Computer Science → Syllabus Covered as Under

Unit I: Computer Systems and Organisation

• Basic Computer Organisation: Introduction to computer system, hardware, software, input device, output
device, CPU, memory (primary, cache and secondary), units of memory (Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB, TB,
PB)
• Types of software: system software (operating systems, system utilities, device drivers), programming
tools and language translators (assembler, compiler & interpreter), application software
• Operating system (OS): functions of operating system, OS user interface

Informatics Practices → Syllabus Covered as Under

Unit 1: Introduction to Computer System
• Introduction to computer and computing: evolution of computing devices, components of a computer
system and their interconnections, Input/output devices.
• Computer Memory: Units of memory, types of memory – primary and secondary, data deletion, its
recovery and related security concerns.
• Software: purpose and types – system and application software, generic and specific purpose software.

CLASS NOTES

Computer → Device capable of computing

An electromechanical device capable of computing is known as computer.

IPO Cycle → Input Output Process

Input → COMPUTER → Output

Data PROCESS Information

Data → raw facts and figures

Information → processed data

Example:
Data → Ram IP 17
Information → Ram got 17 marks in IP
Identify Data and Information in 2 + 5 = 7

Computer System
1. Hardware → Physical Components
tangible components
CPU, Keyboard, mouse, Monitor, speaker, microphone, CD , DVD, Pendrive
2. Software → Logical Components
non-tangible components
anything that can be stored on storage devices
MS Windows, MS WORD, MS EXCEL, LOTUS 1-2-3
3. Firmware → A software embedded into hardware
ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System), Keyboard ROM
4. Peopleware

Hardware →
1. CPU → Central processing Unit
 brain of the Computer
ALU → Arithmetic & Logical Unit
two operations
1. Arithmetic operation + , –
2. Logical operations AND, OR, NOT
CU → Control Unit
1. Supervisor,
2. Traffic Manager transfer of data into ALU and registers
Memory (Registers) → tiny memory cells to store temporary data

2. Peripheral devices
Input devices (I/P) → Character Input (keyboard), Picking and Locating Device (mouse, joystick,
light pen), Graphical Input (Scanner, Bar Code reader, OCR – Optical Character reader, OMR –
Optical Mark reader, MICR – Magnetic Ink Character reader), Pictorial Input ( webcam (camera)),
Audio Input (microphone), Biological (biometric) Input (Finger print reader, Retina reader, Face
recognition system, Blood Sugar Monitor, Body temperature reader)

Output devices (O/P) →

Visual Display Unit (Monitor) → Softcopy Output
CRT (cathode rays Tube), LCD (Liquide Crystal Display), TFT (Thin Film
Transistor) display, LED (Light Emitting Diode), Plasma Panel
Printer → Hardcopy Output
DMP (Dot Matrix Printer), Daisy Wheel Printer, Chain Printer, Drum Printer, Laser
Printer, Ink jet Printer (Inkjet, Deskjet, Bubblejet), Plotter
Speaker → Audio Output

Auxiliary Devices (Aux) / Storage devices → Harddisk, Semiconductor memory

Memory → capacity storage / capacity retrieval

Measuring units
BIT → unit to store single smallest data i.e. 0 or 1 → Binary digit
8 bits (b) → 1 Byte → 1 character → 1 computer word
4 bits (B) → 1 Nibble → ½ word
1024 Bytes → 1 Kilo Byte (kB) → 210 Bytes
1024 KiloBytes→1 Mega Byte (MB) →210 Kilo Bytes
1024 MegaBytes→ 1 Giga Byte (GB) →210 Mega Bytes
1024 GigaBytes→1 Terra Byte (TB) → 210 Giga Bytes

Peripherals
1. Input device (I/P) →
a. Keyboard (text/numeric)
b. Mouse, Track pad, Joy stick, Tracker ball (picking and location)
c. Scanners (OMR optical mark reader, OCR optical character reader, MICR magnetic ink
character recognition / reader, bar code reader, Scanners- Hand held, Flat bed, Drum Roller) –
Graphical Input
d. Webcam, Camera – Pictorial input (Video)
e. Microphone – Audio
f. Biometric Sensors – Biological data
2. Output device (O/P)
a. Display Devices (Visual Display Units) → Softcopy Output
i. CRT → Cathode Rays Tube
 ii. LCD / TFT → Liquid Crystal Display / Thin Film Transistor
iii. LED → Light Emitting Diodes
iv. Plasma Panel Display
v. Laser Display
b. Printers and Plotters → Hardcopy Output
i. Printers
1. DMP → Dot Matrix Printer
2. Daisy Wheel Printer
3. Chain Printer
4. Drum Printer
5. Non Impact Printer
a. Laser Printer
b. Inkjet Printer
c. Deskjet Printer
d. Bubble Jet Printer
e. Thermal Printer
ii. Plotters
c. Speakers → Audio output
3. Auxiliary device (I/O – AUX) / Storage devices

Pixel → Picture Elements

Resolution → DPI, LPI
Speed → CPS, LPM, DPS, PPM

Storage Devices
Volatile memory / Non-Volatile memory
Read Only memory / Read/Write memory
RAM / SAM
Paper/Magnetic/optical/Semiconductor
Memory
1. Internal Memory (Primary Memory) → RAM (Random Access memory), ROM (read Only Memory),
Cache (cash) Memory
2. External Memory (Secondary Memory) → Hard Disk Driven (HDD), Floppy Disk Drive (FDD), CD
ROM, DVD ROM, Blue Ray Disk, Chip Based Memory (Electronics / Semiconductor Memory)

RAM → Random Access Memory, Volatile memory ( A memory whose content lost with loss of power
supply)
ROM → Read Only Memory, Non-Volatile Memory (A Memory whose content are independent of power
supply)
Types of ROM
• PROM → Programmable Read Only Memory
• EPROM → Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• EEPROM→ Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

1. Registers → volatile memory

2. RAM → Random Access Memory – Volatile Memory
3. ROM → Read Only Memory -- NON-Voaltile memory
a. BIOS ROM (Basic Input Output ROM)
b. Keyboard ROM
Types of ROM
1. PROM → programmable read Only memory
 2. EPROM → Erasable PROM → UV rays
3. EEPROM →Electrically Erasable PROM
4. Cache memory
a. L1 Cache → Internal to CPU
b. L2 Cache → External to CPU

Secondary Storage Devices

• Hard disk Drive
• Floppy Disk Drives
• CD / DVD/ Blue Ray Disks
• WORM → Write Once Read Many

Advantage of Computers:
1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Reliability
4. Versatile
5. Good at repetitive works
Disadvantage of Computers:
1. Human intervention required
2. No Emotions
3. NO IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

Software
Software → Data and programs stored on to any storage device to accomplish a particular task is called
software.

Types of Software →
1. System Software
a. Operating System
An interface between User and Bare machine
Roles performed by OS –
i. Supervisor
ii. Process Manager
iii. Device Manager
iv. File Manager
v. Security Officer → Identification / Authentication

Types of Operating System →

1. Batch Processing System
2. Real Time System
3. Multi-User System
4. Multi-Processing System
5. Multi Programming System

Examples of Operating System

MS Windows, Unix (UniCS), Linux, Mac OS, Sun Solaris, IBM Wrap/2, Chrome OS
Android, Mac OS, Symbion Bada

b. Language Translators
 c. Device Drivers → Printer Driver, Cam Drive, Scanner Drives

2. Application Software
a. Custom Software / Standard Software
i. Documentation Software – Word, WordPerfect, Write
ii. Spreadsheet Software – Excel, 1-2-3, Calc
iii. Presentation Software – PowerPoint, Impress
iv. Database Mgmt Software – Oracle, MySQL, SQLServer, Sybase
v. Web Browser – Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Opera
vi. Accounting Software (ERP)– Tally, Tata Ex

b. Tailored Software
i. Accounting Software
ii. Payroll Software
iii. Inventory Software

3. Utility Software → Additional software to ease out user’s job

a. Anti-Virus Software → McAfee, Norton, QuickHeal, Avast, CA
b. Compression and decompression Tools → Winzip, Winrar
c. Disk Management Tools → PCTOOLs,
d. Backup and restoration tools
e. Imaging reduction Software (software solutions)

Language Translators → Software used to translate a Programming Language program into machine language
program

1. Assembler → used to convert a low level assembly language program into machine language
2. Interpreter → used to convert a high level language program into machine language (Line by Line)
3. Compiler → used to convert a high level language program into machine language (All in one go)

Programming Language

1. Machine Language → Language of 0 and 1

Adv → Fastest and smallest program / No need of any translator
DisAdv → Machine dependency, knowledge of Hardware, High Chances of Error and Tedious
Debugging
2. Assembly Language → LLL or Low Level language → Language of Mnemonics
Adv → Easy to program, Lesser Chance of Errors, Easy understanding programs with easy
debugging
DisAdv → Need of Translator, Machine dependency, Knowledge of Hardware

STOR AX 02h
STOR BX 05h
ADD AX BX
INT 21h
3. HLL → High Level Language
 English Like Language
A=2
B=5
C=A+B
print(C)
Adv → Easy to learn, Machine Independent, Integrated Debugging Environment
Disadv → Need of translator, Bulky and slow programs

HLL → C, C++, Java, COBOL, PASCAL, FORTRAN, PYTHON, RUBY

Python → Interpreter

Interpreter Compiler
Translates HLL program into machine language line Translates HLL program into machine language in
by line one go
Slow fast
Interpreter runs the program with errors also Programs with errors can’t run at all
Gives Actual Errors – one by one Pseudo Errors – all the errors at once
Stored Executable file (No need of repeated No stored translated codes (interpret every time to
translation) run the program)

Program → Translate → Interpreter → Machine Code

➔ Compiler Pass 1 → (Object Code) → Pass 2 machine Code (.Exe)
Source Code

Types of Software (based on License):

Open Source Free Proprietary Shareware Freeware

Software Software Software
OSS – FLOSS (Free Libre Open
Source Software), FOSS (Free
and Open Source Software)
License Free Free Paid Free for certain Free
period of time
Copying rights Yes Yes No No Yes
Distribution Yes Yes No No Yes
rights
Editing rights Yes Yes (if Source No No No
Code Given)
Source Code Yes May Be NO NO NO

Examples →
OSS → OS – Linux, Android, Web Browser – Mozilla Firefox,
Free Software → Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome
FLOSS → Linux, MySQL, Python Interpreter
Proprietary Software → Microsoft Word Excel PowerPoint
Shareware → Antivirus, Games, Video Editing Software
Freeware → Internet Explorer