Rational Function
𝑝(𝑥)
A rational function is a function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑞(𝑥)
where p(x) and q(x) is a polynomial functions and
𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0. The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is the set of all values of x
where 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0.
Polynomial Function
A polynomial function 𝒑 of degree 𝒏 is a function
that can be written in the form
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟐
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎
where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 and 𝑛 is a positive integer.
Each addend of the sum is a term of the polynomial
function. The constants 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are the coefficients.
The leading coefficient is 𝑎𝑛 . The leading term is 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ,
and the constant term is 𝑎0 .
CLASSIFICATION Based on Degree
➢A polynomial function whose degree is 1 is called
a linear function. This can be expressed as 𝑦 =
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , where 𝑎1 and 𝑎0 are real numbers. The
graph of any linear function is a straight line.
➢A linear function defined by 𝑦 = 𝑥 is an identity
function whose graph bisects the first and the third
quadrants.
CLASSIFICATION Based on Degree
➢If the degree of a polynomial function is 2, say
𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , where 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 and 𝑎0 are real
2
numbers and 𝑎2 ≠ 0 , the function is called
quadratic function. Any quadratic function has a
graph which is called a parabola.
➢A polynomial function whose degree is 3, that is, 𝑦 =
𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , where 𝑎3 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 and 𝑎0 are real
numbers and 𝑎3 ≠ 0, is a cubic function.
CLASSIFICATION Based on Degree
➢A constant function is a polynomial function
whose degree is 0. This is in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 where a
is any real number. The graph of a constant
function is a horizontal line which is a units away
from the x-axis.
➢In a polynomial function in 𝑥, the values of x that make
the function value equal to 0 are called the solutions
or zeros of the polynomial function.
Tell whether each of the following functions is rational function.
3
𝑓 𝑥 = Rational Function
𝑥+2 LCD
𝑥−2 2𝑥 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 Rational Function
𝑓 𝑥 = +
𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
Not an integer
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥
𝟏 NOT
𝟑𝒙𝟐
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 𝟒𝒙 NOT
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 −4 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 NOT
𝟑
𝒙𝟒
CHAPTER TWO: RATIONAL FUNCTION
LESSON 2.3:
REPRESENTATIONS OF A RATIONAL
FUNC TION:
❖E q u a t i o n s
❖Ta b l e o f Va l u e s
❖G r a p h i n g
Example 1: An object is to travel a distance of 10 meters. Express
velocity v as a function of travel time t, in seconds. Construct a
table of values for 𝑡 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10. Use the table to sketch the
graph and interpret the result.
Solution:
Let 𝑡 represent the travel time in seconds
Let 𝑣 𝑡 represent the velocity as a function of travel time
𝑑 𝟏𝟎
Average speed or velocity can be computed using the formula, 𝑠 = . 𝒗(𝒕) =
𝒕
𝑡
𝑡 (𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠) 1 2 4 5 10
𝑣 𝑡 10.0 5.0 2.5 2 1
𝑡 (𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠) 1 2 4 5 10
𝑣 𝑡 10.0 5.0 2.5 2 1
(1, 10)
The graph indicates that when the time, in
seconds, increases, the distance of an object to
(2, 5) travel in meter becomes nearer and nearer to 0.
(4, 2.5)
(5, 2) (10, 1)
5𝑡
Example 2: Suppose that 𝑐 𝑡 = (in mg/ml) represents the
𝑡 2 +1
concentration of a drug in a patient’s bloodstream 𝑡 hours after the
drug was administered. Construct a table of values for 𝑐(𝑡) for 𝑡 =
0, 1, 2, 5, 10. Round off answers to three decimal places. Use the
table to sketch the graph and interpret the result.
Solution:
𝑡 0 1 2 5 10
c 𝑡 0 2.500 2.000 0.962 0.495
𝑡 0 1 2 5 10
c 𝑡 0 2.500 2.000 0.962 0.495
The graph indicates that the maximum drug concentration
occurs around 1 hour after the drug was administered.
After 1 hour, the graph suggest that drug concentration
decreases until it is almost zero.
𝑥−1
Example 3: Represent the rational function given by 𝑓 𝑥 = using table of values and
𝑥+1
plot a graph of the function by connecting the points.
𝑥 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
𝑓(𝑥) 1.22 1.29 1.40 1.67 3.00 -1.00 0.33 0.60 0.71 0.78 0.82
−10 − 1 −11 0 − 1 −1
𝑓 −10 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝑓 0 = = = −𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
−10 + 1 −9 0+1 1
10 − 1
−8 − 1 −9 2−1 1 𝑓 10 =
𝑓 −8 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗 𝑓 2 = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 10 + 1
−8 + 1 −7 2+1 3 9
𝑓 10 =
−6 − 1 −7 4−1 3 11
𝑓 −6 = = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎 𝑓 4 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝑓(10) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
−6 + 1 −5 4+1 5
−4 − 1 −5 6−1 5
𝑓 −4 = = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝑓 6 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏
−4 + 1 −3 6+1 7
−2 − 1 −3 8−1 7
𝑓 −2 = = = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝑓 8 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖
−2 + 1 −1 8+1 9
𝑥 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
𝑓(𝑥) 1.22 1.29 1.4 1.67 3.00 -1.00 0.33 0.60 0.71 0.78 0.82
Observe that the function will be undefined at 𝑥 = −1. This
E means that there cannot be a line connecting point E and point F
as this implies that there is a point in the graph of the function
where 𝑥 = −1.
C D
A B
H I J K
G
F
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−10
Example 4: Represent the rational function given by 𝑓 𝑥 = using table of
𝑥
values and plot a graph of the function by connecting the points.
𝑥 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝑓(𝑥) -6.00 -4.50 -2.67 0.00 6.00 -12.00 -6.00 -3.33 -1.50 0.00 1.33 2.57 3.75 4.89 6.00
(−5)2 −3 −5 − 10 25 + 15 − 10 30
𝑓 −5 = = = = −𝟔. 𝟎𝟎
−5 −5 −5
(−4)2 −3 −4 − 10 16 + 12 − 10 18
𝑓 −4 = = = = −𝟒. 𝟓𝟎
−4 −4 −4
(−3)2 −3 −3 − 10 9 + 9 − 10 8
𝑓 −3 = = = = −𝟐. 𝟔𝟕
−3 −3 −3
(−2)2 −3 −2 − 10 4 + 6 − 10 0
𝑓 −2 = = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
−2 −2 −2
(−1)2 −3 −1 − 10 1 + 3 − 10 −6
𝑓 −1 = = = = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟎
−1 −1 −1
(1)2 −3 1 − 10 1 − 3 − 10 −12
𝑓 1 = = = = −𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
1 1 1
𝑥 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝑓(𝑥) -6.00 -4.50 -2.67 0.00 6.00 -12.00 -6.00 -3.33 -1.50 0.00 1.33 2.57 3.75 4.89 6.00
10
Example 5: Represent the rational function given by 𝑓 𝑥 = using table of values and
𝑥−3
plot a graph of the function by connecting the points. Construct a table of values using
the numbers from -2 to 8.
𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝑓(𝑥) -2.00 -2.50 -3.33 -5.00 -10.00 Und. 10.00 5.00 3.33 2.50 2.00
10 10 10 10
𝑓 −2 = = = −𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝑓 3 = = = 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
(−2) − 3 −5 3−3 0
10 10 10 10 10
𝑓 −1 = = = −𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝑓 4 = = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝑓 8 =
(−1) − 3 −4 4−3 1 8−3
10
10 10 10 10 𝑓 8 =
𝑓 0 = = = −𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝑓 5 = = = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 5
0 − 3 −3 5−3 2 𝑓(8) = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
10 10 10 10
𝑓 1 = = = −𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝑓 6 = = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
1 − 3 −2 6−3 3
10 10 10 10
𝑓 2 = = = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝑓 7 = = = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎
2 − 3 −1 7−3 4
𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝑓(𝑥) -2.00 -2.50 -3.33 -5.00 -10.00 Und. 10.00 5.00 3.33 2.50 2.00
CHAPTER TWO: RATIONAL FUNCTION
LESSON 2.4:
RATIONAL FUNCTION
❖Domain and Range
❖Intercepts
❖Zeros
❖Asymptotes
𝑁(𝑥)
❑ To find the domain of rational function 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝐷(𝑥)
is all the values of 𝑥 that will not make 𝐷(𝑥) equal to
zero.
❑ The range of a rational function is the set of all
values that 𝑓(𝑥) will take.
▪ To find it we can use on how to find the domain
of the inverse function.
▪ To find it we can use the horizontal asymptote.
▪ To find it we can use the graph.
Find the domain and range of the following rational functions.
𝑥+1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦+1
𝑥−2 𝑥=
Domain: 𝑦−2
𝑥−2=0 𝑥 𝑦−2 =𝑦+1
𝒙=𝟐 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 The range of f(x) is the
The domain of f(x) is the set of
set of all real numbers
all real numbers except 2. 𝑦(𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 1 except 1.
Range: 𝑦(𝑥 − 1) 2𝑥 + 1
=
𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥−2 𝑦=
𝑥−1
𝑥+1
𝑦= 𝑥−1=0
𝑥−2
𝒙=𝟏
Find the domain and range of the following rational functions.
2. 𝑓 𝑥 =
2 2
𝑥−3 𝑥=
𝑦−3
Domain: 𝑥(𝑦 − 3) = 2
𝑥−3=0 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑦 = 2 + 3𝑥
𝒙=𝟑
𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥
=
The domain of f(x) is the set of all 𝑥 𝑥
real numbers except 3. 2 + 3𝑥
𝑦=
Range: 𝑥
2 𝑥=0
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−3
2 The range of f(x) is the set of all real
𝑦= numbers except 0.
𝑥−3
Find the domain and range of the following rational functions.
3. ℎ 𝑥 =
(𝑥−4)(𝑥+2) Range:
(𝑥−3)(𝑥−1)
Domain: ➢ If 𝑛 < 𝑚, 𝑦 = 0
𝑎
➢ If 𝑛 = 𝑚, 𝑦 = 𝑏
𝑥−3=0 𝑥−1=0 ➢ If 𝑛 > 𝑚, there is no horizontal asymptote.
𝒙=𝟑 𝒙=𝟏
The domain of h(x) is the set 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
ℎ 𝑥 = 2
of all real numbers except 3 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3
and 1.
𝑎 1
𝑦 = = 𝒐𝒓 𝟏
𝑏 1
The range of h(x) is the set of all real
numbers except 1.
Find the domain and range of the following rational functions.
4. ℎ 𝑥 =
3𝑥−9 Range:
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
Domain: ➢ If 𝑛 < 𝑚, 𝑦 = 0
𝑎
➢ If 𝑛 = 𝑚, 𝑦 = 𝑏
3𝑥 − 9 ➢ If 𝑛 > 𝑚, there is no horizontal asymptote.
ℎ 𝑥 =
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
3𝑥 − 9
ℎ 𝑥 = 2
𝑥+2=0 𝑥−3=0 𝑥 −𝑥−6
𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒙=𝟑
𝒚=𝟎
The domain of h(x) is the set The range of h(x) is the set of all real
of all real numbers except -2 numbers except 0.
and 3.
INTERCEPTS, ZEROES,
ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL
FUNCTION AND ITS GRAPH
INTERCEPT OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
❑ Intercepts are x-and-y coordinates of the points at which a graph
crosses the x-and-y axis, respectively.
❑ The y-intercept is the y-coordinate of the point where the graph
crosses the y-axis. To find the y-intercept, substitute 0 for x and
solve for y or f(x).
❑ The x-intercept is the x-coordinate of the point where the graph
crosses the x-axis. To find the x-intercept, substitute 0 for y and
solve for x.
ZEROES OF FUNCTION
❑ Are the values of x which make the function zero. The numbered
zeroes are also x-intercept of the graph of the function.
Let’s do this
Find the (a) x-and-y intercepts, and (b) zeroes of the following rational functions.
𝑥+1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−2
Solution:
▪ The x-intercepts of a rational function are the values of x that will make the function zero.
▪ A rational function will be zero if its numerator is zero.
▪ Therefore, the zeroes of a rational function are the zeroes of its numerator.
𝑥+1=0 𝑥+1
0= 0=𝑥+1 (−𝟏, 𝟎)
𝒙 = −𝟏 𝑥−2
▪ The y-intercepts of a rational function is equal to 𝑓(0).
0+1 1 𝟏 𝟏
𝑓 0 = = 𝑜𝑟 − 𝟎, −
0−2 −2 𝟐 𝟐
Let’s do this
Find the (a) x-and-y intercepts, and (b) zeroes of the following rational functions.
2
2. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−3
Solution:
For y-intercept For x-intercept
2 2
𝑓 0 = 0=
0−3 𝑥−3
2 0=2
𝑓 0 =
−3
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 2,
2
𝑓 0 =−
3
𝟐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑥−𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠.
𝟎, −
𝟑
Let’s do this
Find the (a) x-and-y intercepts, and (b) zeroes of the following rational functions.
(𝑥−4)(𝑥+2)
3. ℎ 𝑥 =
(𝑥−3)(𝑥−1)
Solution:
For y-intercept For x-intercept
(0 − 4)(0 + 2) (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2)
ℎ 0 = 0=
(0 − 3)(0 − 1) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)
(−4)(2) 0 = (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2)
ℎ 0 =
(−3)(−1)
0=𝑥−4 0=𝑥+2
−8
ℎ 0 = 4=𝑥 −2 = 𝑥
3 𝟖
ℎ 0 =−
8 𝟎, − 𝟒, 𝟎 −𝟐, 𝟎
3 𝟑
Let’s do this
Find the (a) x-and-y intercepts, and (b) zeroes of the following rational functions.
3𝑥−9
4. ℎ 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
Solution:
For y-intercept For x-intercept
3(0) − 9 3(𝑥 − 3)
ℎ 0 = 2 0=
0 −0−6 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
−9 0=3
ℎ 0 =
−6
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 there is no solution for ℎ 𝑥 = 0
ℎ 0 =
3 𝟑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑥−𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡/𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.
2 𝟎,
𝟐
An asymptotes is an imaginary line
to which a graph gets closer and
closer as the x or y increases or
decreases its value without limit.
ASYMPTOTE
Kinds of Asymptote
Vertical Asymptote
Horizontal Asymptote
Oblique/Slant Asymptote
VERTICAL The vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a vertical
asymptote of a function 𝑓 if the
ASYMPTOTE
graph of 𝑓 either increases or
decreases without bound as the 𝑥-
values approach 𝑎 from the right or
left.
HOW TO FIND THE VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE?
❑Find the values of 𝑎 where the
denominator is zero.
❑If this value of 𝑎 does not make the
numerator zero, then the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a
vertical asymptote.
VERTICAL
FINDING VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE
OF A RATIONAL FUNCTION
ASYMPTOTE
STEP 1. Reduce to lowest terms.
STEP 2. Factor the polynomial(if
factorable).
STEP 3. Cancel common factor/s.
STEP 4. Rewrite the reduced
rational function.
STEP 5. Find the values of x that
will make the denominator equal
The horizontal line 𝑦 = 𝑏 is a
HORIZONTAL horizontal asymptote of the
function 𝑓 if 𝑓(𝑥) gets closer
ASYMPTOTE to 𝑏 as 𝑥 increases or
decreases without bound
(𝑥 → +∞ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 → −∞).
HOW TO FIND THE HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE?
Let 𝑛 be the degree of the numerator and
𝑚 be the degree of the denominator.
❖ If 𝑛 < 𝑑, the horizontal asymptote is 𝒚 = 𝟎.
❖ If 𝑛 = 𝑑, the horizontal asymptote is y is the ratio of
the leading coefficient of the numerator a, to the
𝒂
leading coefficient of the denominator b, that is 𝒚 = .
𝒃
❖ If 𝑛 > 𝑑, there is no horizontal asymptote.
OBLIQUE/SLANT An oblique asymptote is a line
that is neither vertical nor
horizontal. It occurs when the
ASYMPTOTE numerator of 𝑓(𝑥) has a degree
that is one higher than the
degree of the denominator.
FINDING OBLIQUE/SLANT
OBLIQUE/SLANT ASYMPTOTE OF A RATIONAL
FUNCTION
ASYMPTOTE To find slant asymptote
simply divide the numerator
by the denominator by either
using long division or
synthetic division. The
oblique asymptote is the
quotient with the remainder
ignored and set equal to 𝑦.
Find the asymptotes of the following rational functions.
𝑥+1 2
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−2 𝑥−3
❖ VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE ❖ VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE
𝑥−2=0 𝑥−3=0
𝒙=𝟐 𝒙=𝟑
❖ HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE ❖ HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
𝑛=1 𝑚=1 𝑛=0 𝑚=1
𝑛=𝑚 𝑛<𝑚
𝑎 1 𝒚=𝟎
𝑦=
𝑏 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝟏
Find the asymptotes of the following rational functions.
(𝑥−4)(𝑥+2) 3𝑥−9 Not
3. ℎ 𝑥 = 4. ℎ 𝑥 = included
(𝑥−3)(𝑥−1) 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 because it
will make
❖ VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE 3𝑥 − 9 the
numerator
ℎ 𝑥 = equal to 0.
𝑥−3=0 𝑥−1=0 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 − 3)
❖ VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE
𝒙=𝟑 𝒙=𝟏
𝑥+2=0 𝑥−3=0
❖ HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒙=𝟑
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
ℎ 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3 ❖ HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
𝑛=2 𝑚=2 𝑛=1 𝑚=2
𝑛=𝑚 𝑛<𝑚
𝑎 1 𝒚=𝟎
𝑦 = = 𝑜𝑟 𝟏
𝑏 1
𝑥+1
1. Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥−2
𝒙 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑓(𝑥) 0.25 0 -0.5 -2 und. 4 2.5 2 1.75
Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑥 ≠ 2
Rough Sketch
Range : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ 𝑦 ≠ 1
x-intercept : (−1, 0)
1
y-intercept : 0, −
2
Vertical Asymptote : 𝑥 = 2
Horizontal Asymptote : 𝑦 = 1
Actual Sketch
𝑥+1
Horizontal 𝑓(𝑥) =
Asymptote: 𝑥−2
𝑦=1
Vertical
Asymptote:
𝑥=2
𝑥+1
More info: Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥−2
Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑥 ≠ 2 Range : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ 𝑦 ≠ 1
(𝑥 < 2) As 𝑥 approaches 2 𝑓(𝑥) decreases without bound
𝒙 -2 -1 0 1 1.50 1.75 1.90 1.99 1.999
𝑓(𝑥) 0.25 0 -0.50 -2 -5 -11 -29 -299 -2, 999
Notation: 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞ as 𝑥 → 2− read as “𝑓(𝑥) approaches negative infinity as 𝑥 approaches 2 from the left.”
(𝑥 > 2) As 𝑥 approaches 2 𝑓(𝑥) increases without bound
𝒙 2.001 2.01 2.1 2.5 2.75 3 4 5 6
𝑓(𝑥) 3, 001 301 31 7 5 4 2.5 2 1.75
Notation: 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞ as 𝑥 → 2+ read as “𝑓(𝑥) approaches positive infinity as 𝑥 approaches 2 from the right.”
