Anesthesia Physics
DR. Yaser
MR .Ahmed Mansour
OPERATING ROOM AND INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
ENVIRONMENT
Operating room : were designed with tiers of wooden benches
around the operating table for spectators, thus the term
operating theater was introduced.
A modern operating theater (room)
Incorporates the following Design features:
1. Environmental controls as ventilation, temperature, humidity,
and noise, to
increase the safety in the operating room.
2. Surgical and anesthetic equipment.
3. An operating table on which the patient may be placed in the
position required for surgery.
4. Artificial lighting appropriate for the requirements of both the
• A reception area to accept the
patients form the ward while they
are waiting the operating schedules.
An anesthetic • A recovery •
room (in some .room
.)hospitals
A scrub-up area (to •
allow the surgeons to An area for preparing •
.)scrub up instruments and cleaning
.dirty instruments and towels
surgeon and
anesthesiologist.
In addition to
Operating Room
The ideal shape for the operating room is circular.
this is insufficient, most operating rooms are square or nearly
square.
The recommended minimum floor area should be 45-58 m 2 .
In the anesthetic room, the minimum floor area should be 17-21
m.
Outlets for piped gases and electrical sockets .
must be positioned close to the head of the operating table.
Electrical cables should not lie across the floor.
Cleanliness and antiseptic measures :
There are 4 zones :-
:Clean zoneThe
Outer zone : Hospital circulation area used by
areas up to and staff after they have
including the reception changed, and the route
.area taken by patients from
the transfer bay to the
.anesthetic room
:Aseptic zone-Scrub :Disposal zone
,up and gowning area Disposal area for waste
,anesthetic room products and soiled or
theater preparation used equipment
,room, operating room .and supplies
.and exit bay
Character of functional operating room:-
1. Temperature
The temperature in the operating theater and anesthetic room
should be 22-24°C. A higher environmental temperature is
required during surgery in neonates or infants. This temperature
is important to decrease the risk of inducing hypothermia in the
patient.
2. Humidity
The relative humidity should be 50-60% to conduct
static electricity especially with the usage of the
inflammable agents (that was in the past decade).
3. Pressure
The ambient pressure inside the operating room should be
slightly higher than atmospheric pressure.
4. Ventilation
It is usually done by an air-conditioning system. periphery
through ducts positioned near the floor level. 400 air changes
per hour are required to minimize the risk of airborne
transmission of infection.
High-flow systems may cause hypothermia of the patient.
5. Light
Ceiling-mounting lamps are standard in the operating rooms.
following features:
• The spectrum (color); should be similar to that of daylight to
allow good assessment of the skin color of the patient.
• The emitted temperature of the light; should be 4000-5000 K to
be comfortable to the surgeons.
• The intensity of light; in the operating room, should be up to
325 Im/m2 and
should be diffuse to avoid glare while in the anesthetic room and
recovery area, it should be 220 Im/m2.
• Additional spotlights should be available if increased
illumination is required for specific procedures.
6. . Noise
Operating room noise has been measured at 70-80 dB with
frequent sound peaks exceeding 80 dB, depending on which
ventilation system (e.g., laminar flow) and surgical instruments
(e.g., power drills and saws) were being used .
Recovery Room
It should be within the clean area.
• Each place requires a minimum floor area of approximately 10 m2, and there must
be sufficient space to move a patient without disturbing the remainder.
• Each place should have piped oxygen and suction outlets on the wall, with an
oxygen flowmeter and a suction apparatus attached to a wall rail.
• Oxygen is usually administered by a disposable face [Link] each place should
have a self-inflating resuscitation bag and an anesthetic mask.
• ECG, pulse oximeter, and blood pressure monitor should be used for every patient
routinely. In large recovery areas, a mechanical ventilator and anesthetic machine
should be available "
• Defibrillator and equipment and drugs for resuscitation should be available in
the recovery room
• At least one nurse is required for each three bed spaces.
