Cisco Routers aur Routing - Mukammal Guide (CCNA)
1. Router Kya Hai?
Router ek networking device hai jo mukhtalif networks ko connect karta hai aur data
packets ko aik network se dosray network tak pohanchata hai. Ye OSI Model ke Layer 3
(Network Layer) par kaam karta hai.
Router ke Ahem Kaam:
✅ Data packets ko network ke darmiyan forward karna
✅ Mukhtalif subnetworks ko connect karna
✅ Network traffic ko control karna
✅ Behtareen route ka taayun karna (routing protocols ke zariye)
✅ Security provide karna (Access Control Lists - ACLs)
2. Routing Kya Hai?
Routing aik process hai jisme router behtareen raste ka taayun karta hai jisse data aik
network se dosray tak pohanchta hai. Routers Routing Table use karte hain jisme tamam
possible routes aur unke metrics mojood hote hain.
Routing ke Aqsaam:
1. Static Routing – Manual tareeke se configure kiya jata hai, chhoti networks ke liye
behtareen.
2. Dynamic Routing – Router khud ba khud routing information update karta hai aur naye
routes seekhta hai (RIP, OSPF, EIGRP waghera).
3. Default Routing – Jab router ko kisi destination ka nahi pata hota to woh packets ko
default gateway par forward kar deta hai.
3. Routing Protocols
Routing protocols routers ke darmiyan routing information ka tabadla karne ke liye istemal
hote hain.
Routing Protocols ki Iqsam:
1. Distance Vector Protocols (Hop Count par mabni)
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
- IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
2. Link-State Protocols (Network ki poori topology ko dekhte hain)
- OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
- IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)
3. Hybrid Protocols (Distance Vector + Link-State ka mixture)
- EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
4. Exterior Gateway Protocols (Bari networks aur Internet ke liye)
- BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
4. Router ke Muhem Components
🔹 CPU – Instructions ko process karta hai.
🔹 RAM – Running configuration aur routing tables ko store karta hai.
🔹 ROM – Bootstrap aur diagnostic software ko store karta hai.
🔹 NVRAM – Startup configuration save karta hai.
🔹 Flash Memory – Router ka operating system (IOS) store karta hai.
🔹 Interfaces – FastEthernet, GigabitEthernet, Serial waghera shamil hote hain.
5. Router ki Basic Configuration (Cisco CLI)
Cisco routers ko Command-Line Interface (CLI) ke zariye configure kiya jata hai.
Basic Router Commands:
✅ Enable Mode mai jane ke liye:
Router> enable
✅ Global Configuration Mode mai jane ke liye:
Router# configure terminal
✅ Router ka naam tabdeel karne ke liye:
Router(config)# hostname MyRouter
6. Network Address Translation (NAT)
NAT private IP addresses ko public IPs se translate karta hai, jo ke Internet access ke liye
zaroori hota hai.
NAT ke Aqsaam:
1. Static NAT – Aik private IP ko aik public IP se map karta hai.
2. Dynamic NAT – Public IPs ka aik pool use karta hai.
3. PAT (Port Address Translation) – Multiple private IPs ko aik public IP par map karta hai.
7. Access Control Lists (ACLs)
ACLs network traffic ko filter karne aur security implement karne ke liye istemal hote hain.
ACLs ke Aqsaam:
🔹 Standard ACLs – Sirf source IP ke mutabiq filter karte hain.
🔹 Extended ACLs – Source, destination, port aur protocol ke mutabiq filter karte hain.
8. WAN Technologies (Wide Area Network)
Routers mukhtalif WAN protocols use karte hain taake door daraz networks ko connect kiya
ja sake:
✅ PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
✅ Frame Relay
✅ MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)
✅ VPN (Virtual Private Network)
Nateeja
Is guide mai CCNA ke mutabiq routers aur routing ke tamam zaroori topics cover kiye gaye
hain:
✔️Router ka tareef aur configuration
✔️Routing Protocols
✔️Network Address Translation (NAT)
✔️Access Control Lists (ACLs)
✔️WAN Technologies
Ye document CCNA students aur IT professionals ke liye ek acha reference ho sakta hai.
Agar kisi aur topic par tafseel chahiye to bataiye! 😊
