SET THEORY G SYNOPSIS > Object : In our mathematical language ,every thing in this universe whether living or non living iscalledan object. Set : Asetis a well defined collection of objects. ‘The objects in a set are called its members or elements. Well defined: Well defined is for agiven object, it is possible to determine, whether that object belongs to the given collection or not. ‘The following collections constitute a set : 1) The vowels in english alphabets : a,¢,i,0,u 2) Allprime number 3)All rivers Mowing in india. 4) The collection ofall prime numbers less than 20. Not well defined: The collection of all beautifull girls of india is nota set,since the term ‘beautiful’ is vague and it is not well defined. similarly ‘rich persons’, ‘honest persons','good players’, ‘young men", ‘yesterday’, ete ., do not form sets. Notations: The sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B,C, etc. ‘The members or elements of the set are denoted by lower-case letters a, b, ¢,etc. Ifx is a member of the set A, we write x eA. {read as x belongs to A) and if-x is nota member oftheset A, we write x ¢ A (readasx does not belongto A). Ifx andy both belong to A, we write x,y eA. some examples of sets used particularly in mathematics N: The set of all natural numbers TorZ: The setofall integers Q:Theset of all rational numbers R:Theset ofall real numbers z° | Theset of all positive integers Q*: The set ofall positive rational numbers R¢! The set ofall positive real numbers Representation of a Set : Usually, sets arerepresented in the following two ways. > v 1. Roster form or Tabular form. 2. Set Builder form or Rule Method. Roster form : In this form, all elements of aset are listed ,the elements are being, separated by commas and are enclosed within brackets { } (curlybrackets). Forexample, the set A of all odd natural numbers less than 10 in the roster form is written as A= {1,3,5,7,9} 1) In roster form, every element of the set is listed only once, 2) The order in which the elements are listed is immaterial. Eg 1: Each of the following sets denotes the same set {1, 2,3}, (3,2, 1}, (1,3, 2}. Eg 2: Roster form or tabular form of set of all letters in the word'MATHEMATICS 'is given by the roster form (ii) The set of real numbers cannot be described in this form , because these elements of the setdo not follow any particular pattern. Set - Builder form : Inthis form, All the elements ofa set possess single common property or characterstic property which is not possessed by any element outside the set. write a variable (say x)representing any member of the set followed by colon( : porslash (/) which is follwed by a property satisfied by each member of the set. i2., A set is denoted as { x : x satisfies p(x) where p(x) is the common property}. Forexample, the set A of all prime numbers less than 10 in the set-builder form is written as A= |x /xisaprime number less than 10} The symbol '/ stands for the words ‘such that’. Sometimes, we use the symbol" in place of the symbol '*, Eg:: Setbuilder form of {a,¢,i,0,u)} is V= {x :xisa vowel in englishalphabet } Classification (or) Types of Sets : Empty Set or Null Set or void s A set which has no elements is called the null set or empty set or void set. It is denoted by the symbol 4 or { }. For example, each of the @ scanned with OKEN ScannerJEE MAINS following isa null set. Eg t: Let A= fx: lex <2, xis anatural number} then As the empty set because there is. tural number between land 2 ofall real numbers whose square Eg 3: The set of all rational numbers whose square is 2 Note ; A set consisting of atleast one element ir called a non-empty set. ingleton Set : Asset having only one clement is called singleton set Eg 1: {0},{6 | are singleton sets, which contains only one element. Eg2:Let 4={x:xe Nand x? —9 = 0} then A= {3} , which isa singleton set But {x:x eZ and x? -9=0} = 1-33 fis nota singleton set. Finite and Infinite Sets ; A set which is empty orconsists of finite number of elements is called a finite set. Otherwise, itis called an infinite set. For example, the set of alll days ina week is a finite set. Where as, the set of all integers, denoted by Z 2,-1,0,1 or {x /x isan integer} , isan infinite set. Cardinal Number (or) Order of a set: ‘The number of distinct elements in a finiteset Ais called the cardinal number of the set A and is denoted by n(A) or O(A) or [Al Eg: lf A= {2,4,6,8,10,12) then, n(A) =6. Equal Sets : IfAand B are two sets such that every member of A isa member of Band every member of B isa member of A, then we say that Aand Bare equal, we writeas A= B. Otherwise the sets are said to be unequal and we write A+B Egil: 2,3}, B= {31,2} Then A=B Fg 2 : A set does not change if one or more elements of the set is repeated. 1,23) B 13,3} are equal sets. That is why we generally do not repeat any element in = 4134) Thena ¢B Al Equivalent Sets: Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent, ifn(A)>n(B), Clearly, equal sets are equivalent but equivalent sets need not be equal. For example, the sets A= {4, 5, 3,2} and B={1,6,8,9} are equivalent butare not equal @ scanned with OKEN Scanner