1.
Sort Elements in Ascending and Descending Order
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int arr[] = {5, 2, 9, 1, 7};
int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
sort(arr, arr + n);
cout << "Ascending: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) cout << arr[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
sort(arr, arr + n, greater<int>());
cout << "Descending: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) cout << arr[i] << " ";
return 0;
}
Output:
Ascending: 1 2 5 7 9
Descending: 9 7 5 2 1
2. Sum of Natural Numbers from 1 to n
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n = 5, sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
sum += i;
}
cout << "Sum = " << sum;
return 0;
}
Output:
Sum = 15
3. Swap Values using Call by Reference
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int &a, int &b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
int main() {
int x = 5, y = 10;
swap(x, y);
cout << "x = " << x << ", y = " << y;
return 0;
}
Output:
x = 10, y = 5
4. Function Overloading
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
double add(double a, double b) {
return a + b;
}
int main() {
cout << "Int sum: " << add(5, 3) << endl;
cout << "Double sum: " << add(2.5, 3.7);
return 0;
}
Output:
Int sum: 8
Double sum: 6.2
5. Inheritance Example with Shape
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape {
public:
void show() { cout << "This is a shape" << endl; }
};
class Polygon : public Shape {
public:
void show() { cout << "Polygon is a shape" << endl; }
};
class Rectangle : public Polygon {
public:
void show() { cout << "Rectangle is a polygon" << endl; }
};
class Triangle : public Polygon {
public:
void show() { cout << "Triangle is a polygon" << endl; }
};
class Square : public Rectangle {
public:
void show() { cout << "Square is a rectangle" << endl; }
};
int main() {
Shape s; Polygon p; Rectangle r; Triangle t; Square sq;
s.show(); p.show(); r.show(); t.show(); sq.show();
return 0;
}
Output:
This is a shape
Polygon is a shape
Rectangle is a polygon
Triangle is a polygon
Square is a rectangle
6. Multilevel Inheritance: Vehicle, FourWheeler, Car
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Vehicle {
public:
void vehicle() { cout << "I am a vehicle" << endl; }
};
class FourWheeler : public Vehicle {
public:
void fourWheeler() { cout << "I have four wheels" << endl; }
};
class Car : public FourWheeler {
public:
void car() { cout << "I am a car" << endl; }
};
int main() {
Car c;
c.car();
c.fourWheeler();
c.vehicle();
return 0;
}
Output:
I am a car
I have four wheels
I am a vehicle
7. File Creation and Read in C++
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
ofstream file("example.txt");
if (!file) {
cout << "File not created!";
return 1;
}
file << "Hello, this is a test file.";
file.close();
ifstream readFile("example.txt");
string text;
while (getline(readFile, text)) {
cout << text << endl;
}
readFile.close();
return 0;
}
Output:
Hello, this is a test file.
8. Read/Write Time using Binary File
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
class Time {
public:
int h, m, s;
};
int main() {
Time t1 = {10, 30, 45};
ofstream out("time.dat", ios::binary);
out.write((char*)&t1, sizeof(t1));
out.close();
Time t2;
ifstream in("time.dat", ios::binary);
in.read((char*)&t2, sizeof(t2));
in.close();
cout << "Time: " << t2.h << ":" << t2.m << ":" << t2.s;
return 0;
}
Output:
Time: 10:30:45
9. Exception Handling - Division by Zero
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void divide(int a, int b) {
if (b == 0) throw "Division by zero!";
cout << "Result: " << a / b << endl;
}
int main() {
try {
divide(10, 0);
} catch (const char* msg) {
cout << "Exception: " << msg << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Exception: Division by zero!
10. Array Index Out of Bounds Exception Handling
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
try {
for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
if (i >= 5) throw "Array index out of bounds";
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
} catch (const char* msg) {
cout << "\nException: " << msg << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
1 2 3 4 5
Exception: Array index out of bounds
