Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
LEARNING OUTCOME 1: PREPARE ZERO CLIENT ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION

✓ INTRODUCTION TO ZERO CLIENT TECHNOLOGY

▪ Zero client technology is a type of computing architecture where the end-user device,
known as a zero client, has minimal processing capabilities. Instead, it relies on a
centralized server or virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) to deliver the operating
system, applications, and data. Zero clients are used in environments where security,
ease of management, and cost-effectiveness are priorities.
Definition:
A zero client is a slimmed-down version of a traditional thin client. It does not have an
operating system, CPU, or storage, as it offloads all processing to a remote server. Users
interact with their desktop environment through the zero client, which connects to a
server that provides the necessary resources.
Types of Zero Clients:
Hardware-Based Zero Clients: Hardware-Based Zero Clients are specialized, lightweight
devices that connect directly to a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) or remote servers,
performing no local processing or storage functions. Unlike traditional PCs or thin clients,
hardware-based zero clients rely entirely on a central server for computing power, making
them simple, secure, and easy to maintain.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
Key Features:

1. No Local Operating System: Hardware-based zero clients don’t have an onboard

operating system or applications. Instead, they have embedded firmware that connects
directly to the VDI environment.
2. Centralized Processing: All computing tasks, such as running applications and
processing data, are handled on a remote server. The zero client only displays the user
interface and handles input/output devices like keyboards and monitors.
3. High Security: Since no data or apps are stored locally, these devices offer strong
protection against malware, hacking, or data theft. If the device is compromised,
there’s no sensitive information at risk.
4. Low Power Consumption: Zero clients use significantly less power than traditional
desktops or even thin clients, making them energy-efficient and cost-effective for
large-scale deployments.
5. Purpose-Built for VDI: They are typically optimized for specific remote desktop
protocols, such as:
o PCoIP (PC over IP): Commonly used with VMware Horizon environments.
o HDX: Used with Citrix-based infrastructures.
o Microsoft RemoteFX: For Microsoft Remote Desktop Services (RDS).
6. Dedicated Hardware: Zero clients are equipped with specialized hardware that
enhances their ability to efficiently handle the display and transfer of remote desktop
sessions without the need for local processing.

How Hardware-Based Zero Clients Work:

• The device connects to the VDI server or cloud-hosted environment through a

network.
• It receives the desktop session, which is streamed to it from the server.
• The device handles display rendering and transfers inputs (keyboard, mouse) to the
remote server.
• Zero clients typically feature ports for peripherals (USB, audio, video), but all data
remains on the server.

Benefits:

1. Simplified IT Management: Centralized updates, security, and application

management occur at the server level, reducing the need for maintenance on
individual devices.
2. Scalability: Hardware-based zero clients are easy to scale for large deployments,
making them ideal for industries like education, healthcare, finance, and government
where secure, consistent access to virtual desktops is critical.
3. Enhanced Security: With no local storage or OS to compromise, these devices
significantly reduce the risk of breaches or attacks. This makes them highly secure for
sensitive environments.
4. Reduced Costs: Initial hardware costs, energy consumption, and maintenance efforts
are minimized, which lowers the total cost of ownership compared to traditional PCs
or thin clients.
5. Fast Deployment: Plug-and-play design means zero clients can be quickly deployed
across an organization with minimal configuration.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
Use Cases:

• Call Centers: Agents can connect to virtual desktops without the need for powerful
individual machines, making setup and management simpler.
• Healthcare: Doctors and nurses can access patient data securely from any zero client
station, while ensuring patient information is not stored locally.
• Education: In classrooms and labs, students can log into their virtual desktops, with
centralized control by IT.
• Finance: Financial institutions that require high security and remote accessibility
often rely on zero clients to protect sensitive data and streamline access.

Example Vendors:

• Teradici: Known for PCoIP zero clients.

• Dell Wyse: Offers a range of zero clients optimized for VMware Horizon and Citrix
environments.
• HP t310 Zero Client: Another popular hardware-based zero client designed for
secure and efficient remote desktop access.

Hardware-Based Zero Clients vs. Thin Clients:

• No Local OS or Storage: Unlike thin clients, zero clients don’t run any local
operating system or store data locally, offering a higher level of security and
simplicity.
• Lower Power Consumption: Zero clients consume less power and are more energy-
efficient than thin clients, which need local processing power.
• Specialized for VDI: While thin clients can sometimes run apps locally, zero clients
are purely designed for VDI environments and do not process any tasks locally

o These are dedicated hardware devices designed specifically to connect to a

virtual desktop environment.
o They are typically small, energy-efficient, and have a long lifespan.
o Examples include devices that support specific protocols like PCoIP (PC-over-
IP) or HDX (Citrix's proprietary protocol).
2. Software-Based Zero Clients:
o These zero clients are software solutions that can be installed on minimal
hardware to function as a zero client.
o They may run on repurposed PCs or thin clients but still rely entirely on a
centralized server for processing.
Software-Based Zero Clients refer to devices or systems that use minimal
hardware and rely on software to connect to virtual desktops or cloud-hosted
systems. They are designed to be lightweight, cost-effective, and centrally

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 managed, making them ideal for environments like schools, offices, or data
centers where multiple users need access to centralized computing resources.
Key Features:
1. Minimal Local Processing: Zero clients typically have no local storage or significant
processing power. All computing happens on a remote server.
2. Centralized Management: Administrators can easily manage all zero clients from a
central server, simplifying updates, security, and configuration.
3. No OS on Client Side: Unlike thin clients, zero clients don’t have a full operating
system on the local device. Instead, they run a lightweight interface that connects
directly to the virtual desktop environment.
4. Protocols Used:
o PCoIP (PC over IP): Often used for connecting to virtual desktops hosted in a
data center or cloud.
o HDX/RemoteFX: These are high-definition protocols used for remote desktop
performance and optimization in environments like Citrix and Microsoft RDP.
5. Cost-Effective: Since zero clients require little hardware, they are usually less
expensive than full desktops or even thin clients.
6. Energy-Efficient: Consuming less power than traditional desktops, zero clients are
energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.
How It Works:
• The software-based zero client connects to a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) or a
cloud-hosted service.
• All computing tasks—running applications, processing data—are performed on the
server.
• The client is essentially a gateway that handles the user interface and input/output
(keyboard, mouse, screen).
Benefits:
• Reduced Maintenance: Centralized updates and management mean reduced IT
maintenance and troubleshooting.
• Enhanced Security: Since data is not stored locally, zero clients are less susceptible to
malware and unauthorized access.
• Scalability: Easy to deploy and scale in environments where multiple users need
remote access to shared resources.
Use Cases:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Corporate Offices: Employees can access their personalized desktops from any zero
client device, ensuring mobility and flexibility.
• Schools and Libraries: Simplified management and lower costs make zero clients
ideal for educational institutions.
• Call Centers: Agents can quickly log into their virtual desktops, improving efficiency
and minimizing downtime.
Example Platforms:
• VMware Horizon
• Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops
• Microsoft Remote Desktop Services

3. Protocol-Specific Zero Clients:

o These zero clients are built to support specific VDI protocols such as VMware’s
PCoIP, Citrix’s HDX, or Microsoft’s RemoteFX.
o They are optimized for the protocol they support, offering better performance
and compatibility with specific VDI environments.
4. Universal Zero Clients:
o These devices are designed to support multiple protocols and can be used in
different VDI environments without needing a specific protocol.
o They offer flexibility but may not be as optimized as protocol-specific zero
clients.
Benefits of Zero Clients:
• Enhanced Security: Since no data is stored locally, there is minimal risk of data theft
or loss.
• Centralized Management: All updates, patches, and configurations are managed
centrally on the server, simplifying IT management.
• Lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO): Zero clients are usually cheaper to purchase,
maintain, and operate compared to traditional PCs.
• Energy Efficiency: They consume less power, reducing the overall energy footprint of
an organization.
Use Cases:
• Education: Schools and universities use zero clients to provide students access to
computing resources without the need for individual, high-maintenance PCs.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Healthcare: Hospitals and clinics use zero clients to ensure secure access to patient
data while minimizing the risk of data breaches.
• Corporate Environments: Companies use zero clients in office settings to provide
employees with a consistent and secure work environment, particularly for remote work
and hot-desking scenarios.
Here are some examples of popular zero clients available in the market:
1. Dell Wyse 5030 PCoIP Zero Client:

• Description: This zero client is designed for VMware environments using the PCoIP
protocol. It is compact, energy-efficient, and offers high-performance computing with
support for dual display.
• Key Features:
o Supports dual 1920x1200 resolution displays.
o Plug-and-play simplicity.
o USB peripheral support for printers, scanners, and more.
2. HP t310 G2 Zero Client:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Description: The HP t310 G2 is a zero client designed for environments using VMware
or Amazon WorkSpaces with support for the PCoIP protocol. It’s known for its reliable
performance and easy deployment.
• Key Features:
o Supports up to two displays.
o Small footprint and fanless design.
o Built-in PCoIP technology.
3. Teradici PCoIP Zero Client (e.g., TERA2321):

• Description: Teradici, the company behind the PCoIP protocol, offers a range of zero
clients, including models like the TERA2321, which are highly optimized for VDI
environments.
• Key Features:
o Ultra-secure with no local storage or operating system.
o Supports multiple monitors.
o Energy-efficient design.
4. 10ZiG V1200-P Zero Client:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Description: 10ZiG Technology specializes in thin and zero clients, and the V1200-P
is a high-performance zero client optimized for PCoIP environments.
• Key Features:
o Dual-monitor support.
o PCoIP support for VMware and Amazon WorkSpaces.
o USB and audio peripherals support.
5. LG Cloud Monitor Zero Client (e.g., LG 19CNV42K):

• Description: LG offers zero clients integrated into monitors, like the LG 19CNV42K,
which reduces the need for separate client devices.
• Key Features:
o Built-in zero client capabilities.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Supports VMware's PCoIP.
o All-in-one design, reducing desktop clutter.
6. ClearCube CD7012 Zero Client:

• Description: ClearCube's CD7012 is a zero client designed for both VMware and
Citrix environments. It offers high security and is suitable for industries like healthcare
and finance.
• Key Features:
o Support for multiple VDI protocols, including PCoIP and HDX.
o Compact and durable design.
o Secure, with no local data storage.
These examples show the variety and flexibility of zero clients available, designed to meet
different enterprise needs, from security to performance and ease of deployment.

Features of Zero Clients:

1. No Local Storage or OS:
o Zero clients do not have a local operating system, storage, or significant
processing power. All applications and data are processed and stored on the
server.
2. Protocol Support:
o Zero clients are designed to work with specific protocols such as PCoIP (PC-
over-IP), HDX (Citrix), or RemoteFX (Microsoft), ensuring optimized
performance for the chosen virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI).
3. High Security:
o Since no data is stored locally, zero clients offer a high level of security. This
reduces the risk of data breaches and makes them ideal for sensitive
environments.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 4. Energy Efficiency:
o Zero clients consume very little power compared to traditional desktops or
even thin clients, leading to reduced energy costs.
5. Centralized Management:
o IT administrators can manage all zero clients from a central server,
simplifying updates, patches, and overall maintenance.
6. Multi-Monitor Support:
o Many zero clients support dual or even multiple monitor setups, allowing
for a more flexible and productive workspace.
7. USB Peripheral Support:
o Despite their simplicity, zero clients often support USB peripherals like
keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.
8. Fanless Design:
o Most zero clients have a fanless design, which reduces noise and increases
reliability by eliminating a common point of failure.

Benefits of Zero Clients:

1. Enhanced Security:
o With no local storage, zero clients greatly reduce the risk of data theft or loss.
This makes them suitable for highly regulated industries like healthcare,
finance, and government.
2. Lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO):
o Zero clients are generally cheaper to purchase, operate, and maintain compared
to traditional PCs. Their long lifespan and minimal energy consumption further
reduce costs.
3. Simplified IT Management:
o Centralized management means IT staff can deploy updates, manage
configurations, and troubleshoot from a central location, reducing the need for
on-site support.
4. Scalability:
o Zero clients allow organizations to easily scale up or down their computing
infrastructure by adding or removing clients as needed without significant
investment.
5. Consistent User Experience:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Since all processing is done on the server, users have a consistent experience
across different zero clients, regardless of the hardware they are using.
6. Reliability and Durability:
o With no moving parts (like fans or hard drives), zero clients are highly reliable
and have a long operational lifespan, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
7. Energy Savings:
o The low power consumption of zero clients leads to significant energy savings,
which is particularly beneficial in large deployments.

Applications of Zero Clients:

1. Healthcare:
o In hospitals and clinics, zero clients provide secure access to patient data,
ensuring compliance with regulations like HIPAA. They are used in nursing
stations, patient rooms, and administrative offices.
2. Education:
o Schools and universities use zero clients in computer labs, libraries, and
administrative offices. They provide students with access to virtual desktops
while reducing IT management complexity.
3. Corporate Offices:
o Businesses use zero clients for tasks like data entry, customer service, and other
roles where security and centralized management are crucial. They are also used
in hot-desking environments and for remote work.
4. Government and Military:
o Government agencies and military organizations use zero clients to maintain
high security and control over sensitive data, reducing the risk of leaks or
unauthorized access.
5. Finance:
o Financial institutions use zero clients to ensure secure access to financial
systems and data, maintaining compliance with regulations and reducing the
risk of cyber threats.
6. Call Centers:
o Call centers use zero clients to provide agents with access to virtual desktops,
simplifying IT management and reducing costs in environments with high
turnover.
7. Retail:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o In retail environments, zero clients are used at point-of-sale (POS) terminals
and in back-office operations to ensure secure and reliable transaction
processing.
Zero clients are versatile and can be deployed in a wide range of industries, providing security,
cost savings, and ease of management.
Here are some recommended brands that are well-known for producing high-quality zero
clients:
1. Dell Wyse
• Overview: Dell Wyse is a leader in thin and zero client technology. They offer a range
of zero clients designed for various VDI environments, particularly for VMware.
• Popular Models:
o Dell Wyse 5030 PCoIP Zero Client
o Dell Wyse 7030 (high-performance model with multi-monitor support)
• Strengths: Reliable, easy to deploy, and excellent support for VMware environments.
2. HP (Hewlett-Packard)
• Overview: HP is another major player in the zero client market, offering robust
solutions that are particularly popular in enterprise environments.
• Popular Models:
o HP t310 G2 Zero Client
o HP t420 Zero Client (cost-effective option)
• Strengths: High security, durable build, and strong compatibility with various VDI
protocols like PCoIP and HDX.
3. 10ZiG Technology
• Overview: 10ZiG specializes in thin and zero client devices, known for their
performance and strong customer support.
• Popular Models:
o 10ZiG V1200-P Zero Client (for PCoIP)
o 10ZiG 5948qv Zero Client (multi-protocol support)
• Strengths: Customizability, robust performance, and strong protocol support including
PCoIP and HDX.
4. Teradici
• Overview: Teradici is the creator of the PCoIP protocol and offers high-performance
zero clients optimized for VMware and Amazon WorkSpaces.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Popular Models:
o Teradici TERA2321 Zero Client
o Teradici TERA2140 Zero Client (for quad display support)
• Strengths: Exceptional performance for PCoIP environments, ultra-secure, and low
power consumption.
5. ClearCube
• Overview: ClearCube focuses on providing secure and high-performance zero clients,
particularly for industries with stringent security requirements.
• Popular Models:
o ClearCube CD7012 Zero Client
o ClearCube CD9724 Zero Client (for multi-monitor setups)
• Strengths: High security, support for multiple protocols, and durable design suitable
for rugged environments.
6. IGEL Technology
• Overview: IGEL is known for its endpoint management software and hardware,
including zero clients designed for various VDI environments.
• Popular Models:
o IGEL UD Zero Client (universal desktop zero client)
o IGEL IZ Series Zero Clients (specific to Citrix and VMware)
• Strengths: Excellent management software, flexibility, and strong support for various
VDI protocols.
7. NComputing
• Overview: NComputing is focused on providing cost-effective computing solutions,
including zero clients designed for small to medium-sized businesses and educational
institutions.
• Popular Models:
o NComputing RX420 (optimized for Citrix)
o NComputing RX-RDP+ (for Microsoft RDP environments)
• Strengths: Affordability, ease of deployment, and strong performance for small to
medium-scale deployments.
8. LG Electronics

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Overview: LG integrates zero client technology into their monitors, offering all-in-one
solutions that reduce desktop clutter and simplify deployment.
• Popular Models:
o LG 19CNV42K Zero Client (all-in-one design with PCoIP)
o LG 23CAV42K Zero Client (larger display with built-in zero client)
• Strengths: Space-saving design, energy efficiency, and high-quality displays integrated
with zero client functionality.
Best VDI software?
Choosing the best Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) software depends on your
organization's specific needs, including scalability, security, ease of management, and
compatibility with existing infrastructure. Here are some of the top VDI software
solutions widely recognized for their performance and features:
1. VMware Horizon
• Overview: VMware Horizon is one of the leading VDI solutions, offering robust
features for desktop and application virtualization. It is highly scalable and integrates
well with VMware's broader ecosystem.
• Key Features:
o Supports multiple protocols, including PCoIP, Blast Extreme, and RDP.
o Centralized management and automation tools.
o Integration with VMware vSphere, making it ideal for organizations already
using VMware infrastructure.
o Advanced security features, including multi-factor authentication and NSX
micro-segmentation.
• Strengths: Scalability, strong integration with VMware products, and robust
performance in large-scale environments.
2. Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops (formerly XenDesktop)
• Overview: Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops is a highly flexible VDI solution that
supports a wide range of devices and environments. It's particularly strong in delivering
high-performance virtual desktops and applications.
• Key Features:
o HDX protocol for high-quality user experience, even over low-bandwidth
connections.
o Comprehensive management and monitoring tools.
o Support for hybrid cloud deployments.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Strong security features, including secure remote access and encryption.
• Strengths: Superior user experience with HDX, extensive support for various devices,
and a strong focus on security.
3. Microsoft Azure Virtual Desktop (formerly Windows Virtual Desktop)
• Overview: Azure Virtual Desktop is a cloud-based VDI solution that integrates
seamlessly with the Microsoft 365 ecosystem. It is particularly suitable for
organizations looking for a cloud-first approach.
• Key Features:
o Native integration with Microsoft 365 and Azure Active Directory.
o Multi-session Windows 10/11 desktops, allowing multiple users to share a
single VM.
o Scalable cloud infrastructure with global availability.
o Simplified management through Azure Portal.
• Strengths: Strong integration with Microsoft products, scalability in the cloud, and cost-
effective pricing models.
4. Amazon WorkSpaces
• Overview: Amazon WorkSpaces is a fully managed, cloud-based desktop computing
service that allows you to provision Windows or Linux desktops quickly. It's ideal for
organizations looking for a flexible, pay-as-you-go model.
• Key Features:
o Fully managed service with easy scaling.
o Integration with AWS services for backup, storage, and networking.
o Secure, persistent storage on AWS.
o Supports multiple devices and platforms.
• Strengths: Flexibility, global reach, and integration with the broader AWS ecosystem.
5. Parallels RAS (Remote Application Server)
• Overview: Parallels RAS is a cost-effective VDI solution that simplifies the delivery of
virtual desktops and applications. It is known for its ease of use and fast deployment.
• Key Features:
o Easy setup and management with an intuitive interface.
o Support for multiple hypervisors, including Hyper-V and VMware.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Comprehensive security features, including SSL and multi-factor
authentication.
o Integration with a wide range of devices, including mobile platforms.
• Strengths: Simplicity, affordability, and support for diverse environments.
6. Nutanix Frame
• Overview: Nutanix Frame is a cloud-based VDI solution that offers a simple and
scalable platform for delivering Windows and Linux desktops and applications. It’s
suitable for both hybrid and multi-cloud environments.
• Key Features:
o Cloud-agnostic, supporting AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud.
o Fast deployment with minimal infrastructure requirements.
o Secure browser-based access with no need for client software.
o Integration with Nutanix hyperconverged infrastructure (HCI) for on-premises
deployments.
• Strengths: Flexibility in cloud choice, rapid deployment, and seamless integration with
Nutanix HCI.
7. Cisco Desktop Virtualization (formerly Cisco VXI)
• Overview: Cisco offers a VDI solution integrated with its networking and collaboration
tools. It's ideal for organizations that are heavily invested in Cisco's infrastructure.
• Key Features:
o Integration with Cisco's Unified Communications and collaboration tools.
o Secure access with Cisco's AnyConnect VPN.
o Optimized for Cisco networks, ensuring reliable performance.
o Comprehensive management and analytics tools.
• Strengths: Integration with Cisco's broader ecosystem, network optimization, and
security.
8. Oracle Virtual Desktop Infrastructure
• Overview: Oracle's VDI solution is designed for enterprises that need to run virtual
desktops on Oracle hardware and software stacks. It is particularly strong in
environments that use Oracle's database and middleware products.
• Key Features:
o Integration with Oracle VM VirtualBox for desktop virtualization.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Centralized management and monitoring.
o Strong security features, including Oracle's identity management and single
sign-on.
o Support for various client devices and operating systems.
• Strengths: Strong integration with Oracle products, robust security, and high
performance in Oracle-centric environments.
Choosing the Best VDI Software:
• VMware Horizon: Best for enterprises with existing VMware infrastructure.
• Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops: Best for organizations prioritizing user experience
and security.
• Azure Virtual Desktop: Best for cloud-first organizations with heavy reliance on
Microsoft products.
• Amazon WorkSpaces: Best for flexibility and pay-as-you-go cloud-based deployment.
• Parallels RAS: Best for SMBs looking for cost-effective and easy-to-manage VDI.
• Nutanix Frame: Best for hybrid and multi-cloud environments with rapid deployment
needs.
• Cisco Desktop Virtualization: Best for organizations invested in Cisco's networking and
collaboration tools.
• Oracle Virtual Desktop Infrastructure: Best for Oracle-centric environments needing
tight integration with Oracle's ecosystem.

• SELECTION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

✓ Criteria for Selecting Tools and Equipment:

1. Compatibility:
o Importance: Ensuring that the tools and equipment are compatible with your
existing infrastructure, software, and protocols is crucial. Compatibility reduces
integration issues and ensures smooth operation.
o Considerations:
▪ Hardware: Check that the equipment (e.g., zero clients, servers) works
seamlessly with the current infrastructure, including network hardware,
servers, and storage.
▪ Software: Ensure compatibility with existing software platforms, such
as operating systems, virtualization software (e.g., VMware, Citrix), and
management tools.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 ▪ Protocols: Verify that the tools support required protocols (e.g., PCoIP,
HDX) used in your VDI environment.
2. Performance:
o Importance: The tools and equipment must meet or exceed the performance
requirements of your organization. This includes handling workloads
efficiently, providing a good user experience, and maintaining performance
under high demand.
o Considerations:
▪ Processing Power: Evaluate the CPU and GPU capabilities,
particularly for zero clients and servers, to ensure they can handle
intensive tasks.
▪ Memory and Storage: Ensure sufficient RAM and storage capacity to
support the intended number of users and applications.
▪ Latency and Bandwidth: For network equipment, consider the latency
and bandwidth to ensure fast and reliable connections, particularly in
remote or distributed environments.
3. Scalability:
o Importance: The tools and equipment should be scalable to accommodate
future growth in user numbers, data, or processing requirements without
requiring a complete overhaul of the system.
o Considerations:
▪ Modular Design: Opt for equipment that allows easy upgrades, such as
adding more storage, memory, or processing power as needed.
▪ Cloud Integration: For software tools, consider cloud-based or hybrid
solutions that can scale quickly with minimal downtime.
▪ Licensing: Ensure that software licenses can scale with your needs,
avoiding excessive costs for expansion.
4. Reliability:
o Importance: High reliability ensures minimal downtime and consistent
performance, which is vital for mission-critical applications and services.
o Considerations:
▪ Durability: Choose equipment with a proven track record for durability
and longevity, especially in demanding environments.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 ▪ Redundancy: Look for built-in redundancy features, such as dual power
supplies, RAID storage configurations, or failover capabilities, to
enhance system reliability.
▪ Support and Warranty: Ensure the equipment comes with robust
support, including extended warranties, easy access to replacement
parts, and responsive customer service.
5. Cost-Effectiveness:
o Importance: Balancing cost with the required features and performance is key
to making a smart investment. Consider both the initial purchase price and the
total cost of ownership (TCO).
o Considerations:
▪ Initial Costs: Compare the upfront costs of different tools and
equipment, including purchase price, installation, and configuration.
▪ Operational Costs: Consider ongoing costs such as energy
consumption, maintenance, and support fees.
▪ Return on Investment (ROI): Evaluate how the investment will
improve efficiency, productivity, or other metrics that justify the
expenditure over time.
6. Security:
o Importance: Security is paramount, especially when dealing with sensitive data
or operating in regulated industries. The tools and equipment must provide
robust security features to protect against threats.
o Considerations:
▪ Encryption: Ensure that data at rest and in transit is encrypted,
particularly in storage devices, network equipment, and software tools.
▪ Access Controls: Look for equipment with strong authentication and
authorization mechanisms, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA)
and role-based access control (RBAC).
▪ Compliance: Ensure the tools meet relevant security standards and
compliance requirements, such as GDPR, HIPAA, or ISO 27001.
▪ Vulnerability Management: Choose vendors that regularly update
their products to patch vulnerabilities and improve security.
How to Apply These Criteria:
• Conduct Needs Assessment: Start by assessing the specific needs of your organization,
such as the number of users, the types of applications being used, and the expected
workload. This will help prioritize the criteria.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Create a Weighted Scoring System: Assign weight to each criterion based on its
importance to your specific situation. For example, if you’re in a highly regulated
industry, security might carry more weight than cost.
• Evaluate Multiple Options: Compare several tools and equipment options using your
scoring system. Consider running pilot tests or proof-of-concept trials to see how well
each option meets your criteria in a real-world scenario.
• Consult Stakeholders: Involve key stakeholders, such as IT staff, end-users, and
finance teams, in the evaluation process to ensure that the selected tools meet technical,
operational, and budgetary requirements.
• Plan for the Future: Choose solutions that not only meet your current needs but also
allow for future growth and adaptation as your organization evolves.

✓ IDENTIFICATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Software Tools:
1. VDI Software:
o VMware Horizon: Used for creating and managing virtual desktops and
applications.
o Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops: Provides access to virtual desktops and
apps with advanced user experience and security.
o Microsoft Azure Virtual Desktop: Cloud-based VDI solution for delivering
Windows desktops and applications.
o Parallels RAS: Simplified and cost-effective VDI software for small to
medium-sized businesses.
o Amazon WorkSpaces: A cloud-based service for delivering persistent
desktops.
2. Remote Management Software:
o NComputing vSpace Pro: Manages access terminals and virtual desktop
sessions.
o Teradici Cloud Access Software: Manages and secures PCoIP connections for
remote desktops.
o IGEL UMS (Unified Management Suite): Centralized management of thin
and zero clients.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 3. Security Software:
o Antivirus/Anti-malware (e.g., Norton, McAfee): Protects virtual desktops
from malware.
o Endpoint Protection (e.g., Symantec, CrowdStrike): Comprehensive
security for all devices in the VDI environment.
o Encryption Software (e.g., BitLocker): Encrypts data on virtual desktops and
storage devices.
4. Backup and Recovery Software:
o Veeam Backup & Replication: Provides backup and recovery for virtual
desktops.
o Acronis Backup: Backup solution for protecting virtual environments and
ensuring business continuity.

Hardware Tools:
1. NComputing Access Terminals (Series):
o L-Series (e.g., L300, L350): Access devices designed for small to medium-
sized businesses, offering a cost-effective solution for desktop virtualization.
o M-Series (e.g., M300): Multi-user access terminals allowing up to three users
per terminal, ideal for shared computing environments.
o RX-Series (e.g., RX300, RX-RDP): Optimized for Citrix and Microsoft RDP,
offering a streamlined, efficient user experience.
o X-Series (e.g., X550): Supports multiple users from a single host computer,
reducing the need for additional hardware.
2. Host Computer:
o Servers (e.g., Dell PowerEdge, HP ProLiant): High-performance servers that
host virtual desktops and applications. They provide the computing power
necessary to run multiple virtual machines (VMs) simultaneously.
o Workstations (e.g., HP Z Series, Dell Precision): High-performance
workstations can be used as host computers for smaller deployments or
specialized applications requiring significant processing power.
o Network Attached Storage (NAS) (e.g., Synology, QNAP): Provides
centralized storage for VDI environments, ensuring data availability and
redundancy.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 3. Peripheral Devices:
o Monitors: High-definition displays used by end-users to interact with their
virtual desktops. Options range from basic displays to multi-monitor setups.
o Keyboards and Mice: Standard input devices required for interacting with
virtual desktops. Wireless or wired options are available depending on the
environment.
o Printers and Scanners: Essential peripherals for printing documents or
scanning items directly from the virtual desktop environment.
o USB Hubs: Expand the number of available USB ports for connecting
peripherals to access terminals or host computers.
o Audio Devices (Headsets, Microphones): Used for communication and
multimedia applications, particularly in call centers or customer support
environments.
o Smart Card Readers: Security devices used in environments requiring
enhanced authentication methods for accessing virtual desktops.

✓ Identified Tools and Equipment:

• NComputing Access Terminals: Serve as endpoints in a VDI setup, allowing users to
connect to virtual desktops hosted on a central server. The series you choose (L-Series,
M-Series, RX-Series, or X-Series) will depend on your specific needs regarding user
count, performance, and compatibility with VDI software.
• Host Computer: The backbone of your VDI environment, hosting the virtual desktops
and applications. Choosing the right server or workstation ensures that users experience
minimal latency and high performance.
• Peripheral Devices: Enhance user experience and allow interaction with the virtual
desktop environment. Selecting the right peripherals is crucial for productivity,
especially in specialized environments like call centers or graphic design studios.
HOW TO SET UP?
Step 1: Planning and Requirements Gathering
• Assess User Needs: Determine the number of users, types of applications they will use,
and performance requirements.
• Choose VDI Software: Select the VDI software that best meets your needs (e.g.,
VMware Horizon, Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops, Microsoft Azure Virtual Desktop).
• Select Hardware: Identify the servers, NComputing access terminals, storage, and
networking equipment required based on the user load and performance requirements.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Plan for Scalability: Ensure the setup can be scaled up easily as the number of users
or application needs grow.
Step 2: Setting Up the Host Environment
1. Prepare the Server:
o Install Server OS: Install a suitable operating system on your server (e.g.,
Windows Server, Linux).
o Install Hypervisor: Install a hypervisor (e.g., VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-
V) on your server to create and manage virtual machines (VMs).
o Configure Storage: Set up network-attached storage (NAS) or direct-attached
storage (DAS) to store VM images, user data, and backups.
2. Set Up Networking:
o Configure Network Switches: Ensure network switches are configured to
support the traffic generated by VDI users. This includes setting up VLANs,
QoS, and ensuring sufficient bandwidth.
o Set Up Firewalls and Security: Implement network security measures such as
firewalls, VPNs, and access controls to protect the VDI environment.
3. Create Virtual Machines:
o Install Guest OS: Install the required operating system on each virtual machine
(e.g., Windows 10/11, Linux).
o Install VDI Software Agents: Install the VDI software agents (e.g., VMware
Horizon Agent, Citrix Virtual Delivery Agent) on each VM to enable
communication with the VDI server.
o Configure VM Settings: Allocate CPU, memory, and storage resources to each
VM based on user needs. Install necessary applications and configure user
profiles.
Step 3: Setting Up NComputing Access Terminals
1. Unbox and Connect Terminals:
o Connect Peripherals: Attach monitors, keyboards, mice, and other peripherals
to each NComputing access terminal.
o Network Connection: Connect the access terminals to your network via
Ethernet. Ensure they have access to the server hosting the VDI environment.
2. Install NComputing Management Software:
o Install vSpace Pro: Install NComputing’s vSpace Pro management software
on a central server or workstation to manage the access terminals.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Configure vSpace Pro: Use vSpace Pro to configure user profiles, terminal
settings, and software licenses. Ensure that each terminal is correctly registered
with the vSpace Pro server.
3. Configure Access Terminals:
o Assign Virtual Desktops: Use vSpace Pro to assign specific virtual desktops
or applications to each access terminal. Configure the display settings, audio,
and peripheral support for each terminal.
o Test Connectivity: Ensure each access terminal can successfully connect to the
assigned virtual desktop. Verify that the user experience meets performance
expectations.
Step 4: Security and Compliance Configuration
1. Implement Security Measures:
o Set Up Authentication: Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) for
accessing virtual desktops. Use directory services like Active Directory for
centralized user management.
o Encrypt Data: Ensure data at rest and in transit is encrypted using appropriate
encryption standards.
o Configure Endpoint Security: Install and configure endpoint security software
on virtual desktops to protect against malware and unauthorized access.
2. Compliance Settings:
o Monitor and Log Access: Set up logging and monitoring tools to track access
to the VDI environment. This helps with auditing and ensuring compliance with
regulatory requirements.
o Regular Updates: Schedule regular updates for both software and hardware to
ensure security patches and updates are applied promptly.
Step 5: Testing and Optimization
1. Pilot Test:
o Select a Group of Users: Start with a small group of users to test the setup.
Monitor performance, usability, and any issues that arise.
o Collect Feedback: Gather feedback from the test users to identify areas for
improvement.
2. Optimize Performance:
o Adjust Resource Allocation: Based on testing feedback, adjust the CPU,
memory, and storage allocations for VMs as needed.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Optimize Network: Ensure network latency and bandwidth are sufficient for
the user load. Consider implementing load balancing if necessary.
3. Finalize and Roll Out:
o Full Deployment: Once testing is complete and any necessary adjustments are
made, roll out the VDI environment to all users.
o Monitor Ongoing Performance: Continuously monitor the VDI environment
for performance, security, and user satisfaction. Make ongoing adjustments as
needed.
Step 6: Ongoing Maintenance and Support
1. Regular Updates:
o Software Patches: Apply updates to VDI software, guest OS, and management
tools regularly to maintain security and performance.
o Hardware Maintenance: Schedule regular checks and maintenance for
servers, storage devices, and access terminals.
2. User Support:
o Help Desk: Set up a help desk to assist users with any issues related to their
virtual desktops or access terminals.
o Training: Provide users with training on how to effectively use their virtual
desktops and any new features.
3. Scaling and Expansion:
o Monitor Growth: As your organization grows, plan for additional resources,
including more servers, storage, and access terminals.
o Seamless Scaling: Use the scalability features of your VDI software and
hardware to add new users and resources with minimal disruption.

• Designing a Zero Client Topology

✓ Description of Topology
A zero client topology refers to the network layout where zero client devices (such as
NComputing terminals) connect to a central server that hosts virtual desktops or applications.
Unlike traditional desktops, zero clients have minimal processing power and rely entirely on
the server to run applications and store data. The topology typically includes access terminals,
a central server or multiple servers, networking equipment, and storage.
NComputing Topologies and Series
1. Centralized Topology:
o Series: L-Series (L300, L350), RX-Series (RX300, RX-RDP), X-Series (X550)

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Description: In this topology, all zero clients are connected to a central server
or cluster of servers located in a data center. The zero clients access the virtual
desktops hosted on these servers.
o Use Cases: Best suited for environments with a high concentration of users in
a single location, such as schools, call centers, or small to medium-sized offices.
2. Distributed Topology:
o Series: M-Series (M300)
o Description: In this topology, multiple zero clients are connected to one or more
host PCs or servers, which can be located either centrally or across different
locations. Each M-Series device can support multiple users, reducing the
number of host systems required.
o Use Cases: Ideal for distributed environments like branch offices or locations
with lower user densities.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Topology

1. Centralized Topology (L-Series, RX-Series):
o Advantages:
▪ Simplified Management: Centralized management of all zero clients
from a single server or management console.
▪ Reduced Costs: Lower hardware costs since zero clients are less
expensive than full desktops.
▪ Enhanced Security: Data is stored centrally on the server, reducing the
risk of data theft from individual devices.
▪ Scalability: Easy to add new users by connecting more zero clients to
the central server.
o Disadvantages:
▪ Single Point of Failure: The central server is a critical point; if it fails,
all connected zero clients lose access.
▪ Network Dependency: Performance is highly dependent on network
quality; high latency can affect user experience.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 ▪ Initial Setup Cost: High initial investment in servers and network
infrastructure.
2. Distributed Topology (M-Series):
o Advantages:
▪ Flexibility: Can be deployed in locations with varying user densities,
reducing the need for large servers.
▪ Cost-Effective: Suitable for small setups with limited budgets, as it
reduces the need for multiple servers.
▪ Redundancy: Multiple host PCs or servers can be used, reducing the
risk of a single point of failure.
o Disadvantages:
▪ Complex Management: Managing multiple host systems across
different locations can be more complex.
▪ Limited Scalability: Scalability is limited by the capacity of each host
system to support multiple users.

✓ Selection of Transmission Media

1. Ethernet (Cat5e/Cat6/Cat6a):
o Description: The most common transmission media for zero client setups. Cat6
or Cat6a cables are recommended for high-speed data transfer and reduced
interference.
o Advantages: Cost-effective, reliable, supports gigabit speeds, and is easy to
install and maintain.
o Use Cases: Ideal for environments where zero clients are located within the
same building or campus.
2. Fiber Optic:
o Description: Used for long-distance connections between data centers or across
campuses, where high bandwidth and low latency are critical.
o Advantages: Extremely high speeds, low latency, and immune to
electromagnetic interference.
o Use Cases: Suitable for connecting remote locations or when zero clients are
spread across multiple buildings.
3. Wi-Fi (Wireless Transmission):

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Description: Wireless networks can be used to connect zero clients in
environments where running cables is impractical.
o Advantages: Flexible, easy to set up, and avoids the need for extensive cabling.
o Disadvantages: May suffer from interference, limited bandwidth, and security
concerns.
o Use Cases: Best for small offices or temporary setups where mobility is
required.

✓ Identification of Components
1. Zero Clients:
o NComputing L-Series (e.g., L300, L350)
o NComputing RX-Series (e.g., RX300, RX-RDP)
o NComputing M-Series (e.g., M300)
2. Central Servers/Host PCs:
o Servers: Dell PowerEdge, HP ProLiant, Lenovo ThinkSystem

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Host PCs: High-performance workstations such as Dell Precision or HP Z
Series.
3. Networking Equipment:
o Switches: Cisco Catalyst, Ubiquiti UniFi
o Routers: Cisco ISR Series, MikroTik
o Firewalls: Fortinet FortiGate, Palo Alto Networks
4. Storage Devices:
o NAS: Synology DiskStation, QNAP NAS
o SAN: Dell EMC VxRail, NetApp AFF
5. Peripherals:
o Monitors, Keyboards, Mice: Dell, Logitech
o Audio Devices: Jabra, Plantronics (headsets)

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 ✓ Selection of Designing Tools
1. Network Design Software:
o Cisco Packet Tracer: For simulating and designing network topologies.
o Microsoft Visio: For creating detailed topology diagrams and
documentation.
o SolarWinds Network Topology Mapper: Automatically maps and
documents network layouts.
o Lucidchart: Web-based tool for designing and sharing network diagrams.
2. Virtualization Management Software:
o VMware vSphere: For managing and configuring virtual machines.
o Citrix Studio: For managing Citrix-based VDI environments.
o NComputing vSpace Pro: Specifically for managing NComputing zero
client deployments.
✓ Drawing a Topology Diagram
1. Centralized Topology Diagram:
o Components: Central server, zero clients (L-Series, RX-Series), network
switches, storage, and firewalls.
o Connections: Zero clients connected to the server via network switches,
with the server connected to storage and firewall for internet access.

• Zero Client System Cost Estimation

To estimate the cost of a zero client system, you need to identify the items required, their
specifications, and calculate the total cost. Here's a structured approach to cost estimation:
1. Identification of Items with Specification
1. Zero Clients:
• Model: NComputing L300
• Specification:
o Display: Up to 1920x1200 resolution
o Connectivity: Ethernet
o USB Ports: 2 USB 2.0
o Price: $150 per unit
2. Central Server:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Model: Dell PowerEdge R740
• Specification:
o Processor: Intel Xeon Silver 4210 (10 cores, 2.2 GHz)
o Memory: 32 GB DDR4
o Storage: 1 TB SSD
o Price: $2,500 per unit
3. Network Switch:
• Model: Cisco Catalyst 2960X-24PS-L
• Specification:
o Ports: 24 Gigabit Ethernet ports
o Management: Layer 2
o Price: $1,000 per unit
4. NAS Storage:
• Model: Synology DiskStation DS220+
• Specification:
o Storage Capacity: 2 x 4 TB HDD (expandable)
o Connectivity: Gigabit Ethernet
o Price: $400 per unit (excluding HDDs)
5. Firewalls:
• Model: Fortinet FortiGate 60F
• Specification:
o Throughput: 10 Gbps
o Ports: 10 x GE RJ45
o Price: $600 per unit
6. Peripherals:
• Monitors:
o Model: Dell P2419H
o Specification: 24-inch, Full HD (1920x1080)
o Price: $200 per unit

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Keyboards and Mice:
o Model: Logitech MK270
o Specification: Wireless, Keyboard + Mouse
o Price: $30 per unit
7. Additional Costs:
• Cabling and Installation:
o Cost: $200 (estimated for network cabling and installation
services)
• Software Licenses:
o VDI Software (e.g., VMware Horizon):
▪ Cost: $1,200 (for 10-user license)
2. Calculation of Total Cost
Assumptions:
• Number of Zero Clients: 20
• Number of Central Servers: 1
• Number of Network Switches: 1
• Number of NAS Units: 1
• Number of Firewalls: 1
• Number of Monitors: 20
• Number of Keyboards and Mice: 20
• Additional Costs: 1 set
Cost Breakdown:
1. Zero Clients:
o 20 units x $150/unit = $3,000
2. Central Server:
o 1 unit x $2,500/unit = $2,500
3. Network Switch:
o 1 unit x $1,000/unit = $1,000
4. NAS Storage:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o 1 unit x $400/unit = $400
o Additional HDDs: 2 x $100 each = $200
o Total NAS Storage Cost = $600
5. Firewalls:
o 1 unit x $600/unit = $600
6. Peripherals:
o Monitors: 20 x $200/unit = $4,000
o Keyboards and Mice: 20 x $30/unit = $600
o Total Peripherals Cost = $4,600
7. Additional Costs:
o Cabling and Installation = $200
o VDI Software License = $1,200
Total Cost Calculation:
• Zero Clients: $3,000
• Central Server: $2,500
• Network Switch: $1,000
• NAS Storage: $600
• Firewalls: $600
• Peripherals: $4,600
• Additional Costs: $1,400
Total Estimated Cost:
• $3,000 (Zero Clients) + $2,500 (Server) + $1,000 (Switch) + $600
(NAS) + $600 (Firewall) + $4,600 (Peripherals) + $1,400 (Additional
Costs)
• Total: $13,700
3. Elaborate Cost Estimation Report
Cost Estimation Report for Zero Client System
Project Overview: The cost estimation is for a zero client system intended to provide virtual
desktop solutions for a mid-sized organization. The system includes zero clients, a central
server, networking equipment, storage, firewalls, peripherals, and additional costs related to
installation and software.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
Components and Costs:
1. Zero Clients:
o Quantity: 20 units
o Unit Cost: $150
o Total Cost: $3,000
2. Central Server:
o Quantity: 1 unit
o Unit Cost: $2,500
o Total Cost: $2,500
3. Network Switch:
o Quantity: 1 unit
o Unit Cost: $1,000
o Total Cost: $1,000
4. NAS Storage:
o Quantity: 1 unit
o Unit Cost: $400
o Additional HDDs: $200
o Total Cost: $600
5. Firewalls:
o Quantity: 1 unit
o Unit Cost: $600
o Total Cost: $600
6. Peripherals:
o Monitors: 20 units, $200 each = $4,000
o Keyboards and Mice: 20 units, $30 each = $600
o Total Cost: $4,600
7. Additional Costs:
o Cabling and Installation: $200
o VDI Software License: $1,200

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Total Additional Costs: $1,400
Grand Total:
• $13,700
Conclusion: The total estimated cost for implementing the zero client system is $13,700. This
estimate covers all necessary components, including zero clients, servers, network equipment,
storage, peripherals, and additional setup costs. This cost estimation ensures that the system
will meet the organization's requirements for performance, scalability, and reliability while
staying within the budget.

Assessment on this learning unit

Zero Client Technology

1. What is zero client technology?

2. How does a zero client differ from a traditional desktop?

3. Name three types of zero clients.

4. What are the main advantages of using zero clients in a VDI setup?

5. What are some disadvantages of zero clients?

6. How does a zero client system improve security compared to traditional desktops?

7. What is the function of the NComputing L-Series zero client?

8. How does the M-Series zero client differ from the L-Series?

9. What are the main benefits of using the RX-Series zero client?

10. What are the typical use cases for the X-Series zero client?

11. How does zero client technology contribute to cost reduction in IT infrastructure?

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 12. What role does the central server play in a zero client setup?

13. How does network performance affect the user experience in a zero client environment?

14. What are the common features to look for in a zero client device?

15. How does zero client technology support remote access and management?

VDI Setup

16. What are the essential components of a VDI environment?

17. How do you choose the appropriate VDI software for your organization?

18. What factors should be considered when selecting hardware for a VDI setup?

19. Describe the centralized topology for zero clients.

20. What are the advantages of a centralized zero client topology?

21. What are some disadvantages of a centralized topology?

22. How does a distributed topology for zero clients differ from a centralized one?

23. What are the advantages of using a distributed topology?

24. What potential challenges might arise with a distributed topology?

25. How do you ensure network security in a VDI setup?

26. What are the benefits of using VMware Horizon for VDI?

27. How does Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops enhance user experience?

28. What are the key features of Microsoft Azure Virtual Desktop?

29. How can Parallels RAS improve cost-effectiveness in VDI environments?

30. What considerations are important when setting up a backup and recovery system for VDI?

Cost Estimation

31. What items are typically included in the cost estimation for a zero client system?

32. How do you calculate the cost of zero clients in a system?

33. What factors should be considered when estimating the cost of a central server?

34. How do you determine the cost of network switches in a zero client setup?

35. What is the importance of NAS storage in a zero client system?

36. How do you estimate the cost of firewalls for a VDI environment?

37. What peripherals are required for a zero client setup, and how are their costs estimated?

38. How do additional costs such as cabling and installation impact the total cost?

39. What should be included in a detailed cost estimation report for a zero client system?

40. How can the cost of VDI software licenses affect the overall budget?

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 41. What is the role of the server in the total cost of a zero client system?

42. How do you estimate the cost of network cabling and installation services?

43. What are some strategies for reducing the total cost of a zero client system?

44. How do you account for scalability when estimating costs for a zero client setup?

45. What are the financial benefits of using zero client technology compared to traditional
desktops?

46. How can you ensure that your cost estimation report is accurate and comprehensive?

47. What are some common mistakes to avoid when estimating costs for zero client systems?

48. How does the choice of transmission media impact the cost of a zero client system?

49. What factors influence the pricing of zero client devices?

50. How can cost estimation help in the planning and budgeting of IT infrastructure projects?

• Interconnecting NComputing Devices

✓ Fixing Ncomputing devices

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 1. Check the Components:
o Ensure you have all necessary components: NComputing terminals, host
computer, cables, and any additional peripherals.
2. Connect the Host Computer:
o Connect the host computer to the network if it isn’t already. The host computer
will act as the central unit that provides resources to the NComputing devices.
3. Connect the NComputing Terminals:
o Plug each NComputing terminal into the network using Ethernet cables. Ensure
that each terminal is connected to the same network as the host computer.
4. Connect USB Peripherals:
o If using USB peripherals (keyboard, mouse), connect them to the NComputing
terminals if required. Some setups might require peripherals to be connected to
the host computer.

✓ Fixing NComputing Devices

1. Check Connections:
o Ensure all cables are securely connected. Loose connections can cause issues
with device communication.
2. Power Supply:
o Confirm that each NComputing device is properly powered. Check the power
adapters and connections.
3. Device Status Lights:
o Observe the status lights on the devices. If the lights indicate a problem, refer
to the user manual for troubleshooting steps.
4. Reboot Devices:
o Sometimes, simply rebooting the devices can resolve issues. Power off and then
power on each device to see if the problem persists.
5. Update Firmware/Drivers:
o Ensure that the firmware on the NComputing devices and the drivers on the host
computer are up to date. Check the manufacturer’s website for updates.
✓ Connecting NComputing Components
1. Set Up the Software:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Install any necessary NComputing software on the host computer. This
might include management tools or drivers.
2. Configure the Host Computer:
o Open the NComputing management software on the host computer and
configure the settings to recognize and manage the connected NComputing
devices.
3. Network Configuration:
o Verify that the network settings on the host computer and NComputing
devices are correctly configured. They should be on the same subnet.
✓ Testing NComputing Interconnection
1. Verify Device Detection:
o Check if the NComputing devices are recognized by the host
computer. The management software should display each connected
terminal.
2. Test Connectivity:
o Test the connection by logging into a NComputing terminal and
verifying that it can access resources provided by the host computer
(e.g., applications, files).
3. Check Performance:
o Ensure that the performance on each terminal is satisfactory. Test for
any latency issues or disruptions in connectivity.
4. Run Diagnostics:
o Use any built-in diagnostic tools provided by NComputing to check
for and troubleshoot any issues.
5. User Feedback:
o Have users test the terminals to ensure that they are functioning
correctly and that their needs are met.
Selection of Software
1. Identify Your Needs:
o Determine which NComputing software is required based on your setup.
Common software includes NComputing Access Software (for virtual desktops)
or NComputing Management Software.
2. Check Compatibility:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Ensure the software is compatible with your host computer's operating system
and the NComputing devices you are using.
3. Download Software:
o Visit the NComputing official website or your vendor's site to download the
latest version of the software. Make sure you get the correct version for your
hardware and OS.
Setup NComputing Software
1. Install the Software on the Host Computer:
o Run the installation file and follow the on-screen instructions. This usually
involves agreeing to the license terms, choosing the installation location, and
completing the setup.
2. Configure the Software:
o Once installed, open the NComputing software and follow the setup wizard or
configuration guide. This typically involves configuring network settings, user
permissions, and device management.
3. Connect NComputing Devices:
o Ensure that your NComputing devices are connected to the network and
recognized by the software. The software should detect and list the connected
devices.
4. Verify Installation:
o Confirm that the software is correctly installed and functioning. Test by logging
into a NComputing terminal and checking connectivity and performance.
Manage Users
1. Access User Management:
o Open the user management section in the NComputing software. This is where
you can add, modify, or remove user accounts.
2. Add Users:
o Create user accounts by entering details such as username, password, and any
necessary permissions. Set up user profiles based on their needs and roles.
3. Configure User Settings:
o Set user-specific configurations such as access permissions, desktop settings,
and application access. Ensure that each user has the appropriate level of access.
4. Monitor User Activity:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Use built-in tools to monitor user activity and manage sessions. This helps in
ensuring that users are not encountering issues and that resources are utilized
efficiently.
✓ Installation of Monitoring Tools
1. Select Monitoring Tools:
o Choose monitoring tools that are compatible with NComputing devices and
the software. NComputing may provide proprietary monitoring tools, or you
might opt for third-party solutions.
2. Install Monitoring Software:
o Download and install the chosen monitoring tools on the host computer or
a dedicated monitoring system. Follow the installation guide provided by
the tool's manufacturer.
3. Configure Monitoring Settings:
o Set up monitoring parameters such as network traffic, device performance,
and user activity. Configure alerts for potential issues like high resource
usage or connectivity problems.
4. Review and Analyze Data:
o Regularly check the data and reports generated by the monitoring tools. Use
this information to optimize performance, address issues, and ensure a
smooth user experience.
5. Update and Maintain:
o Keep the monitoring tools up to date with the latest versions and patches.
Regularly review and adjust settings as needed based on changes in the
network or user requirements.

• Testing Ncomputing system

✓ Checking Connectivity
1. Verify Network Connection:
o Ping Test:
▪ Use the ping command to check if the NComputing devices can
communicate with the host computer. Open a command prompt or
terminal and ping the IP addresses of the devices.
▪ Example command: ping [IP address].
o Network Status:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 ▪ Check the network status on the host computer and NComputing
devices to ensure they are on the same subnet and have valid IP
addresses.
o Network Cables:
▪ Ensure that all Ethernet cables are securely connected and that there
are no loose or damaged cables.
2. Check Hardware Connection:
o Power Supply:
▪ Confirm that each NComputing device is properly powered and that
power indicators are on.
o Device Connections:
▪ Verify that all peripheral connections (keyboards, mice, monitors)
are securely connected to the NComputing terminals.
✓ Perform Functionality Testing
1. Performance:
o Login and Access:
▪ Log in to each NComputing terminal and verify that users can access
their desktops and applications without performance issues.
o Resource Utilization:
▪ Check CPU, memory, and network usage on the host computer to
ensure it can handle the load from multiple NComputing terminals.
o Response Time:
▪ Test response times for common tasks and applications to ensure
they meet performance expectations.
2. Reliability:
o Session Stability:
▪ Monitor the stability of user sessions. Ensure that sessions remain
active and that users do not experience frequent disconnections or
crashes.
o Error Logging:
▪ Review error logs from both the NComputing software and the host
computer to identify any recurring issues or failures.
Documentation of NComputing Installation

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 1. Installation Details:
o Software Versions:
▪ Document the versions of NComputing software and any
associated drivers or firmware installed on the host computer and
devices.
o Configuration Settings:
▪ Record all configuration settings, including network settings,
user permissions, and any specific configurations applied during
setup.
2. Device Information:
o Device List:
▪ Maintain a list of all connected NComputing devices, including
model numbers, IP addresses, and serial numbers.
o Peripheral Details:
▪ Document the types and locations of connected peripherals (e.g.,
keyboards, mice, monitors).
3. Testing Results:
o Connectivity Checks:
▪ Include the results of connectivity tests, such as successful ping
tests and network status confirmations.
o Functionality Testing:
▪ Summarize the results of performance and reliability testing,
noting any issues encountered and how they were resolved.
4. Support and Maintenance:
o Contact Information:
▪ Include contact details for NComputing support or any other
relevant technical support resources.
o Maintenance Schedule:
▪ Document any scheduled maintenance tasks or updates required
for the system.
5. Troubleshooting Guide:
o Common Issues:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 ▪ Provide a list of common issues and their solutions based on your
testing and installation experience.
o Resolution Steps:
▪ Outline steps to troubleshoot and resolve any issues that may
arise in the future.

Integrated situation DEVATSS is a secondary school located In the East Province, KIREHE
District. Currently it has two computer labs. Located in two different blocks where lab1 is in
Block1 and Lab2 is in Block 2. Where all Students need to access computer Lab in order to
perform daily activities. Due to the rising number of students, the school is confronted with
numerous challenges including the necessity for five students to share a single computer,
exorbitant costs of computers in the market, budget constraints, and the high expenses
associated with maintaining computers. Consequently, the school has opted to implement Zero
client technology as a means to mitigate costs and solve these challenges effectively. As
Network Infrastructure Engineer you are requested to perform the following tasks: ✓ Prepare
environment for Ncomputing system ✓ Designing the topology ✓ Estimate the total cost ✓
Install and configure Ncomputing devices ✓ Maintain Ncomputing system (upgrade and
troubleshoot) ✓ Generate report The task should be accomplished in 8 hours and the network
document should be submitted to the administration.

References

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
https://www.examcollection.com/certification-training/network-plus-software-tools-
totroubleshoot-connectivity-issues.html
https://www.techtarget.com/searchvirtualdesktop/definition/zero-client 13
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbytwkGQTvY
https://www.ncomputing.com/taxonomy/term/342
https://www.ncomputing.com/products/L-series/L300
https://ncomputing-vspace.software.informer.com/12.3/

ASSESSMENT

Questions on Installing and Setting Up NComputing Software

1. What factors should you consider when selecting NComputing software for your setup?
2. How do you check if NComputing software is compatible with your host computer's
operating system?
3. What are the key steps to install NComputing software on the host computer?
4. What settings should be configured in NComputing software after installation?
5. How do you ensure that NComputing devices are recognized by the software?
6. What is the process for adding and managing user accounts in NComputing software?
7. How can you configure user-specific settings in NComputing software?
8. What types of monitoring tools are available for NComputing systems, and how do you
install them?
9. What parameters should you configure in monitoring tools to effectively monitor
NComputing devices?
Questions on Testing NComputing Systems
10. How can you verify the network connection for NComputing devices?
11. What steps should you take to check the hardware connections of NComputing devices?
12. What methods can be used to perform performance testing on NComputing devices?
13. How do you test the reliability of user sessions in a NComputing setup?
14. What should you do if you encounter frequent disconnections or crashes during testing?
Questions on Documentation
15. What details should be included in the documentation of NComputing software
installations?
16. Why is it important to document the versions of NComputing software and associated
drivers?

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 17. How should you record configuration settings and device information in your
documentation?
18. What should be included in the testing results section of your documentation?
19. Why is it useful to have a troubleshooting guide included in your documentation?
20. What information should be documented about scheduled maintenance tasks for
NComputing systems?

Scenario Question
Scenario:
You are the IT administrator for a medium-sized organization that has recently deployed a new
NComputing system to provide virtual desktops for 50 employees. After completing the
installation and initial configuration of the NComputing software and devices, you start the
testing phase.
Question:
During the testing phase, you notice that several users are experiencing intermittent
connectivity issues, where their virtual desktop sessions occasionally freeze or disconnect. You
also observe that the host computer’s CPU and network utilization are unusually high.
Tasks:
1. What steps would you take to diagnose and resolve the connectivity issues
experienced by users?
2. How would you analyze and address the high CPU and network utilization on the
host computer?
3. What additional monitoring or diagnostic tools might be useful in identifying the
root cause of these issues?
4. How would you document the troubleshooting process and resolution for future
reference?

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
Assessment of System Monitoring Report
1. Functional Requirement:
• Definition: Functional requirements define the specific functions or features that the
NComputing system must support. These requirements focus on what the system
should do.
• Assessment:
o Review User Reports: Check if users are able to access virtual desktops and
applications as expected.
o Monitor Performance Metrics: Ensure that performance metrics like response
time, session stability, and application performance meet the functional needs.
o Verify Features: Confirm that all installed features, such as remote access or
application sharing, are working correctly.
• Report Analysis:
o Compare Against Requirements: Ensure that the monitoring report shows
compliance with the functional requirements specified during setup.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
2. Non-functional Requirement:
• Definition: Non-functional requirements refer to the system's performance
characteristics, such as reliability, scalability, and security.
• Assessment:
o Evaluate System Performance: Check metrics like CPU usage, memory usage,
and network bandwidth against the expected performance criteria.
o Assess Reliability: Review the frequency of system failures, downtimes, or
connectivity issues.
o Security Analysis: Ensure that the monitoring report shows compliance with
security requirements and that there are no vulnerabilities or unauthorized
access.
• Report Analysis:
o Verify Against Criteria: Assess whether the system meets non-functional
requirements and identify any areas where performance or reliability may fall
short.
Fixing Faults
1. Apply Troubleshooting Process:
• Identify the Problem:
o Review error logs and user reports to understand the nature of the faults.
• Analyze the Cause:
o Use diagnostic tools to isolate the issue (e.g., network issues, hardware failures,
software bugs).
• Implement Solutions:
o Apply fixes based on the root cause analysis, such as updating drivers, adjusting
configurations, or replacing faulty hardware.
• Verify Resolution:
o Re-test the system to ensure that the fault has been resolved and that no new
issues have arisen.
2. Testing NComputing System:
• Connectivity Tests:
o Perform network connectivity checks to ensure devices can communicate with
the host computer.
• Functionality Tests:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Test user sessions, application access, and resource utilization to verify that the
system operates correctly.
• Performance Tests:
o Measure system performance under different loads to ensure it meets the
expected standards.
3. Document Findings and Solutions:
• Record Issues:
o Document the details of the faults, including symptoms, causes, and steps taken
to resolve them.
• Log Solutions:
o Include the solutions applied, any changes made, and their impact on the
system’s performance.
• Update Documentation:
o Ensure that all troubleshooting steps and solutions are added to the system’s
documentation for future reference.
Upgrading the NComputing System
1. Update Software:
• Check for Updates:
o Regularly check for the latest software updates from NComputing’s website or
through the management console.
• Install Updates:
o Follow the update instructions provided, ensuring that the software is compatible
with your current system configuration.
• Verify Functionality:
o Test the system post-update to confirm that all functionalities are working
correctly and that the update did not introduce new issues.
2. Firmware:
• Obtain Firmware Updates:
o Download the latest firmware versions for your NComputing devices from the
manufacturer’s website.
• Update Firmware:
o Follow the manufacturer's instructions to apply firmware updates. This may
involve using a specific tool or utility provided by NComputing.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 • Test Devices:
o After updating, verify that the devices are functioning correctly and that the new
firmware has not caused any problems.
3. VSpace:
• Check for VSpace Updates:
o Look for updates to the VSpace software, which manages the virtual desktop
sessions.
• Upgrade VSpace:
o Install the latest version following the provided guidelines. This often involves
downloading the update and applying it through the VSpace management
interface.
• Verify Integration:
o Ensure that the upgraded VSpace software integrates seamlessly with other
components and that user sessions are functioning correctly.
Upgrading Hardware Parameters
1. CPU:
• Determine Requirements:
o Identify the recommended CPU specifications based on the number of users and
the applications being used. Higher CPU performance may be necessary for
more demanding environments.
• Select a Compatible CPU:
o Choose a CPU that is compatible with your existing motherboard and system.
Check the motherboard’s documentation for supported CPU models.
• Upgrade Procedure:
o Power Down: Turn off and disconnect the host computer.
o Replace CPU: Open the computer case, remove the existing CPU, and install
the new one. Apply thermal paste if necessary.
o Reassemble and Boot: Reassemble the case, reconnect power, and boot the
system. Check the BIOS/UEFI settings to ensure the new CPU is recognized.
2. RAM:
• Assess Memory Needs:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Evaluate the current and anticipated memory requirements based on the number
of users and applications. Determine if additional RAM or faster memory is
needed.
• Choose Compatible RAM:
o Ensure the new RAM is compatible with your motherboard in terms of type
(DDR3, DDR4), speed, and capacity.
• Upgrade Procedure:
o Power Down: Turn off and disconnect the host computer.
o Install RAM: Open the computer case, insert the new RAM modules into the
appropriate slots, and ensure they are securely seated.
o Reassemble and Boot: Reassemble the case, reconnect power, and boot the
system. Check the system properties to verify that the new RAM is recognized.
3. HDD:
• Determine Storage Needs:
o Assess current and future storage requirements based on user data and
application needs. Decide if you need a larger capacity or faster storage solution
(e.g., SSD vs. HDD).
• Select Appropriate Storage:
o Choose an HDD or SSD that fits your requirements and is compatible with your
system.
• Upgrade Procedure:
o Power Down: Turn off and disconnect the host computer.
o Replace HDD: Open the computer case, disconnect the existing HDD, and
install the new one. Connect power and data cables.
o Reassemble and Boot: Reassemble the case, reconnect power, and boot the
system. Format and partition the new drive if necessary, and restore any data
from backups.
Testing NComputing Upgrade
1. Verify Hardware Detection:
• Check BIOS/UEFI:
o Enter the BIOS/UEFI settings to confirm that the new CPU, RAM, and HDD are
recognized by the system.
• Check System Properties:

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o Once the operating system is booted, verify that the new hardware components
are correctly detected and listed in system properties.
2. Performance Testing:
• Benchmarking:
o Use benchmarking tools to measure the performance of the upgraded hardware.
Compare the results with previous benchmarks to assess improvements.
• Load Testing:
o Simulate typical usage scenarios with multiple users and applications to ensure
that the upgraded hardware meets performance expectations.
3. Stability Testing:
• Stress Testing:
o Run stress tests on the CPU, RAM, and HDD to check for stability under high
loads. Monitor for any errors, crashes, or performance degradation.
• System Monitoring:
o Use system monitoring tools to observe the behavior of the upgraded hardware
over time. Check for temperature levels, utilization, and any signs of instability.
4. Functionality Testing:
• Application Testing:
o Test key applications and virtual desktop sessions to ensure they are functioning
correctly with the new hardware. Verify that users do not experience any issues.
• Connectivity Testing:
o Ensure that all network and peripheral connections work properly with the
upgraded hardware.
5. Documentation:
• Record Upgrades:
o Document the details of the hardware upgrades, including the new components,
installation process, and any configuration changes made.
• Update System Inventory:
o Update the system inventory to reflect the new hardware specifications.

ASSESSMENT

Questions on Upgrading Hardware Parameters

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 1. What factors should be considered when selecting a new CPU for an NComputing
system?
2. How do you ensure compatibility between a new CPU and your existing motherboard?
3. What steps are involved in safely replacing the CPU in a computer system?
4. How can you verify that a new CPU is recognized by the BIOS/UEFI after installation?
5. What considerations should be made when upgrading RAM in an NComputing system?
6. How do you determine the appropriate type and speed of RAM for your system?
7. What is the procedure for installing new RAM modules into a computer system?
8. How can you confirm that the newly installed RAM is properly detected by the
operating system?
9. What factors should be assessed when choosing a new HDD or SSD for an NComputing
system?
10. What steps are necessary to replace an old HDD with a new one in a computer system?
Questions on Testing NComputing Upgrade
11. How do you verify that the new hardware components (CPU, RAM, HDD) are detected
correctly in the BIOS/UEFI?
12. What benchmarking tools can be used to measure the performance of upgraded
hardware?
13. How would you perform load testing to assess the performance of the upgraded system?
14. What are the key aspects to monitor during stress testing of the new hardware?
15. How can you ensure that the upgraded hardware does not introduce stability issues?
16. What steps should be taken to test the functionality of applications and virtual desktops
after upgrading hardware?
17. How can you verify that all network and peripheral connections are working correctly
after a hardware upgrade?
18. What documentation should be maintained following the hardware upgrade process?
19. How should you record and report the details of the hardware upgrade and its impact
on system performance?
20. What are the best practices for updating the system inventory after hardware upgrades?
These questions cover the essential aspects of upgrading hardware in an NComputing system
and testing to ensure that the upgrades have been successful.

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
SENARIO QUESTION

Scenario Question
Scenario:
You are the IT administrator for a growing organization that has recently decided to upgrade
the hardware in its NComputing system to better support increasing user demands. The system
currently has an older CPU, 8 GB of RAM, and a traditional HDD. You are tasked with
upgrading the hardware to improve performance and reliability.
The planned upgrades are:
• CPU: Upgrade to a newer, higher-performance model.
• RAM: Increase from 8 GB to 32 GB.
• HDD: Replace with a high-speed SSD.
Tasks:
1. Upgrading Hardware:
o Describe the process you would follow to upgrade the CPU in the NComputing
system. Include considerations for ensuring compatibility and proper
installation.
o Explain how you would upgrade the RAM, including how to determine the
appropriate type and speed of RAM for the system.
o Outline the steps for replacing the HDD with an SSD, and mention any
additional configurations or data migration that might be required.
2. Testing the Upgraded System:
o After completing the hardware upgrades, what steps would you take to verify
that the new CPU, RAM, and SSD are functioning correctly? Include how you
would check for proper detection and performance.
o What methods would you use to perform performance and stability testing on
the upgraded system to ensure it meets the expected improvements?
o How would you test the functionality of user sessions and applications to
confirm that they are running smoothly with the new hardware?
3. Documentation:
o What details should be included in the documentation of the hardware upgrades,
and how would you record the impact of these upgrades on system
performance?

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024
 o How would you update the system inventory and other related documentation to
reflect the new hardware components?

Zero Client Technology Using Ncomputing syllabus prepared by Urban RURANGISA YEAR 2024