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Engineering Chemistry Answers

The document covers various topics in Engineering Chemistry, including sludge and scale, caustic embrittlement, and methods for hardness removal such as EDTA and lime soda. It also discusses properties of materials like viscosity, flash points, and different types of plastics and rubbers. Additionally, it touches on phase rule concepts, corrosion prevention, and fundamental principles of electron affinity and orbital energies.

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55 views2 pages

Engineering Chemistry Answers

The document covers various topics in Engineering Chemistry, including sludge and scale, caustic embrittlement, and methods for hardness removal such as EDTA and lime soda. It also discusses properties of materials like viscosity, flash points, and different types of plastics and rubbers. Additionally, it touches on phase rule concepts, corrosion prevention, and fundamental principles of electron affinity and orbital energies.

Uploaded by

hadikhan134000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Engineering Chemistry Complete Answers

Q.1 WRITE SHORT NOTES ON:

(a) Sludge and Scale: Sludge is soft, loose precipitate (e.g., MgCl2), Scale is hard deposits (e.g., CaCO3). Both reduce

efficiency.

(b) Caustic Embrittlement: Brittleness of boiler metal due to NaOH accumulation.

(c) Hardness & its Units: Hardness due to Ca2+, Mg2+; Units: ppm, mg/L, dH.

(d) Zeolite and Ion Exchange Methods: Remove hardness by ion exchange with Na+.

Q.2 EDTA Method for Hardness: Uses EDTA to complex Ca2+, Mg2+; Indicator: Eriochrome Black T; Endpoint: wine

red to blue.

Q.3-4 Numerical Problems: Involve ppm conversion, CaCO3 equivalents.

Q.5 Lime Soda Method: Lime removes temp. hardness, Soda removes permanent hardness.

Q.6 SHORT NOTES:

Cloud & Pour Points: Temp. where wax forms / oil stops flowing.

Aniline Point: Measures aromatic content.

Saponification Number: KOH mg needed to saponify 1g of fat.

Steam Emulsification Number: Oil volume emulsified by soap.

Q.7 Viscosity & Viscosity Index: Viscosity = resistance to flow. High VI = stable with temperature.

Q.8 Flash & Fire Points: Flash - temp for vapor ignition; Fire - continuous burning temp.

Q.9 Viscosity Index Numericals: VI = ((L-U)/(L-H)) 100.

Q.10 Lubricant & Polymerisation: Lubricant reduces friction. Polymerisation forms polymers from monomers.

Q.11 SHORT NOTES:

Thermoplastics vs Thermosetting: Thermoplastics soften on heat, thermosettings harden permanently.

Nylon 6 vs Nylon 6,6: Made from caprolactam vs adipic acid + hexamethylenediamine.

PMMA: Transparent acrylic plastic.

Teflon: Non-stick, chemically resistant polymer.

Phenol/Urea Formaldehyde Resins: Thermosetting adhesives.

Buna N, Buna S: Synthetic rubbers from butadiene + acrylonitrile/styrene.


Q.12 Vulcanization: Heating rubber with sulfur cross-linked, strong, elastic rubber.

Q.13 Phase Rule Concepts:

Phase, Component, Freedom: F = C - P + 2.

Corrosion: Metal degradation, prevented by coating or cathodic protection.

Gibbs Phase Rule: F = C - P + 2.

Q.14 Water System: One component system (ice, water, steam), triple point in phase diagram.

Q.15 Electronics Spectroscopy: Measures electronic transitions. Used in analysis & detection.

Q.16 SHORT NOTES:

Electron Affinity: Energy released on electron gain.

Electronegativity: Atom's pull on shared electrons.

Polarizability: Electron cloud distortion.

Hund's Rule: Orbitals fill singly first.

Aufbau & Pauli: Lower orbitals fill first, no identical electrons in atom.

Q.17 Orbitals and Energies: Orbitals = s, p, d, f; Energy increases with shell & type (s < p < d < f).

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