Introductory Mathematics
Linear Equations and
Graphs
01b
Weekly Intended Learning Objectives
(WILOs)
• Rearrange algebraic expressions (or formulae) to change the subject
• Find midpoint of a line segment
• Work out distance between two points
• Find gradients of parallel and perpendicular lines
• Find the equation of a straight line
• Recognise and sketch forms: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 and 𝑦 −
𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
• Use linear models in real life and recognise gradient as a rate of
change
2
1. Glossary and Key words.
- Gradient/slope indicate how steep the line is. Measure the
inclination of the line.
- Mid-point the point half-way between two point on a straight line.
- Parallel two lines that have the same gradient.
- Perpendicular lines that form 90 degree-angle with each other.
- Rate of change indicates how quickly or slowly something changes
over time.
- Rearrange: changing the position of elements. In an equation, this
means isolating( leave by itself) a variable on one side.
- Y-Intercept: the point where the line crosses the y-axis on a graph.
3
Welcome Week
Algebraic Manipulations: basic manipulations and polynomials
Equations and Graphs of Straight Lines
W01
Quadratic Equations and Graphs
SEP
Circle Graphs W02
Mini Test 1
Functions 1: Transformations
W03
Trigonometry 1: Graph Properties
Trigonometry 2: Solving Trigonometric Equations
Exponentials and logarithms 1: Compound interest and Solving
W04
with Logarithms
Exponentials and logarithms 2: Growth and Decay
Functions 2: Properties, Inverse, Composition
W05
OCT
REVISION
W06
30% MID Unit Exam (80 marks in 2-hours):
ILO 1, 3, 5
Sequences and series 1: Definitions of Sequences
Sequences and series 1: Terms and Sums
W07
Differentiation 1: Instantaneous rate of change
Differentiation 2: Exponential function and Stationary Points
W08
Teaching Block 1 (TB1)
Mini Test 2
Differentiation 3: Trigonometric functions
W09
Differentiation 4: Implicit Differentiation
NOV
Integration 1: Indefinite integration
Integration 2: Definite integration
W10
BIG PICTURE: Introductory Mathematics
Integration 3: Techniques for integration
Integration 4: Numerical Integration
W11
REVISION
W12
DEC
70% END Unit Exam (80 marks in 2-hours):
ILOs 2, 4, 6
XMAS Break
1. Rearrange Equations
Make the y the subject is rearranged an equation to make 𝑦 = something
• Rearrange to solve the following equation • Rearrange to change the subject to 𝑦.
for 𝑥.
𝑦−1
𝑥−3=
𝑦+2
3 𝑥−2
=5
𝑥+2 𝑥−3 𝑦+2 = 𝑦−1
3 𝑥−2 =5 𝑥+2 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 6 = 𝑦 − 1
3𝑥 − 6 = 5𝑥 + 10 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 = 5 − 2𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 − 4 = 5 − 2𝑥
−16 = 2𝑥
5 − 2𝑥
𝑥 = −8 𝑦=
𝑥−4
5
2a. Midpoint and Length
Midpoint
𝑀 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥, 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑦
1+5 2+4
𝑀= , = 3, 3
2 2
Length
Pythagoras Theorem:
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 2
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
5−1 2 + 4−2 2 = 20 = 2 5
𝑐= 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
6
2b. Gradient
Gradient of AB (and parallel lines)
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 4 − 2 2 1
= = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 5 − 1 4 2
Gradient of perpendicular red lines
Gradient/Slope: The gradient of the perpendicular red
Parallel lines have the same gradient dotted lines is the negative reciprocal
Perpendicular lines gave a gradient 1
product of -1: 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏; =− = −2
−1
1ൗ
𝑚1 = 2
𝑚2 7
3. Equations and Graphs of Straight Lines
Equation of a straight line:
Slope-intercept form 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄
𝑚 is the slope and 𝑐 is the y-intercept
Point-slope (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝑚 is the slope and 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 is a point on the line
Standard form 𝒂𝒚 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
Horizontal line 𝒚 = 𝒂
Vertical line 𝒙 = 𝒃
8
3. Equations and Graphs of Straight Lines
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 method
1−3
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = −0.5
6−2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 method
𝑦−3
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = −0.5 =
1−3 𝑥−2
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = −0.5
6−2
𝑦 = −0.5𝑥 + 𝑐 −0.5 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑦 − 3
3 = −0.5 × 2 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 4 𝑦 = −0.5𝑥 + 4
𝑦 = −0.5𝑥 + 4 9
4. Linear Models and Real-Life Applications and recognise gradients
The meaning of m and c Creating Equations
The price of diamonds is How many litres of a mixture containing 80%
represented by a linear alcohol should be added to 5 litres of a 20%
equation 𝑝 = 7380𝑐 − 2530 solution to produce a 30% solution.
where 𝑝 is the price in GB 0.8𝑥 + 0.2 × 5 = 0.3 𝑥 + 5
pounds of a diamond 𝑥=1
weighing 𝑐 carats. Interpret
the meaning of the gradient
and y intercept.
m: For each additional weight
of 1 carat the price will
increase by £7380.
c: a diamond weighing zero
carats would cost −£2530.
10
