B.C.A.
Unit 1:
Introduction: Importance of Statistics, Concepts of Statistics, population and a sample;
quantitative and qualitative data; Collection of Primary and Secondary data; Classification and
Tabulation of data. Construction of Univariate and bivariate frequency distribution;
Diagrammatic and Graphical representation of data.
Descriptive Statistics: Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode,
Geometric mean, Harmonic mean; Measures of Dispersion: Range, Quartile deviation, Mean
deviation, Standard deviation.
Definition of Moments: Measures of Skewness: Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness,
Bowley’s coefficient of skewness; Kurtosis.
1. Explain the importance of statistics and differentiate between quantitative and
qualitative data with examples.
2. Describe the methods of collecting primary and secondary data and discuss their
advantages and disadvantages.
3. Explain the construction of univariate and bivariate frequency distributions with an
example.
4. Define measures of central tendency and compare arithmetic mean, median, and mode
with their merits and demerits.
5. Define skewness and kurtosis. Explain Karl Pearson’s and Bowley’s measures of
skewness with formulas and examples.
1. Differentiate between sample and population with examples.
2. Explain diagrammatic and graphical representation of data with suitable examples.
3. Define geometric mean and harmonic mean. How are they different from arithmetic
mean?
4. What is range? How is it different from quartile deviation and mean deviation?
5. Define standard deviation and explain its significance in statistics.
6. What are moments in statistics? Write their definition and importance.
7. Differentiate between Karl Pearson’s and Bowley’s measures of skewness.
Unit 2:
Probability: Basic terminology, Mathematical probability, Statistical probability, Axiomatic
approach to probability, Theorems on probability.
Conditional Probability, Multiplication theorem of probability, independent events,
Pairwise/mutually independent events, Bayes’ Theorem.
1. Define probability and explain the axiomatic approach to probability with examples.
2. Differentiate between mathematical probability and statistical probability with suitable
examples.
3. Explain conditional probability and derive the multiplication theorem of probability
with proof.
4. Define independent events and pairwise/mutually independent events. Provide
examples to illustrate the differences.
5. State and explain Bayes' Theorem with its formula and a real-life application.
1. Define the following probability terms with examples: sample space, event, mutually
exclusive events, exhaustive events.
2. Explain the addition and multiplication theorems of probability with examples.
3. Differentiate between conditional probability and independent events.
4. What is an axiomatic approach to probability? State and explain the three probability
axioms.
5. Define Bayes’ Theorem and explain its importance in probability theory.
6. Differentiate between pairwise independent events and mutually independent events
with examples.
7. If P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.5, and P(A ∩ B) = 0.3, find P(A | B) using conditional probability
formula.
Unit 3:
Random variable: Definition of a uni-variate random variable, discrete and continuous
random variables, functions of random variables, probability mass function and probability
density function and mathematical expectation of a random variable and properties of
expectation.
Probability Distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Normal Distribution and their chief properties
(only statements).
1. Define a random variable. Differentiate between discrete and continuous random
variables with suitable examples.
2. Explain probability mass function (PMF) and probability density function (PDF) with
examples.
3. Define mathematical expectation of a random variable. Explain its properties with
examples.
4. Explain the Binomial distribution and state its chief properties. Give an example where
it is applied.
5. Define the Poisson distribution and state its chief properties. Discuss a real-life
application of the Poisson distribution.
1. Define a univariate random variable with an example.
2. Differentiate between discrete and continuous probability distributions with examples.
3. What is the probability mass function (PMF)? How is it different from the probability
density function (PDF)?
4. Define mathematical expectation and explain its significance in probability theory.
5. Define Normal distribution and state its chief properties.
6. Explain the relationship between Binomial and Poisson distributions.
7. What are the key differences between Binomial, Poisson, and Normal distributions?
Unit 4:
Correlation and Regression analysis: Bi-variate data, Definition of correlation, Scatter
Diagram, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation; Partial and Multiple correlation coefficients
(for three variables); Definition of Regression, Simple Linear Regression (for 2 variables).
Small Sample Tests: Basic Definitions of testing of hypothesis; t-Test: t-test for single Mean,
t-test for difference of Means, Paired t-test. F-Test: F-test for equality of two population
variances.
CHI-SQUARE Test: test for single variance (population variance) and test of independence
of attributes.
1. Define correlation. Explain Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation and how it is
calculated.
2. What is regression analysis? Explain Simple Linear Regression with its equation and
significance.
3. Explain Partial and Multiple correlation coefficients for three variables with examples.
4. Define hypothesis testing and explain the procedure for conducting a t-test for a single
mean and difference of means.
5. What is the Chi-Square test? Explain its applications in testing population variance and
independence of attributes with examples.
1. What is a scatter diagram? How is it used to determine the correlation between two
variables?
2. Differentiate between correlation and regression with examples.
3. Explain the paired t-test and its significance in hypothesis testing.
4. What is the F-test? Explain its use in testing the equality of two population variances.
5. Define Simple Linear Regression and write its equation.
6. State the assumptions and limitations of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation.
7. Write a short note on the Chi-Square test for independence of attributes with an
example.
