1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background and purpose of the study,

theoretical framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem,

assumption, hypothesis, scope and limitation, and definition of terms.

Background and Purpose of the Study

The rapid pace of technological and industrial advancements has

raised significant concerns regarding the environmental and health impacts of

various manufacturing processes, with ink production emerging as a notable

area of focus. Traditional ink formulations often contain harmful volatile

organic compounds (VOCs) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which are

associated with a range of adverse health effects, including respiratory issues,

skin irritation, and long-term neurological disorders (Nestor et al., 2023).

VOCs and HAPs are commonly emitted during ink production and can also

contribute to air pollution, notably through the formation of photochemical

smog, which worsens environmental conditions (Pattanaik et al., 2022). Given

the detrimental effects of these substances on both human health and the

environment, the search for safer and more sustainable alternatives in ink

production has gained urgency. This study explores the potential of using

natural materials, specifically Hylocereus polyrhizus (dragon fruit) peel extract

and charcoal, to replace toxic chemical components in ink formulations.

Ink has historically served as an integral medium for communication,

culture, and art, with ancient civilizations relying on natural dyes extracted

from plant-based, mineral, and organic sources to produce inks. These early
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inks primarily featured carbon-based pigments mixed with water and

stabilizing agents, such as gums or proteins, to achieve functionality and

durability. However, the development of modern ink formulations introduced

synthetic dyes and chemical additives to enhance ink performance, color

vibrancy, and longevity (Boonen et al., 2020). While these innovations

improved ink quality, they also introduced environmental degradation due to

the toxicity of the compounds used. In response, there has been a growing

push to return to more sustainable ink formulations that reduce the reliance on

synthetic chemicals.

Modern ink production relies heavily on synthetic chemicals, many of

which are petroleum-based, contributing to pollution and posing potential

health risks. Common ingredients in commercial inks, such as petroleum-

derived pigments, resins, and solvents, release toxic VOCs during the

manufacturing process. According to a study from Rajkumar and Suresh

(2021), synthetic pigments introduce heavy metals like lead and cadmium into

the environment, which contaminate soil and water sources. This

contamination proves detrimental to ecosystems and human populations,

particularly in areas where industrial ink production is prevalent. Furthermore,

VOC emissions from ink production have been associated with a range of

health issues, including respiratory problems and long-term damage to vital

organs (Nestor et al., 2023). As a result, the demand for safer, eco-friendly ink

alternatives has increased significantly.

Natural materials, particularly agricultural waste, have gained attention

as promising substitutes for synthetic ink ingredients. Recent studies have

explored various plant-based materials as potential sources of natural

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pigments, which could replace synthetic dyes without compromising the

quality of the ink. Among these materials, Hylocereus polyrhizus (dragon fruit)

peel extract has shown considerable promise. Dragon fruit peels are rich in

betacyanins, natural pigments that produce red to purple hues, which are

biodegradable and non-toxic (Gaikwad et al., 2022). In research conducted by

Rahman et al. (2023), fruit-based pigments, including those derived from

dragon fruit peels, successfully replaced synthetic dyes in ink formulations

while maintaining color stability and retention. Additionally, charcoal, known

for its deep black coloration and absorptive properties, represents another

natural alternative. Saha et al. (2021) demonstrated that charcoal-based inks

exhibit excellent adhesion and fade resistance, making them a suitable

substitute for petroleum-based pigments. The integration of these organic

materials into ink formulations could significantly reduce reliance on harmful

synthetic compounds, promoting sustainability and reducing environmental

impacts.

The Philippines presents an ideal context for this research due to the

country's widespread cultivation of dragon fruit, especially in regions such as

Tanay, Rizal, where substantial amounts of dragon fruit waste, particularly

peels, are generated annually. Using these agricultural by-products not only

reduces waste but also contributes to the circular economy, where waste

materials are repurposed into valuable resources for industrial use (Garcia et

al., 2023). Transforming agricultural waste into high-value products like ink

supports sustainability goals while providing economic opportunities.

Villafuerte and Santos (2022) emphasized the untapped potential of

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agricultural waste in the Philippines as a resource for the development of

sustainable alternatives to conventional manufacturing materials.

In addition to environmental benefits, adopting locally sourced natural

materials for ink production offers economic advantages. The cost of imported

synthetic ink ingredients often represents a significant financial burden on ink

manufacturers and consumers. Using locally sourced materials such as

dragon fruit peels and charcoal could reduce reliance on expensive imported

resources, making eco-friendly ink formulations more cost-effective (Lopez &

Dela Cruz, 2022). This approach not only fosters the accessibility of eco-

friendly inks but also creates economic opportunities for Filipino farmers and

small-scale manufacturers, driving rural development and local

entrepreneurship.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating

dragon fruit peel extract and charcoal as alternative components in pen ink

formulations. Specifically, this research seeks to assess whether these natural

materials can effectively replace synthetic dyes and chemical stabilizers while

maintaining high-quality ink characteristics such as color vibrancy, viscosity,

and durability. The study will analyze the chemical composition, stability, and

performance of inks formulated with these natural materials, determining their

potential for commercial use in the ink manufacturing industry.

Alongside performance evaluation, this study will also examine the

environmental impact of the proposed natural ink formulations. A life cycle

analysis (LCA) will compare the biodegradability, emission levels, and

resource efficiency of inks made from dragon fruit peel extract and charcoal
 5

with those of conventional synthetic inks (Chowdhury et al., 2021). This

analysis will offer valuable insights into the overall sustainability of these

alternative ink formulations, helping to assess their potential for reducing

pollution and waste while offering a comparable product in terms of quality

and durability.

The findings from this research could significantly advance the fields of

green chemistry and sustainable materials science. As industries increasingly

seek environmentally responsible production methods, the development of

bio-based inks offers a promising solution for reducing the ecological footprint

of ink manufacturing. The adoption of renewable, plant-based materials for ink

production aligns with global sustainability goals and could lead to substantial

reductions in pollution and chemical exposure in the ink industry.

Legal frameworks in the Philippines also support the exploration of

sustainable ink alternatives. Republic Act No. 9003, the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000, mandates the systematic reduction,

recycling, and proper disposal of waste materials. Converting dragon fruit

peels, an agricultural waste product, into ink components directly aligns with

the objectives of this legislation by promoting the recycling of organic waste

and reducing the environmental impact of ink production (Official Gazette,

2000). Similarly, Republic Act No. 6969, or the Toxic Substances and

Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990, regulates the production

and disposal of hazardous chemicals, including those used in ink

manufacturing (DENR, 1990). Developing eco-friendly inks from natural

materials can help reduce the use of toxic substances and align ink

production practices with these regulatory frameworks.

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This study seeks to address the growing concerns related to the

environmental and health impacts of traditional ink production by investigating

the potential of natural materials such as dragon fruit peel extract and

charcoal as viable alternatives. The findings could lead to the development of

more sustainable and affordable ink formulations, benefiting industries,

consumers, and the environment alike. Through this research, the aim is to

contribute to ongoing efforts to make industrial processes safer, more

sustainable, and aligned with global environmental goals.

Theoretical Framework

According to Kozludzhova K. (2023), theoretical knowledge provides

the necessary secondary data that helps researchers to build specific

empirical indicators, which the paper puts to test by conducting a primary

research study. In this research, Product Innovation Theory serves as the

framework of the study.

As supported by Adam and Cornescu (2020), innovative product refers

to a new or significantly improved product, and the basics are driven from the

literature of the new product development and innovation. A distinction is

made between innovation and invention in the innovation process,

economically speaking the difference is explained mainly by the

commercialization of the product.

From an article of paddle (2023), product innovation refers to the

creation and introduction of a product or service new to the market or an

improvement of an existing product. It could be an improvement in

components or materials, incorporating software, technical specifications, and

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other functional characteristics like user-friendliness. In developing the

CharGon, innovation applies to the change in components as the Hylocereus

polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) peel extract and charcoal will be used as the source

of pigment, an alternative for pen ink.

Conceptual Framework
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Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of CharGon: Hylocereus

polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal as a Component of Pen

Ink.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the potential of CharGon: Hylocereus

polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal as a Component of Pen

Ink..

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 profession?

2. How was the CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel

Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink developed?

3. What is the level of acceptability of CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus

(Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink in terms of:

3.1. product quality;

3.2. permanency; and

3.3. usefulness?

4. Is there a significant difference on the level of acceptability of

Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal as

Alternative to Pen Ink as evaluated by the two groups of respondents?

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5. What are the comments and suggestions of the respondents on the

developed CharGon?

Hypothesis

This study tested the null hypothesis that there is no significant

difference in the level of acceptability of CharGon ink, as evaluated by the two

classifications of respondents, in terms of product quality, permanency, and

usefulness.

Scope and Limitation

The primary objective of this study is to assess the performance and

viability of CharGon-extracted ink as a sustainable alternative to commercially

available inks.

To collect the necessary data, the researchers developed a

questionnaire checklist based on key performance aspects relevant to the

study. This instrument was reviewed and validated by the research adviser

and panelists to ensure its reliability and alignment with the study’s

objectives.

The study was conducted during the 2024-2025 school year across

various schools in Tanay, Rizal, specifically at Tanay National High School

(TANAHIS), Tanay North National High School (TNNHS), Tanay West

Integrated National High School (TWINHS), Marciana P. Catalos High School

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(MPCHS), and St. Therese School (STS). The respondents consisted of

randomly selected teachers and artists from these institutions.

Definition of Terms

The following terms utilized in the study are operationally and/or

conceptually defined for common understanding:

Blot out. Excessive absorption of ink on paper, which can cause uneven

marks or stains.

Charcoal. A black pigment from burnt woods, used to enhance the CharGon

ink’s pigment.

Consistency. CharGon ink’s texture, neither too thick nor too watery.

Critical value. Statistical measure used to determine the significance of the

collected data in evaluating the acceptability of the CharGon ink.

Dragon Fruit Extract. It is an extract from the Dragon fruit. Utilized in this

study to formulate the ink

Dragon Fruit. It is a reddish-pink fruit found abundantly in tropical countries

such as the Philippines used in making the alternative ink for markers. In this

study, the fruit peel was utilized for its pigment.

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Dye. A natural or synthetic substance like charcoal and dragon fruit peel that

has pigment.

Extract. A concentrated form of a charcoal or dragon fruit peel obtained

through exertion of force and straining.

Extract. It is a concentrated form of a substance made through the process of

exertion of force and straining. It is one of the main components of the

Chargon Pen Ink.

Gum arabic. A binder helps to improve the CharGon ink’s viscosity and

consistency.

Hylocereus polyrhizus. A type of dragon fruit known for its deep red peel.

Ink. It is a dyed liquid used for writing, drawing, highlighting, or printing. It is

the expected out of this study.

Patent. A legal document granting exclusive rights to an invention, which

could be pursued for the CharGon ink if proven effective.

Peel. Outer layer of the dragon fruit contains red pigment that serves as a

natural dye for the CharGon ink.

Pen. Writing instrument used to apply the ink onto paper.

Permanency. Describes how well the CharGon pen ink absorbs to paper over

time without fading or smudging.

Product quality. Refers to how well the CgarGon pen ink performs as an ink.

Salt. Additive that enhances CharGon’s pigment and improves the ink’s color

stability.
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Smudge. Unwanted spreading or smearing of CharGon ink on paper.

Solvent. A liquid component in which pigments and other substances are

dissolved to create the CharGon.

Usefulness. Measures how user-friendly the CharGon pen ink is.

Vinegar. A material added to the ink to enhance the pigment and improve

CharGon ink adhesion to paper.

Viscosity. Measure of the CharGon ink’s resistance to flow.

Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, settings of the study,

subject of the study, sources of data, procedure of the study, and statistical

treatment.

Research Design

The research design used in the study is experimental research under

mix method of quantitative and qualitative research. According to Sirisilla, S.

(2023), experimental research design is a framework of protocols and

procedures created to conduct experimental research with a scientific

approach using two sets of variables. Herein, the first set of variables acts as

a constant, used to measure the differences of the second set. The

experimental method is a type of research design wherein one variable will be

manipulated. In this case, the variable that will be manipulated in the study is

the Dragon Fruit extract and charcoal.

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Additionally, according to Bhandari, P. (2020), quantitative research is

the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find

patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships,

and generalize results to wider populations. In this study, numerical data will

be collected through a questionnaire checklist provided by the researchers.

Settings of the Study

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Figure 2. Setting of the Study

This study was conducted in the Municipality of Tanay, Rizal on the

year 2024-2025. This study utilized public schools such as Tanay North

National High School (TNNHS), Tanay National High School (TNHS), Tanay

West Integrated National High School (TWINHS), Marciana P. Catolos

National High School (MPCNHS), and St. Therese School (STS).

The study focused on four public schools and one private school within

the municipality. These schools offer various grade levels: Tanay North

National High School, Tanay National High School, and Marciana P. Catolos

National High School provide Junior High School education, while Tanay West

Integrated National High School and St. Therese School offer both Junior and

Senior High School levels. Teachers and student artists from these schools

were selected as the respondents for this research.

Subject of the Study

This study involved a total of 100 participants, consisting of 50 artists

and 50 teachers from various schools in Tanay, Rizal. These individuals were

selected to participate in the development and evaluation of the project.

The study employed a combination of purposive and random sampling

techniques. Purposive sampling was used to ensure that the selected

participants aligned with the study’s objectives, while random sampling helped

maintain diversity among the respondents.

The researchers specifically selected 50 artists and 50 teachers as

respondents due to their expertise and experience relevant to the study. Their

knowledge, skills, and professional backgrounds made them well-suited to

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contribute valuable insights and feedback. Given their familiarity with artistic

and educational practices, they were deemed capable of effectively engaging

in the research process and providing meaningful input.

Once the participants were identified, they were asked to complete a

researcher-made questionnaire to gather the necessary data for the study.

Sources of Data

The researchers gathered information and necessary data through

conducting an observation and gathering important figures and facts through

the use of the reference media such as encyclopedia and dictionary books;

browse the international network (internet) and visit different websites for the

improvement of the study. They will also refer to some published and

unpublished thesis to have some idea regarding the topic.

As the primary source of data, the researchers used a researcher-

made questionnaire for the interpretation of the statement of the problem. The

questionnaire is divided into two parts: the first part provides the

questionnaire-checklist regarding the study while the second part includes the

comments, suggestions, and feedback of the respondents.

Procedure of the Study

The researchers started the study of CharGon: Acceptability of

Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal as Alternative

Pen Ink by first gathering necessary procedures and references from various

sources to guide the product development process. This helped outline a

step-by-step approach for creating the natural ink. Following this, the

researchers collected all the required materials, including dragon fruit peel
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extract and charcoal for the pigment, salt and vinegar to strengthen the

pigments, and gum arabic and water to ensure the desired consistency and

quality of the ink. Additionally, they gathered various equipment such as a

casserole, blender, petri dish, stirring rod, beaker, strainer, cheesecloth,

containers, jars, pen tubes, and syringes to aid in the production process.

Once the materials were prepared, the researchers proceeded with the

ink-making process. For the charcoal ink, they powdered the charcoal and

measured half a cup of it. This was then mixed with a quarter cup of boiling

water in a casserole. To enhance the pigment, 30 grams of salt and 30

milliliters of vinegar were added. The researchers gradually added more water

to the mixture while boiling it for 1-2 hours to achieve the desired pigment.

Once the desired shade was reached, the mixture was strained through

cheesecloth and set aside overnight, allowing the residue to sink to the

bottom of the container. The well-pigmented liquid was then separated from

the less-pigmented liquid and extracted again to ensure the best quality. To

improve the ink’s consistency, 5 milliliters of gum arabic was added.

For the dragon fruit peel ink, the researchers removed the hard parts of

the peel and blended the soft parts into a pulp. The extract was separated

using cheesecloth, and the mixture was boiled for a few minutes to reach the

desired pigment, with a shorter boiling time compared to the charcoal ink

preparation.

After the ink formulations were made, the researchers conducted a

trial-and-error approach to perfect the consistency, color, and overall usability

of the ink. When a stable formulation was achieved, the researchers

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distributed questionnaires to teachers and artists to assess the acceptability of

the ink based on key factors, including product quality, permanency, and

usefulness. Once the responses were collected, the data were analyzed, and

computations were performed to determine the effectiveness of the CharGon

ink as an alternative pen ink.

Through this structured procedure, the study aimed to evaluate the

feasibility of using dragon fruit peel extract and charcoal as sustainable,

natural alternatives to traditional ink.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers used the following statistical treatment in answering

the problems of the study:

1. In order to determine the profile of the respondents in terms of

profession or occupation, frequency and percentage were used for the

computation.

2. To determine the level of acceptability of Hylocereus polyrhizus

(Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal as Alternative to Pen Ink as

perceived by the two groups of respondents with respect to its product

quality, permanency, and usefulness, mean was used for the

computation of data gathered.

3. To determine if there is a significant difference on the evaluation of the

two groups of respondents on the developed CharGon in terms of

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product quality, permanency, and usefulness; t-test was used, utilizing

mean, variance, confidence level, and p-value.

4. In interpreting the weighted mean gathered, Likert scale was used - a

psychometrics scale commonly involved in research that employs

questionnaires.

SCALE RANGE VERBAL INTERPRETATION

4 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Acceptable
3 2.50 – 3.24 Moderately Acceptable
2 1.75 – 2.49 Somehow Acceptable
1 1.00 – 1.74 Not Acceptable

Chapter 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data.

Problem Number 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of

profession?

Table 1
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Profession
Profession of Frequency Percentage
Respondents
Teacher 50 50%
Artist 50 50%
Total 100 100%
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This table shows the frequency and percentage of the respondents in

terms of profession. The conduct of this study utilized 100 respondents

composed of teachers with a frequency of 50 that makes 50% of the

respondents, and artists with frequency of 50 that makes another 50% of the

respondents.

It further shows that the respondents were divided evenly having 50

respondents from each profession that completes the 100 respondents.

Problem Number 2. How was the CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon

Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink developed?

Collecting procedures as reference

The researchers initiated the product making by searching for proper

procedures on making natural dyed inks from different sources on the

internet. Then, continued on planning the product assembling of CharGon.

Gathering of Materials

The researchers completed all the materials needed then proceeded to

the product making process. This includes charcoal, dragon fruit peel, salt,

vinegar, gum arabic, water, and food coloring. The researchers also gathered

materials and equipment such as a casserole, blender, petri dish, stirring rod,

beaker, strainer, cheese cloth, containers (sauce cup), jars, pen tubes, and

syringes.

Product Making
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After completion of needed materials, the researchers started to draft

the desired product while following the proper procedures. First, the

researchers powdered the charcoal then gathered one ½ cup of it. After that,

the researchers boiled one ¼ cup of water in a heated casserole then added

½ cup of powdered charcoal. Next, 30 grams of salt and 30 ml of vinegar was

added to the mixture, these ingredients serve as pigment strengthener. The

researchers gradually added water to the mixture while boiling for 1-2 hours.

After reaching the desired shade of pigment, the researchers extracted the

powder from the mixture with a cheesecloth, then poured it into a container.

The extracted fluid was set aside overnight for the residue to sink at the

bottom of the container, and for the less-pigmented liquid to settle on top of

the well-pigmented liquid. The less-pigmented liquid was thrown while the

well-pigmented liquid was once again extracted to get the best quality for ink

production. Lastly, 5 mL of gum Arabic was added to improve the viscosity

and consistency of the ink.

As for the dragon fruit peel, the hard parts of the peel were removed

before the soft parts were thrown in the blender. After forming the grounded

peel, the extract was separated from the solid peel using cheesecloth. Then,

the same process of boiling and ink production was utilized to get the dragon

fruit peel extract, the only difference is the boiling span, whereas the dragon

fruit peel extract only requires a few minutes to reach the desired pigment.

Problem Number 3. What is the level of acceptability of CharGon:

Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink in

terms of its product quality, permanency and usefulness?

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Table 2.1 on the next page shows the mean and verbal interpretation

of the respondents in terms of product quality as perceived by the two groups

of respondents. The data above shows the mean rating of 100 respondents

with 3.98 from teachers and 3.90 from artists, showing High Acceptability of

CharGon in terms of product quality.

Recent research has investigated the use of charcoal as a primary

ingredient in alternative ink formulations. For example, a study by Barrameda

(2022) developed an ink combining charcoal with isopropyl alcohol and

evaluated its acceptability compared to commercial inks, focusing on aspects

like color intensity, consistency, and odor. Using a quantitative-developmental

approach with a quasi-experimental design, the study involved 50 student

respondents.

Table 2.1
Level of Acceptability of Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel
Extract and Charcoal as Alternative to Pen Ink in terms of Product
Quality
RESPONDENTS
Product Quality Teacher Artist

Mea Verbal Mean Verbal

n Interpretation Interpretation
1. The CharGon 4.0 Highly 3.92 Highly
maintains a uniform Acceptable Acceptable
shade when applied to
paper.
2. The CharGon flows 4.0 Highly 3.92 Highly
smoothly from the pen. Acceptable Acceptable
3. The CharGon is well 4.0 Highly 3.86 Highly
absorbed into the paper. Acceptable Acceptable
4. The CharGon works 3.92 Highly 3.82 Highly
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well on different types of Acceptable Acceptable

paper.
5. The CharGon has 4.0 Highly 3.96 Highly
little to no unpleasant Acceptable Acceptable
smell.
Overall Mean 3.98 Highly 3.90 Highly
Acceptable Acceptable

The results showed that the charcoal-based ink had acceptability rates

similar to those of commercial inks, indicating its potential as a sustainable

and cost-effective alternative. Dragon Fruit Peel Extract in Ink Production

Research specifically on using dragon fruit peel extract in ink production is

limited.

However, studies on the utilization of fruit peels for sustainable product

development offer relevant insights. Muhialdin et al. (2020) examined the

fermentation of dragon fruit juice with Lactobacillus plantarum FBS05,

observing a significant pH drop from 5.61 to 3.49, which inhibited microbial

growth. This suggests that components of dragon fruit have properties that

could enhance product stability. Additionally, the pigmentation of dragon fruit

peels points to their potential use as natural dyes in ink formulations.

The table 2.2 on page 23 shows the mean and verbal interpretation of

the respondents in terms of permanency as perceived by the two groups of

respondents.

The data on the next page shows the mean rating of 100 respondents

with 3.96 from teachers and 3.82 from artists, showing High Acceptability of

CharGon in terms of permanency.

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Exploration for sustainable ink alternatives, both Hylocereus polyrhizus

(dragon fruit) peel extract and charcoal have been identified as an eco-friendly

resource. According to the research of Sambasevam K.P. (2020) titled

"Optimization of Natural Colour Extraction from Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus

polyrhizus) Peel" the peels of red dragon fruit are rich in betacyanin pigments

which is responsible for their red-violet color.

In this research, it has also been demonstrated that these pigments

can be effectively extracted and utilized as natural dyes for dyeing cotton

fabrics, which can offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic colorants while

reducing the waste of dragon fruit peels. Charcoal has also been explored as

a sustainable component in ink production. Study of Barrameda J. (2022) The

Use of Charcoal and Isopropyl Alcohol as Alternative Ink for Whiteboard

Markers: A Comparative Analysis between the Innovation and

Commercialized Ink have investigated the feasibility of using charcoal

combined with isopropyl alcohol to create alternative inks for whiteboard

markers.

Table 2.2
Level of Acceptability of Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel
Extract and Charcoal as Alternative to Pen Ink in
terms of Permanency
RESPONDENTS
Teacher Artist
Permanency Mean Verbal Mean Verbal
Interpretation Interpretation
1. The CharGon does 3.88 Highly 3.66 Highly
not smudge. Acceptable Acceptable
2. The CharGon 3.95 Highly 3.90 Highly
maintains its color over Acceptable Acceptable
time without significant
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fading.
3. The CharGon has a 4.0 Highly 3.92 Highly
reasonable drying time. Acceptable Acceptable
4. The CharGon does 3.98 Highly 3.78 Highly
not wash away when Acceptable Acceptable
exposed to water or
sunlight.
5. The CharGon cannot 3.98 Highly 3.86 Highly
be easily erased with Acceptable Acceptable
common erasers.
Overall Mean 3.96 Highly 3.82 Highly
Acceptable Acceptable
The findings suggest that such formulations can offer comparable

performance to commercial inks while reducing the environmental impact of

the chemicals that commercial ink companies release. Utilizing Hylocereus

polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) peel extract and charcoal into ink formulations truly

aligns with eco-friendly practices by sustaining natural, renewable resources,

and minimizing the use of synthetic chemicals. This approach not only

reduces environmental impact but also offers potential health benefits by

decreasing exposure to harmful substances commonly found in commercial

inks due to the usefulness of these materials.

Table 2.3
Level of Acceptability of Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel
Extract and Charcoal as Alternative to Pen Ink in
terms of Usefulness
RESPONDENTS
Usefulness Teacher Artist

Mean Verbal Mea Verbal

Interpretation n Interpretation
1. The CharGon 4.0 Highly 3.94 Highly
produces clear and Acceptable Acceptable
legible writing.
2. The CharGon allows 4.0 Highly 3.84 Highly
easy and comfortable Acceptable Acceptable
 25

writing.
3. The CharGon is eco- 4.0 Highly 3.92 Highly
friendly. Acceptable Acceptable
4. The CharGon can be 3.98 Highly 3.92 Highly
used in refillable pens. Acceptable Acceptable
5. The CharGon is 4.0 Highly 4.0 Highly
affordable. Acceptable Acceptable
Overall Mean 4.0 Highly 3.92 Highly
Acceptable Acceptable

Table 2.3 shows the mean and verbal interpretation of the respondents

in terms of usefulness as perceived by the two groups of respondents.

The data above shows the mean rating of 100 respondents with 4.0

from teachers and 3.92 from artists, showing High Acceptability of CharGon in

terms of usefulness.

The Interaction Design Foundation (2025) states that "usefulness

refers to the ease of use for a particular product, and the more usable a

product is, the more likely it is that it will be used." This means that the

usefulness of a product refers to how well a product serves its users or

producers. Usefulness extends beyond the product being able to serve its

intended function, specifically in terms of sustainable product development.

Usefulness includes environmental considerations and sustainable

implications, in addition to its intended functionality. Usefulness explores the

product's intended functionality, producer practices, and long-term

environmental sustainability.

Table 3
Composite Table on the Level of Acceptability of Hylocereus polyrhizus
(Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal
as Alternative to Pen Ink
 26

Factor Mean Verbal Interpretation

A. Product Quality 3.94 Highly Acceptable
B. Permanency 3.89 Highly Acceptable
C. Usefulness 3.96 Highly Acceptable
Overall 3.93 Highly Acceptable

Table 3 shows the overall mean and verbal interpretation of the

respondents in terms of each aspect as perceived by the two groups of

respondents.

The data above shows the summed overall mean from the two groups

of respondents’ rating regarding each factor such as product quality,

permanency, and usefulness. For product quality, the summed mean result is

3.94 that is verbally interpreted as highly acceptable. While for permanency,

CharGon received a mean of 3.89 that falls on the result of High Acceptability.

Lastly, in terms of usefulness, the gathered mean is 3.96 that means that the

CharGon has a high acceptability in that aspect.

Overall, the CharGon has a weighted mean of 3.93 with a general

verbal interpretation of Highly Acceptable. Thus, this concludes that the

CharGon has a high acceptability in terms of product quality, permanency, and

usefulness.

Problem Number 4. Is there a significant difference on the level of

acceptability of Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and

Charcoal as Alternative to Pen Ink as evaluated by the two groups of

respondents?
 27

Table 4
Significant Difference on the Level of Acceptability of Hylocereus
polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal
as Alternative to Pen Ink
Teacher Artist
Factor Mea Variance Mean Varianc p-val Ho VI
n e
Product 3.984 0.00128 3.896 0.00308 0.005632 Reject S
Quality
Permanency 3.958 0.00222 3.824 0.01128 0.015506 Reject S
Usefulness 3.996 8E-05 3.924 0.00328 0.049104 Reject S

Table 4 shows the computed p-value on the level of acceptability of

Chargon: Hylocereus Polirhizus (Drafon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal as

Alternative to Pen Ink as evaluated by the two groups of respondents which is

the teachers and artists.

It implied that there is significant difference on the level of acceptability

of Chargon: Hylocereus Polirhizus (Drafon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal as

Alternative to Pen Ink based on the given rates of the two respondents in

terms of product quality, permanency, and usefulness.

According to the computed p-value of 0.005632 in terms of product

quality, 0.015506 for permanency, and 0.049104 for usefulness, these data

shows that p-value is less than the given level of confidence of 0.05 which

demonstrated that null hypothesis (Ho) in terms of product quality and

permanency were rejected. The results conveyed that there is a significant

difference between the two group of respondents.

The evaluated data concluded that the aspects product quality,

permanency, and usefulness had an impact on the level of acceptability of

 28

Chargon: Hylocereus Polirhizus (Drafon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal as

Alternative to Pen Ink among the teachers and artists.

Based on their profession/occupation, teachers had more higher

computed mean than artists in terms of product quality, permanency, and

usefulness. According to multiple feedbacks from teachers, the alternative pen

ink is great for checking and for signatures. On the other hand, some

responses of student artists said that the point of pen ink is thick and they not

recommended for note taking, while some students liked it being think,

indicating that it all deals with perspectives, preferences, and usefulness of

CharGon in terms on their professions.

Teacher #1 stated that "the peel extract of dragon fruit and charcoal as

an alternative to pen ink flows smoothly and consistently." Similarly, Artist #7

commented, " I like the way red ink flows. Very satisfying." It highlighted the

ink's writing quality.

Also, its qualities in terms of being an eco-friendly and budget-friendly.

Teacher #7 noted, "The product is very affordable and useful, then eco-

friendly." Likewise, Artist #17 shared, "It is so eco-friendly and very much

affordable." The recurring praise for affordability and sustainability suggests

that CharGon has potential as an alternative to commercial inks.

However, some respondents pointed out areas for improvement. Artist

#1 mentioned, "It's good pero medyo marami nilalabas na ink." While, Artist

#2 also said that excessive ink flow could lead to smudging. Since the ink

lacks an internal tube to control its release, users may need to adjust their
 29

writing pressure. Another challenge was ink bleeding through thin paper

commented by Artist #3 and Artist #12.

Several teacher respondents recommended to observe for a longer

time to see the quality of writing, on different types of paper. Also to continue

this research and extend testing under various conditions.

Overall, the feedback demonstrated a positive reception of CharGon,

particularly for it being an eco-friendly, affordable, and smoothly written

performance. However, challenges such as excessive ink flow, paper

bleeding, and its suitability for academic use must be addressed in future

studies. Respondents also suggested making the ink compatible with refillable

and retractable pens, as well as securing legal protections to ensure

exclusivity.

Problem Number 5. What are the comments and suggestions of the

respondents on the developed CharGon?

According to the responses of the teachers and artists on the possible

suggestions and recommendations for the improvement of CharGon:

Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink.

"It is so eco-friendly and very much affordable." (Artist, Respondent

#17)

The affordability of CharGon makes it accessible to a wider audience,

particularly students and artists who may be looking for cost-effective supplies

without compromising on quality. Using natural ingredients such as dragon

 30

fruit peel extract and charcoal, the product presents a sustainable solution

that aligns with the growing demand for eco-conscious alternatives.

In addition to its environmental and economic benefits, CharGon’s

writing performance was also well-received. Several artists noted that the

ink’s flow was smooth and consistent, providing a satisfying writing and

drawing experience.

"I like the way red ink flows. Very satisfying." (Artist, Respondent #7)

The smooth application of CharGon is crucial for artists, as it allows for

effortless strokes and controlled ink flow. This feature makes it particularly

suitable for calligraphy and detailed illustrations where ink consistency is vital.

The satisfaction expressed by respondents suggests that the formulation

successfully meets the expectations of those who require precision and

fluidity in their work.

Durability was another strong point noted by respondents. Artists

highlighted that CharGon resists smudging and maintains its integrity even

when used on glossy paper, an important characteristic for those who work

with different surfaces.

"CharGon’s performance is really good, it doesn’t smudge, and the ink

does not fade when washed in glossy paper." (Artist, Respondent #8)

The fact that the ink holds up well on glossy paper demonstrates its

versatility. Many commercially available inks tend to smudge or fade on non-

porous surfaces, so CharGon’s ability to maintain its vibrancy even under

these conditions makes it a reliable option for artists who work on a variety of

materials.
 31

However, despite its many strengths, some areas for improvement

were noted by respondents. One of the most commonly mentioned concerns

was the excessive ink flow, which led to smudging.

"It’s good pero medyo marami nilalabas na ink." (Artist, Respondent

#1)

Proper ink flow regulation is essential, especially for fine writing and

detailed artwork. Excessive ink release can result in blotches, making it

difficult to maintain clean lines. This issue suggests that further refinement in

the ink's formulation or delivery system may be necessary to enhance user

control and prevent unwanted smudging.

Another issue raised was the ink’s tendency to bleed through thin

paper. Several respondents observed that when used on lightweight

materials, CharGon seeped through, making it less suitable for general writing

purposes.

"When writing on thin paper, tumatagos po siya sa likod." (Artist,

Respondent #3), "When writing on thin paper, tumatagos po siya sa likod."

(Artist, Respondent #12)

This feedback highlights the importance of considering the paper

compatibility of CharGon. While it performs well on glossy surfaces, its

tendency to bleed through thin sheets limits its usability for note-taking or

general writing tasks. Addressing this concern could involve adjusting the

viscosity of the ink to ensure it remains on the surface of the paper rather than

absorbing too deeply.

 32

Additionally, left-handed users reported difficulties due to the ink’s

drying time. Since the ink takes longer to set, left-handed writers often found

that their hands would smudge the ink as they moved across the page.

"A bit left-handed friendly, if possible!" (Artist, Respondent #5)

This concern indicates a need for quicker drying properties to

accommodate a wider range of users. Many left-handed individuals struggle

with smudging when using traditional inks, so improving CharGon’s drying

time would significantly enhance its appeal and accessibility.

While CharGon was highly appreciated for artistic applications, some

respondents felt that it was not the best choice for academic writing. They

observed that the ink’s characteristics made it more suitable for creative work

rather than fast-paced note-taking.

"Not suggestable for lecture school works. I think it’s only suitable for

calligraphy." (Artist, Respondent #11)

This suggests that CharGon’s current formulation caters more to

artistic expression rather than general-purpose writing. If the goal is to expand

its market to students and professionals, the researchers may need to

consider adjustments that make it more practical for daily writing needs.

Similar to artists, teachers also recognized CharGon’s affordability and

eco-friendliness, seeing it as a practical and sustainable option. Several

respondents highlighted its smooth writing performance, making it a viable

choice for classroom use.

 33

"The product is very affordable and useful, then eco-friendly." (Teacher,

Respondent #7), "The peel extract of dragon fruit and charcoal as an

alternative to pen ink flows smoothly and consistently, making it perfect for

writing." (Teacher, Respondent #1)

The positive remarks from teachers reinforce the idea that CharGon

offers an effective writing experience while also promoting sustainability. In an

educational setting, affordability is particularly important, as students and

teachers often rely on cost-efficient supplies. Having a product that balances

price, functionality, and environmental responsibility presents a significant

advantage.

However, teachers also pointed out areas for further development.

Some respondents suggested conducting extended testing to observe

CharGon’s performance on different types of paper over time.

"Observe for a longer time to see the quality of writing on different

types of paper. Continue your research." (Teacher, Respondent #12)

This suggestion emphasizes the importance of long-term product

assessment. While initial results may be promising, understanding how

CharGon behaves under various conditions—such as prolonged storage,

exposure to different environments, and compatibility with various paper types

—will provide a more comprehensive evaluation of its durability and

effectiveness.

Additionally, several teachers proposed modifications to improve

CharGon’s usability. Some suggested making the ink compatible with refillable
 34

pens, while others recommended developing a retractable version for added

convenience.

"Researchers may consider using the ink for refillable pens/containers."

(Teacher, Respondent #13), "For product development, consider a retractable

pen." (Teacher, Respondent #14)

These suggestions indicated a growing demand for versatile packaging

options. Many consumers prefer refillable pens as a sustainable alternative to

disposable ones, and incorporating this feature could enhance CharGon’s

market appeal. Similarly, a retractable design would make the product more

user-friendly and practical for daily use.

Lastly, securing legal protection for CharGon was a major concern

among teacher respondents. Several recommended obtaining a patent to

safeguard the product’s innovation and potential for commercialization.

"I suggest that this research would take its legal ownership so it can be

protected." (Teacher, Respondent #16), "This product may be requested for

patent processes." (Teacher, Respondent #17)

The suggestion to pursue patent protection underscores the value of

CharGon as a unique and viable product. Securing legal ownership will

ensure the researchers that their innovation is protected from unauthorized

duplication and gain the opportunity to develop CharGon as a commercial

brand.
 35

Chapter 4

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

Summary of Findings

This study aimed to measure the level of acceptability of the CharGon

in terms of product quality, permanency, and usefulness.

On the profile of respondents in terms of occupation

The researchers determined the level of acceptability of Hylocereus

polyrhizus (dragon fruit) peel extract and charcoal as alternatives to pen ink

based on the respondents’ professions—a total of 100 participants. The

respondents consisted of 50 teachers or 50% and 50 artists or 50%.

The results of this study indicated that both teachers and artists

provided a valuable perception into the acceptability of CharGon.

On the development of CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit)

Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink

Through the product making process of the CharGon, researchers had

found out multiple findings. The researchers conducted several trial-and-error

processes, coming up to conclusions. The researchers were able to

determined that developing the product—CharGon ink needed to undergo

through a systematic process, where different formulations were tested to

ensure the quality of the product as ink. It also, underwent experimentation,

 36

where it involved a trial-and-error approach to achieve the right consistency,

color, and usability of the ink.

On the level of acceptability of CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon

Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink in terms of product quality,

permanency, and usefulness

From the results of the level of acceptability of CharGon: Hylocereus

polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink as evaluated by

teachers and artists in terms of product quality, the teachers have the highest

mean of 3.98 which is verbally interpreted as Highly Acceptable. On the other

hand, the artist has the mean of 3.90 which is interpreted as Highly

Acceptable.

In terms of permanency the teachers have the highest mean of 3.96

which is verbally interpreted as Highly Acceptable. Meanwhile the artists have

the mean of 3.82 which is also interpreted as Highly Acceptable.

In terms of usefulness, the teachers with a mean of 4.00 is the highest

mean and is interpreted as Highly Acceptable. Moreover, the artist with a

mean of 3.92 is interpreted as Highly Acceptable.

On the significant difference on the level of acceptability of the

developed CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract

and Charcoal Pen Ink as evaluated by the two groups of respondents

The result can be concluded from the computed p-value that the

product quality, permanence, and usefulness have an impact on the level of

acceptability of the CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel

Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink as perceived by the group of respondents.

 37

On the comments and suggestions of the respondents on the developed

CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and

Charcoal Pen Ink

The comments and suggestions from the artist respondents indicated

that the product is easy to use, affordable, and of competitive quality

compared to gel and sign pens. Meanwhile, the teacher respondents stated

that the product is a patentable innovation that can enhance user

convenience. Lastly, both groups of respondents recommended increasing

the price due to its high product quality and promising market potential.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that:

1. The majority of the profiles of the respondents in terms of occupation

are users which are composed of teachers and artists.

2. The development of CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit)

Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink followed a structured process,

ensuring that the formulation met the necessary consistency, color

intensity, and usability requirements before being evaluated by

respondents.

3. The level of acceability of CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon

Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink as evaluated by teachers and

artists in terms of product quality, permanence, and usefulness has the

overall mean of 3.93 which is verbally interpreted as Highly Acceptable.

 38

4. There is a significant difference on the level of acceptability of

CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel Extract and

Charcoal Pen Ink as evaluated by the two groups of respondents in

terms of product quality, permanency, and usefulness.

5. The comments and suggestions provided by respondents reflected an

overall positive reception of CharGon, with appreciation for its eco-

friendliness and affordability. However, some areas for improvement

were highlighted, such as ink flow control, drying time for left-handed

users, and potential enhancements for compatibility with different paper

types.

Recommendation

Based on the facts presented, after consecutive, successive testing and

evaluation, the following recommendations are formulated and given based

on the accumulated results.

1. The brand of CharGon may be patented to secure intellectual property

rights and establish market exclusivity.

2. The pen holder and ballpoint mechanism should be improved to

enhance writing efficiency and user experience.

3. A more accessible and refillable ink tube should be selected to

increase convenience for consumers.

4. The application of CharGon ink in marker pens should be explored to

expand its usability beyond ballpoint pens.

 39

5. Further studies on pen formulations and alternative pigment sources

should be conducted to improve the product’s quality, sustainability,

and commercial potential.

 40

Chapter 5

THE PRODUCT

This chapter deals with the description, features, and process of the

product.

I. Description

The purpose of CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon Fruit) Peel

Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink is to provide an eco-friendly alternative to

conventional pen ink, catering to users who prioritize sustainability. With the

increasing use of petroleum-based inks and the growing waste from fruit

consumption, there is a strong demand for a natural ink that addresses both

environmental concerns. This product allows users to write or draw smoothly

without smudging, offering a practical and sustainable solution designed to

enhance their writing experience.

In addition to its eco-friendly composition, CharGon offers two distinct

ink formulations: dragon fruit peel extract for red ink and charcoal for black

ink. Each formulation is designed to provide smooth ink flow, vibrant

pigmentation, and long-lasting performance. The red ink, derived from dragon

fruit peel extract, delivers a rich and natural hue, making it ideal for artistic and

creative applications. Meanwhile, the black ink, formulated with charcoal,

ensures deep, bold strokes suitable for everyday writing and professional use.

Both variants are carefully developed to prevent smudging and enhance user

experience.

Moreover, CharGon stands out as a cost-effective and sustainable

alternative to petroleum-based inks. Utilizing natural and biodegradable

 41

sources, it reduces environmental impact while maintaining high-quality

performance. The affordability and accessibility of CharGon make it an

appealing choice for teachers, and artists. Its development aligns with the

growing demand for eco-friendly writing materials, proving that sustainability

and functionality can go hand in hand.

II. Features, Structures and Parts

 42

Figure 3. Parts of CharGon

III. Process

A. Materials

List of Materials Used for CharGon: Hylocereus polyrhizus (Dragon

Fruit) Peel Extract and Charcoal Pen Ink

Name Photo Description

Dragon Fruit The extract, which is blended

Peel and boiled, was used to

create a natural pigment for

the ink.

Charcoal Used as one of the primary

pigments for the ink (the

powder).
 43

Salt Added to enhance the

pigmentation and help

improve the quality of the ink.

Vinegar Used alongside salt to

strengthen and stabilize the

pigment.

Gum Arabic This natural resin is used as a

binder to help achieve the

desired consistency of the ink.

Water Essential for dissolving and

mixing the other ingredients,

as well as adjusting the

consistency and pigmentation

of the ink.
 44

Casserole Used for boiling the charcoal

and water mixture to extract

the pigment.

Blender Utilized to blend the soft parts

of the dragon fruit peel into a

pulp.

Petri Dish Used for collecting and

possibly observing the

pigments or other materials

during the process.

Stirring Rod Used to stir the mixtures to

ensure even distribution of the

ingredients while boiling.

 45

Beaker Used for measuring liquids or

holding mixtures during the

ink preparation process.

Strainer Used to strain out solid

residues from the liquid

mixtures.

Cheesecloth Used to filler and separate the

dragon fruit peel extract and

charcoal mixtures from the

solid parts.

Containers For storing the ink and

and Jars materials during different

stages of the process.

 46

Pen Tubes These are likely the final

containers where the

prepared ink is placed for use

as an alternative ink for pens.

Syringes Used for precise filling of the

ink into pen tubes or other

containers.

B. Procedure

Phase A: Materials and measurements.

1. The researchers started gathering and completing the materials first.

These materials are based on the evaluation and comparison of

commercial ink products. The researchers also ensured that they

selected the best choice of materials.

2. The materials were measured carefully. For the charcoal ink, half a cup

of charcoal powder was mixed with a quarter cup of boiling water, and

30 grams of salt and 30 milliliters of vinegar were added. For the

 47

dragon fruit peel ink, the soft parts of the peel were blended into a pulp,

and the extract was separated using cheesecloth.

Phase B: Formulation of the ink.

Figure 4. Procedure of making the charcoal ink

Figure 5. Procedure of making the dragon fruit ink

 48

1. For the charcoal ink, the charcoal powder was mixed with boiling water,

and salt and vinegar were added to strengthen the pigment. The

mixture was boiled for 1-2 hours, strained through cheesecloth, and left

to settle overnight. The liquid was extracted and reprocessed to

improve pigment quality.

2. For the dragon fruit peel ink, the pulp was boiled for a short time to

extract the pigment. The liquid was strained through cheesecloth and

left to cool.

3. Gum Arabic (5 milliliters) was added to both ink mixtures to improve

consistency and ensure smooth flow.

Phase C: Insertion and Finalization.

Figure 6. Insertion of ink in pen tube

 49

1. The researchers tested the inks for consistency, color, and usability.

Adjustments were made to the ingredients and boiling times to perfect

the formulations.

2. Once the inks were finalized, they were packaged into jars, syringes,

and pen tubes for easy application and storage.

3. The researchers distributed questionnaires to teachers and artists to

assess the ink’s product quality, permanency and usefulness.

4. The responses were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of

CharGon as a viable alternative to commercial ink products.

C. Target Market Price

The researcher spent — on the development of the product. For the financial

breakdown, nearly — was allocated for purchasing materials and other related

expenses.

The researcher determined that a price range of 8–12 pesos would be

suitable as the target market price for CharGon ink.

This pricing is based on the affordability of the materials used, such as the

tube pen, dragon fruit peel, and charcoal. However, given the product's

promising demand, the final market price will depend on the percentage of

demand.

Costing

Quantity Unit Materials Price

 50

1/2 pack Charcoal 9

3 pcs Dragon Fruit Peel (Free) Free

1/4 kg Salt 10

180 ml Vinegar 9

30 ml Gum Arabic 140

200 pcs Pen Tube 490

6 pcs 1cc Syringe 60

TOTAL 718
 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barrameda, J. (2022). The Use of Charcoal and Isopropyl Alcohol as

Alternative Ink for Whiteboard Markers: A Comparative Analysis
between the Innovation and Commercialized Ink. ResearchGate.
(PDF) The Use of Charcoal and Isopropyl Alcohol as Alternative Ink
for Whiteboard Markers: A Comparative Analysis between the
Innovation and Commercialized Ink ([Link])

Britannica. (2021). Ink. Encyclopedia Britannica.

[Link]

Jaap. (2023). The Environmental Impact of Ink Production. Stationery Help.

[Link]

Nestor, A. (2023). Why eco-friendly ink matters when it comes to print

sustainability. PaperCut. [Link]
eco-friendly-ink-matters-when-it-comes-to-print-sustainability/

Robert, T. (2015). “Green ink in all colors”—Printing ink from renewable

resources. Science Direct.
[Link]

Sambasevam, K. P. et. Al. (2020). Evaluation of Natural Pigment Extracted

from Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Peels. Scientific Research
Journal. [Link]
 52

APPENDIX
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56
57
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 59

CURRICULUM VITAE