encountered in Latex
 .tex - LaTeX input file. Can be compiled with latex.
 .sty - LaTeX Macro package.
 .cls - Class files define what your document looks like. They are selected
with the
\documentclass cmd
 .dvi - Device Independent File.
 .log - Gives a detailed account of what happened during the last compiler run.
 .toc - Stores all your section headers. It gets read in for the next
compiler run and isused to produce the table of content.

Important “layout” commands in Latex

 \documentclass[options]{class}
 \title
 \maketitle % commit title info to paper.
 \begin{document}; \end{document}
 \begin{abstract}; \end{abstract}
 \include{filename} % call another file here.
 \begin{equation}; \end{equation}
 \usepackage{packagename}
 \section{sectionname}
Important formatting commands
 \underline{text}
 \emph{text} % set text to italics
\textbf{text} % set text to bold
 \bfseries % switches to bold from here.
How to solve problems
 Look at the error LaTeX gave you.
 It will have a line number which will help you find the error.
 Common mistakes:
 Mismatched \begin{}/\end{} blocks
 Mismatched {/}
 Mismatched $, $$, or \(\) or \[\]
 Misspelled keywords