1.
Internet
Definition:
The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate using
standardized protocols such as TCP/IP. It enables communication, data sharing, and access to
vast amounts of information.
Key Points:
Originated from ARPANET in the late 1960s.
Functions through a decentralized network of servers, ISPs, and data centers.
Requires an IP address for devices to communicate.
Works on protocols like TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP, etc.
Interesting Facts:
The first message sent over the Internet was "LO" in 1969 (intended as "LOGIN" but
crashed after two letters).
The Internet consists of over 5 billion connected devices.
2. World Wide Web (WWW)
Definition:
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked documents and resources, accessed via
the Internet using web browsers.
Key Points:
Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.
Uses HTTP/HTTPS to retrieve web pages.
Comprises websites, multimedia, and hyperlinks.
HTML is the fundamental language used to structure web pages.
Interesting Facts:
The first website ever created (by Tim Berners-Lee) still exists: http://info.cern.ch
The WWW and the Internet are not the same; the WWW is just a part of the Internet.
3. HTTP & HTTPS
Definition:
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): A protocol that allows data communication over
the web but lacks encryption.
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): A secure version of HTTP that
encrypts data using SSL/TLS.
Key Differences:
Feature HTTP HTTPS
Security No encryption Encrypted with SSL/TLS
URL Prefix http:// https://
Data Safety Vulnerable to attacks Secure from hackers
Usage Non-sensitive sites Banking, e-commerce, etc.
Interesting Facts:
Over 95% of websites today use HTTPS.
Google prioritizes HTTPS websites in search rankings.
4. Search Engines
Definition:
A search engine is an online tool that helps users find information on the web by indexing and
ranking web pages.
Examples: Google, Bing, Yahoo, DuckDuckGo
How It Works?
1. Crawling: Bots scan websites for new content.
2. Indexing: Data is stored in massive databases.
3. Ranking: Algorithms determine relevance based on keywords, links, and quality.
Interesting Facts:
Google processes over 8.5 billion searches per day.
The first search engine was "Archie" in 1990.
5. Web Browsers
Definition:
A web browser is a software application used to access the World Wide Web by retrieving and
displaying web pages.
Popular Browsers: Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, Opera
Functions of a Browser:
Sends HTTP/HTTPS requests to web servers.
Renders HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to display web pages.
Supports features like bookmarking, extensions, and private browsing.
Interesting Facts:
Mosaic was the first graphical web browser (1993).
Google Chrome is the most popular browser globally.
6. HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
Definition:
HTML is the standard markup language for creating web pages.
Basic Structure:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to HTML</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Key Elements:
<html>: Root element of an HTML document.
<head>: Contains meta-information and links to styles/scripts.
<body>: Contains visible content like text, images, and links.
<h1> to <h6>: Headings.
<p>: Paragraphs.
Interesting Facts:
HTML5 is the latest version and supports multimedia elements like <audio> and
<video>.
HTML was first released in 1993.
These notes should provide a strong foundation for your lectures. Let me know if you need more
details or specific additions!
