1.

FORCE

1)What is force?

A push or a pull on an object is called a Force. Push refers to the force which tends to 'move the object
away' from the direction of the force applied. Pull refers to that force which tends to 'move the object
towards' the direction of the force applied.
Examples of Push :
(i) Pushing a door open (ii) Man pushing his luggage trolley (iii) Man hitting a golf ball

Examples of Pull:
(i)Opening the drawers (ii) Child pulling a wagon (iii) Crane pulling up an object

2) What are the effects of force on an object?

Force can have any or all of the following effects on the object on which it is applied.

• Force can change the speed of an object (Batsman hitting a ball very hard)
• Force can change the direction of motion of an object (Batsman hitting a ball very hard)
• Force can change the shape of an object. (When an elastic is pulled hard, it breaks)
• Force can move an object from rest to a state of motion (Bowler picking up a ball and then
bowling it)
3.“Observe the following table and identify the actions involving push or pull or both.
(Conceptual understanding/Information Skills)
4) Explain different types of forces?

1)Contact force: Force is being applied by actually touching the body is called constant force
Eg:

a) Muscular force: Muscular force is the type of force wherein we use our physical strength to change
the state of motion of an object. Eg: Man pushing a car, Bullocks pulling a cart of load, Cycling, Weight
Lifting

b)Frictional force: Frictional Force is a force that acts on all moving objects by the surface which it
is in contact with. Eg: A ball rolling on the ground encounters friction by the ground surface and it
eventually comes to a halt.

C. Normal force: when a book is lying on the table, the gravity pulls the book down all the time but
it does not fall down because it is supported by the table. Therefore, there exists a force which supports
the book against gravity by pushing it upward.

D. Tension: a stone tied to the string, gravity pulls down the stone all the time but it does not fall
down because it is supported by the string.Thus, there exists a force which supports the stone
against gravity by pulling it upward. It is called 'tension'
2)Noncontact force (or) Force at a distance: Force is being applied without touching the body is
called non contact force or force at a distance.

a)Magnetic Force is a force that attracts certain metal objects (like iron and iron filings) towards a
magnet.

b)Electrostatic force is the force exerted by a charged body on another charged or uncharged body.
Eg: Take a comb and brush it on a hair 3-4 times and then take it near some small bits of paper. Donot
touch the comb with the paper. The bits of paper would get attracted to the comb. This is because the
comb is charged because of the rubbing on your hair and it attracts uncharged objects like paper.

c)Gravitational force is a force exerted by the earth on all objects on it. When a ball is thrown up, it
falls to the ground because of gravitational force. The water from a tap always flows downwards
because of gravitational force.
5.Conduct an experiment to find the limiting forces that can be borne by different strings.
Answer:
Aim: To find the limiting force that can be borne by a string.
Material used: Spring balance, weights, light strings, weight hanger.
Procedure:
1. A spring balance is suspend from rigid support.
2. To it a weight hanger is connected.
3. Slowly increase the weights in the weight hanger in steps of 50 grams and
note the readings of spring balance.
4. Repeat this experiment till the string breaks.
5. Repeat the experiments with various strings and find out the limiting force of each wire.
6.Imagine that friction disappeared from the earth. What will happen? Explain.
Answer:
If the friction has disappeared from the earth.
1. We will not be able to walk or run on the ground.
2. Vehicles will not move if they are in rest. Vehicles will not stop if they are in motion.
3. We will not be able to hold the things.
4. Accidents will occur if there is no friction.
5. Without friction, no building could be constructed.
7.If you push a heavy box which is rest, you must exert some force to start its motion. However,
once the box is sliding, you apply a lesser force to maintain that motion. Why?
Answer:
When a heavy box is at rest there is maximum frictional force between box and surface. So maximum
force is used to move that box. Interlocking of irregularities in the two surfaces which are in contact
cause friction force. When the box starts sliding, the static friction converts into sliding friction, which
is less than static friction. So we need smaller force to maintain that motion.

8.Draw and explain a free-body diagram (FBD) to show all the forces acting on a car.
Answer:
Here Force F Applied by the Engine.
f = Frictional force applied by the road.
N1 and N2 ⇌ Normal forces
W → Weight of the car or Gravitational force.
The Net resultant force in vertical direction
Fnet = N1 + N2 – W
The Net resultant force along Horizontal force. N,
FNe = F-f
9.Find the net forces from the following diagrams.

Answer:
a) Total force from left to right = 10 + 8 = 18 N
Force from right to left = 12 N
Net force = 18-12 = 6 N from left to right.

b) Force from left to right = 8 N

Force from right to left = 8 N
Net force = 8- 8 = 0 N

c) Total force from left to right 8 + 6 14 N

Force from right to left = 0 N
Net force = 14 – 0 = 14 N from left to right.

d) Force in upward direction = 9 N

Force in downward direction = 8 N
Net force = 9 – 8 = 1 N in upward direction.

10.How do you increase the pressure by keeping (a) area unchanged and (b) force unchanged?
Answer:
We know that force acting on a unit area of a surface is called pressure.
Pressure = Force /Area
I will change the pressure by keeping —
area unchanged: If force acting on the same area of surface, the pressure also increases. So we can
change the pressure by changing the force acting on that surface.
Pressure ∝ Force.
force unchanged: By increasing or decreasing the contact area or surface area on which the force is
acting, there will be change in pressure acting on it without changing the force.

If the surface area is smaller the pressure will be greater and vice versa.
Pressure ∝ 1/ Area

11.Why do tools meant for cutting always have sharp edges?

Answer:
The effect of force depends on the area of contact on which the force is acting. When there is a
decrease in the area of contact of the force or load then the effect of force increases and vice versa.
So the tools meant for cutting always have sharp edges to acquire maximum effect of force.
 2.FRICTION

1)What is Force of Friction

The force which opposes the relative motion of two surfaces of bodies in contact, is called 'frictional
force'.. It is that force which always acts in a direction opposite to that of the applied force.

2)What are the Factors affecting Friction

friction is caused by the interaction between the surfaces which are in contact. Friction is caused
by the irregularities on the two surfaces which are in contact. The irregularities on both surfaces tend
to lock into each other and this resists the motion of the object. The nature of the surface
(smoothness or roughness) affects the friction.

a) Smooth surfaces have lesser irregularities. The lesser the irregularities, the lesser the tendency to
lock. The lesser the tendency to lock with another object, the lesser the friction (that is tendency to
oppose motion).

b)Rough surfaces have more irregularities. The more the irregularities, the more tendency to lock. The
more the tendency to lock, the more the friction (that is tendency to oppose motion).

3) Explain the types of fractions with suitable examples?

a) static friction is the friction which comes into play when surfaces of the objects are at rest relative
to each other even there is an external force acted upon.

b)Sliding friction is the friction which comes into play when the surface of one object moves relative
to the surface of another object.

Pushing a heavy box Pushing a heavy box

The heavy box starts
with small with increasing
moving(Sliding friction)
force(static friction) force.(static friction)

c)When one body rolls over the surface of another body, the friction offered is called rolling friction.

d)In science the common name for gases and liquids is 'fluids'. So, we can say that fluids exert force of
friction on objects in motion through them. The frictional force exerted by fluids is also called "drag".

4.What is the effect of area of contact on frictional force?

The frictional force appears to be the same in both cases irrespective of area of contact of the
surfaces.

5.What is the Effect of normal force on friction?

when we add a brick to the existing brick or apply a force by pressing it vertically, the normal force
increases and hence, we find there is an increase in the frictional force. So, Friction is proportional to
the Normal force i.e.,

Friction ∝ Normal Force

6.Do you agree with the statement friction is both good and evil?’ Explain with examples.
Answer:
Friction is both good and evil.
I. Friction is good :

• Friction allows us to walk or run without slipping.

• Friction allows vehicles to travel on the road safely.
• To slow down or stop the vehicle we use brakes which use friction between road and tires of
vehicles.
• Friction enables us to hold things with our hands.
• Friction helps us to sharpen a knife or other instruments.
• Friction helps us to fix a nail in the wall.
• No building can be constructed if there is no friction.
II. Friction as an evil :
• Friction causes wearing and tearing the surfaces which are in contact.
• Friction causes worn-out the tires, which are dangerous because they can slide and skid easily.
• Friction produces heat in machine which can damage some parts of the machine.
• Friction also produces static electricity which is dangerous.
• Friction also causes wasting of energy and fuels.
7.Does Friction produce heat?

• The friction between a match stick and match box helps light the match stick and so.
• When you rub your palms together for a few seconds, they become warm
Thus, we can conclude that friction can produce heat.
8. How to increase and reduce friction?
a) Sportsmen use shoes with spikes. Because spikes provide the shoes better grip on the ground.
b) Gymnasts apply some coarse substance on their hands to increase friction for better grip.
c) playing carrom with fine powder sprinkled on the board.
d) When oil, grease or any other lubricants are applied between the moving parts of a machine, a thin
layer is formed between the moving surfaces and hence they do not directly rub against each other.
Interlocking of irregularities is avoided to a great extent by the application of lubricants. Hence
movement becomes smooth.
9.A book placed on the surface of table. The book is pushed in one direction. Draw the forces
acting on the book and explain.
1.The weight of the book balances with normal reaction. Therefore there is no vertical moment for the
book. W-N=O
2.Along Horizontal direction frictional force opposes the pushing force. The Net resultant force
between these to make the book to move.

10.What purposes are surved by using bearings in machines? Explain with daily life examples.
Answer:
1. Bearings are used in Fans, Cycle Pedals, Skaters, etc.
2. Since the Bearings are spherical there is only rolling friction which is very less.
11.Explain why sliding friction ¡s less than static friction.
Answer:
The interlocking of irregularities in the two surfaces which in contact causes friction force. When the
object starts sliding the contact points on its surface do not get enough time to lock into the contact
points on the floor (or other objects). So sliding friction is less than static friction.
12. Scientists designed the shape of aeroplane using the technique of reducing fluid friction by
observing birds’ shape. How would you appreciate it?
Answer:
1. It is obvious that when objects move through fluids, the have to overcome friction acting on
them.
2. In order to minimize the friction objects are given special shapes.
3. Scientists after observing the birds and fishes they thought of designing the aeroplanes in
these shapes.
4. Birds and fishes have to move about in fluids all the time.
5. Their bodies must have evolved to shapes which would make them not to lose much energy in
overcoming the friction.