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Maximum Marks: 70 Time Allowed: 3 hours
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B
contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D
contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions
of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one
question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to
attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

MCQ -
Assertion & Picture Multiple Choice Subjective
Chapter Name - Reason Based Question Question Total

Electronic Devices - - 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (2) 4 (7)

1 (3)

Current Electricity - - - 1 (1) 1 (3) 2 (4)

Ray Optics and Optical - - - 2 (1) - 2 (2)

Instruments

Magnetism and Matter - - - 2 (1) 1 (2) 3 (4)

Electrostatic Potential and - 1 (1) - 1 (1) - 2 (2)

Capacitance

Moving Charges and - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Wave Optics - 1 (1) - 1 (1) 1 (3) 3 (5)

Electric Charges and - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Fields

Dual Nature of Radiation - 1 (1) - - 1 (3) 2 (4)

and Matter

Alternating Current - 1 (1) - - - 1 (1)

Electromagnetic Waves - - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)

Atoms - - - - 1 (2) 2 (5)

1 (3)

Nuclei - - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)

(5 Grouped Questions) 1 - - - - 1 (4)

Electromagnetic Waves (4)

(5 Grouped Questions) 1 - - - - 1 (4)

Electric Charges and (4)
Fields

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)

Moving Charges and
Magnetism
Moving Charges and
Magnetism

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)

Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Ray Optics and Optical
Instruments
Wave Optics

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Electrostatic Potential and
Capacitance
Electrostatic Potential and
Capacitance

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Alternating Current
Alternating Current

Total 2 4 (4) 1 (1) 11 (11) 15 (46) 33

(8) (70)
 Series ARSP/01 Set ~ 1
Roll No. Q.P Code 15/1/1
Candidates must write the Q.P Code
on the title page of the answer-book.

 Please check that this question paper contains 06 printed pages.

 Q.P. Code given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written
on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
 Please check that this question paper contains 33 questions.
 Please write down the serial number of the question in the answer-book
before attempting it.
 15 Minute times has been allotted to read this question paper. The question
paper will be distributed at 10:15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m to 10.30 a.m, the students
will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the answer –
book during this period.

PHYSICS

Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.

3. All the sections are compulsory.

4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one

question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. C and Si both have the same lattice structure, having 4 bonding electrons in each. However, C is an insulator [1]
whereas Si is an intrinsic semiconductor. This is because
A. In case of C the valence band is not completely filled at absolute zero temperature.
B. In case of C the conduction band is partly filled even at absolute zero temperature.
C. The four bonding electrons in the case of C lie in the second orbit, whereas in the case of Si they lie in the
third.
D. The four bonding electrons in the case of C lie in the third orbit, whereas for Si they lie in the fourth orbit.

a) Option B b) Option A

c) Option D d) Option C
2. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a current of 0.2 A through a resistance of 10 Ω is: [1]

a) 1.0 Ω b) 0.5 Ω

c) 0.8 Ω d) 0.2 Ω
3. Which of the following principle is used in optical fibre? [1]

a) Total internal reflection b) Scattering

c) Interference d) Diffraction
4. Two bar magnets having same geometry with magnetic moments M and 2M are firstly placed in such a way that [1]
 their similar poles are on the same side and its period of oscillation is T1. Now the polarity of one of the magnets

is reversed and its time period becomes T2. Then,

a) T1 = T2 b) T2 = ∞

c) T1 > T2 d) T1 < T2

5. The ratio of charge to potential of a body is known as [1]

a) capacitance b) inductance

c) conductance d) resistance
6. A charged particle enters a magnetic field H with its initial velocity making an angle of 45° with H. The path of [1]
the particle will be:

a) a straight line b) an ellipse

c) a circle d) a helical
7. Kamla peddles a stationary bicycle the pedals of the bicycle are attached to a 100 turn coil of area 0.10m . The
2
[1]
coil rotates at half a revolution per second and it is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.02 T perpendicular to
the axis of rotation of the coil. What is the maximum voltage generated in the coil?

a) 0.314 V b) 0.628 V

c) 0.714 V d) 0.554 V
8. Which one of the following has negative value of susceptibility? [1]

a) Lead b) Nickel

c) Iron d) Aluminium
9. Which of the following phenomenon cannot take place with longitudinal waves (e.g., sound waves)? [1]

a) polarisation b) diffraction

c) reflection d) interference
10. Gauss' law of electrostatics would be invalid if: [1]

a) there were magnetic monopoles b) the electrical charge was not quantized

c) the speed of light was not a universal d) the inverse square law was not exactly true
constant
11. Assume that each diode shown in the figure has a forward bias resistance of 50Ω and an infinite reverse bias [1]
resistance. The current through the 150Ω resistance is

a) 0.04 A b) zero

c) 0.05 A d) 0.66 A
12. An astronomical telescope of ten fold angular magnification has a length of 44 cm. The focal length of the [1]
objective is
 a) 44 cm b) 440 cm

c) 4 cm d) 40 cm
13. Assertion (A): If a proton and electron are moving with same velocity, then wavelength of de-Broglie wave [1]
associated with electron is longer than that associated with proton.
Reason (R): The wavelength of de-Broglie wave associated with a moving particle is inversely proportional to
its mass.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): When a charged capacitor is filled completely with a metallic slab, its capacitance is increased by [1]
a large amount.
Reason (R): The dielectric constant for metal is infinite.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): No interference pattern is detected when two coherent sources are infinitely close to each other. [1]
Reason (R): The fringe width is inversely proportional to the distance between the two slits.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): In alternating current, the direction of motion of free electrons changes periodically. [1]
Reason (R): Alternating current changes its direction after a certain is always constant.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. Identify the following electromagnetic radiations as per the wavelengths given below. Write one application of [2]
each.
a. 1 mm

b. 10-3 nm

c. 10-8 m

18. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 2.6 × 10-5. Identify the type of magnetic material and state its two [2]

properties.
19. Write two characteristics features to distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductors. [2]
∘

20. The wavelength of the second line of the Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum is 4861 A. Calculate the [2]
wavelength of the first line.

21. A long straight wire AB carries a current of 4 A. A proton P travels at 4 × 106 ms-1 parallel to the wire 0.2 m [2]
from it and in a direction opposite to the current as shown in the figure. Calculate the force which the magnetic
 field due to the current carrying wire exerts on the proton. Also specify its direction.

OR
A current balance (or ampere balance) is a device for measuring currents. (the current to be measured is arranged to
go through two long parallel wires of equal length in opposite directions one of which is linked to the pivot of the
balance. The resulting repulsive force on the wire is balanced by putting a suitable mass in the scale pan hanging on
the other side of the pivot. In one measurement, the mass in the scale pan is 30.0 g, the length of the wires is 50.0 cm
each, and the separation between them is 10.0 mm. What is the value of the current being measured? Take g = 9.80

ms-2 and assume that the arms of the balance are equal.
Section C
22. The heater coil of an electric kettle is rated at 2000 W, 200 V. How much time will it take in raising the [3]
temperature of 1 litre of water from 20° C to 100° C, assuming that only 80% of the total heat energy produced
by the heater coil is used in raising the temperature of water. Density of water = 1 g cm-3 and specific heat of
water = 1 cal g-1 oC-1.
23. How is a light emitting diode fabricated? Briefly explain the basic processes involved in the emission of [3]
spontaneous radiation from it. Write two advantages of LED lamps over the incandescent low power lamps.
24. a. Monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media. The frequency of the light after [3]
refraction remains unaffected but its wavelength changes. Why?

b. The frequency of an electromagnetic radiation is 1.0 × 1011 Hz. Identify the radiation and mention its two
uses.
25. Before the neutrino hypothesis, the beta decay process was thought to be the transition, n → p + ē . If this was [3]
true, show that if the neutron was at rest, the proton and electron would emerge with fixed energies and calculate
them. Experimentally, the electron energy was found to have a large range.
26. i. Using Bohr's second postulate of quantisation of orbital angular momentum show that the circumference of [3]
the electron in the nth orbital state in hydrogen atom is n-times the de-Broglie wavelength associated with it.
ii. The electron in hydrogen atom is initially in the third excited state. What is the maximum number of spectral
lines which can be emitted when it finally moves to the ground state?
27. The angular width of a central maximum in the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a slit is measured. The slit is [3]
∘

illuminated by the light of wavelength 6000 A. When the slit is illuminated by the light of another wavelength,
the angular width decreases by 30%. Calculate the wavelength of this light. The same decrease in the angular-
width of the central maximum is obtained when the original apparatus is immersed in a liquid. Find the
refractive index of the liquid.
28. A square loop of side 12 cm with its sides parallel to X and Y axes is moved with a velocity of 8 cm s-1 in the [3]

positive x-direction in an environment containing a magnetic field in the positive z-direction. The field is neither
uniform in space nor constant in time. It has a gradient of 10-3 T cm-1 along the negative x-direction (that is it
 increases by 10-3 T cm-1 as one move in the negative x-direction), and it is decreasing in time at the rate of 10-3

T s-1. Determine the direction and magnitude of the induced current in the loop if its resistance is 4.50 mΩ .
OR
a. Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance between a long straight wire and a square loop of side a as shown
in Figure.
b. Now assume that the straight wire carries a current of 50 A and the loop is moved to the right with a constant
velocity, v = 10 m/s.
Calculate the induced emf in the loop at the instant when x = 0.2 m.
Take a = 0.1 m and assume that the loop has a large resistance.

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
In an electromagnetic wave both the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of
propagation, that is why electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. Electromagnetic waves carry energy as
they travel through space and this energy is shared equally by the electric and magnetic fields. Energy density of
an electromagnetic waves is the energy in unit volume of the space through which the wave travels.
(a) The electromagnetic waves propagated perpendicular to both E⃗ and B⃗ . The electromagnetic waves travel
in the direction of

a) E⃗ ⋅ B⃗ b) ⃗
B ⋅E
⃗

c) E⃗ × B⃗ d) ⃗
B × E
⃗

(b) Fundamental particle in an electromagnetic wave is

a) photon b) phonon

c) electron d) proton
(c) Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature is evident by

a) diffraction b) interference

c) polarisation d) reflection
OR
The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic waves are

a) in opposite phase and parallel to each b) in phase and parallel to each other.
other

c) in phase and perpendicular to each d) in opposite phase and perpendicular to

other each other
(d) For a wave propagating in a medium, Name the property that is independent of the others.

a) frequency b) wavelength
 c) velocity d) all these depend on each other
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
dq
Surface charge density is defined as charge per unit surface area of surface charge distribution. i.e., σ = dS
.
Two large, thin metal plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces, the plates have surface

charge densities of opposite signs having magnitude of 17.0 × 10-22 Cm-2 as shown. The intensity of electric
field at a point is E = σ

ε0
, where ε = permittivity of free space.
0

(a) E in the outer region of the first plate is

a) 1.5 × 10-25 N/C b) 1.9 × 10-10 N/C

c) 17 × 10-22 N/C d) zero

(b) E in the outer region of the second plate is

a) zero b) 1.9 × 10-10 N/C

c) 17 × 10-22 N/C d) 1.5 × 10-15 N/C

(c) E between the plates is

a) 1.9 × 10-10 N/C b) 1.5 × 10-15 N/C

c) zero d) 17 × 10-22 N/C

(d) The ratio of E from right side of B at distances 2 cm and 4 cm, respectively is
–
a) 1 : 2 b) 1 : √2

c) 2 : 1 d) 1 : 1
OR
In order to estimate the electric field due to a thin finite plane metal plate, the Gaussian surface considered
is

a) cylindrical b) Cone

c) spherical d) straight line

Section E
31. i. Derive lens maker’s formula for a biconvex lens. [5]
ii. A point object is placed at a distance of 12 cm on the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. A
convex mirror is placed coaxially on the other side of the lens at a distance of 10 cm. If the final image
coincides with the object, sketch the ray diagram, and find the focal length of the convex mirror.
OR
You have learned in the text how Huygens’ principle leads to the laws of reflection and refraction. Use the same
principle to deduce directly that a point object placed in front of a plane mirror produces a virtual image whose
distance from the mirror is equal to the object distance from the mirror.
32. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor when a dielectric slab of dielectric constant [5]
 K and thickness t = d

2
but of same area as that of the plates is inserted between the capacitor plates. (d =
separation between the plates).
OR
a. Derive the expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole at a point on its axial line.
b. Depict the equipotential surfaces due to an electric dipole.

33. i. Write the function of a transformer. State its principle of working with the help of a diagram. Mention [5]
various energy losses in this device.
ii. The primary coil of an ideal step-up transformer has 100 turns and transformation ratio is also 100. The input
voltage and power are respectively 220 V and 1100 W. Calculate
a. number of turns in secondary
b. current in primary
c. voltage across secondary
d. current in secondary
e. power in secondary
OR
i. Describe, with the help of a suitable diagram, the working principle of a step-up transformer. Obtain the relation
between input and output voltages in terms of the number of turns of primary and secondary windings and the
currents in the input and output circuits.
ii. Given the input current 15 A and the input voltage of 100 V for a step-up transformer having 90% efficiency, find
the output power and the voltage in the secondary if the output current is 3 A.
 Section A
1.
(d) Option C
Explanation: 6C: 1s2 2s2 2p2
14Si: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
The energy required to take out an electron from the 3rd orbit of Si is much smaller than to take out an electron from the 2nd
orbit of C. So, Si has a significant number of free electrons while C has a negligibly small number of free electrons.
2.
(b) 0.5 Ω
Explanation: r = E

I
− R=
2.1

0.2
- 10 = 10.5 - 10 = 0.5 Ω
3. (a) Total internal reflection
Explanation: Total internal reflection principle is used in optical fibre.
4.
(d) T1 < T2
Explanation: In sum position,
−−−−−−−−−
I1 + I2
T1 = 2π√
( M1 + M2 ) BH

−−−−−−−−
I+I
= 2π√ (M+2M)BH

−−−−−
= 2π√ 2I

3MBH

In difference position,
−−−−−−−−−
I1 + I2
T2 = 2π√ ( M2 − M1 ) BH

−−−−−−−−

= 2π√ I+I

(2M−M)BH

−−−−
= 2π√ 2I

MBH

T1 1
∴
T2
= < 1 or T1 < T2
√3

5. (a) capacitance
Q
Explanation: By definition of capacitance, C = V

6.
(d) a helical
Explanation: The charged particle will follow a helical path with its axis parallel to the field. The component vcos 45° of
initial velocity parallel to H will make the particle move along H while the perpendicular component ucos 45° will compel it to
follow a circular path.
7.
(b) 0.628 V
Explanation: Maximum voltage is given by:
e0 = N BAω

but, ω = 2πn = 2 × 3.14 × 0.5

Therefore, e 0 = N BAω = 100 × 0.02 × 0.1 × 2 × 3.14 × 0.5 = 0.628V

8. (a) Lead
Explanation: as Lead is diamagnetic substance.
9. (a) polarisation
Explanation: polarisation
10.
(d) the inverse square law was not exactly true
Explanation: Gauss’s law is based on the inverse square dependence of distance contained in the Coulomb’s law. Any
violation of Gauss’s law will indicate departure from the inverse square law.
11. (a) 0.04 A
Explanation:
Diode D1 is forward biased and offers 50 Ω resistance. Diode D2 is reverse biased and offers infinite resistance. The equivalent
circuit is

Current through the 150Ω resistance,

10
I= 50+50+150

= 10

250
= 0.04 A

12.
(d) 40 cm
fo
L = fo + fe = 44 and |m| = = 10
Explanation: fe

This gives fo = 40cm

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: λ = h

mv

Both proton and electron are moving with same velocity. So, λ ∝ 1

m
. So, the reason is true.
Mass of proton > mass of electron.
So, wavelength of electron > wavelength of proton. So, the assertion is true and reason is the proper explanation of the
assertion.
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
15.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: When d is negligibly small, fringe width p which is proportional to β may become too large. Even a single fringe
may occupy the whole screen. Hence, the pattern cannot be detected.
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Section B
17. a. Microwaves, used in radar systems for aircraft navigation.
b. γ -rays, used in the treatment of malignant tumours.
c. Ultraviolet rays, used in food preservation.
18. As χ is small and positive, the material is paramagnetic.
m

Properties of paramagnetic materials:

i. They are feebly attracted by magnets.
ii. χ is positive and small.
19. Characteristic features of n-type semiconductor:
i. n-type semiconductor is doped with a pentavalent impurity. In it, the electrons are majority carriers and holes are minority
carriers or ne >> nh
 ii. The donor energy level (ED) is slightly below the bottom of (Ec) conduction band. So the electron can easily jump to the
conduction band, with a small supply of energy.

Characteristic features of p-type semiconductor:

i. p-type semiconductor is doped with trivalent impurity atoms. Holes are the majority carriers and electrons are the minority
carriers i.e. nh >> ne
ii. The acceptor energy level is slightly above the valence band EA. Thus, the electron from valence band can easily jump to this
level and holes are formed in the valence band.

20. The wavelengths λ and λ of the first and second lines of the Balmer series are given by
1 1

λ1
= R[
1

2
−
1

2
] =
5

36
R and 1

λ2
= R[
1

2
−
1

2
] =
3

16
R
2 3 2 4

λ1 3 36 27
∴ = × =
λ2 16 5 20

∘
27 27
or λ 1 =
20
× λ2 =
20
× 4861 = 6562A

21. The magnetic field at point P due to the current in wire AB,
= 4 × 10-6 T
μ I −7
4π× 10 ×4
B= 2πr
0
=
2π×0.2

This field acts on the proton normally into the plane of the paper. According to Fleming's left-hand rule, a magnetic force acts on
the proton towards right in the plane of the paper. The magnitude of this force is
F = qvB sin 90o
= 1.6 × 10-19 × 4 × 106 × 4 × 10-6 × 1
= 2.56 × 10-18 N
OR
m = 30.0 g =0.03 kg l = 50 cm = 0.50 m, r = 10.0 mm =0.01 m, g =9.8 ms-2
Force per unit length between two parallel conductors,
μ I1 I2
0
f = ⋅
2π r
μ0 I1 I2 l
∴ Force on a conductor of length l, F =
2π
,
r

When the pan is balanced,

Weight in scale pan = Balancing force
μ
i.e; mg = , ,l
2π
0 I×I

2πmgr 2π×0.03×9.8×0.01
2
I = =
μ0 l −7
4π× 10 ×0.50

= 29400
−−−−−
∴ I = √29400 = 171.46 A

Section C
22. Here P = 2000 W,
Volume of water = 1 litre = 1000 cm3
Mass of water,
m = Volume × density
= 1000 cm3 × 1 g cm-3 = 1000 g
Rise in temperature,
θ = θ2 - θ1 = 100 - 20 = 80°C

Heat gained by water

= mc θ = 1000 × 1 × 80 = 80,000 cal
Let t be the time taken to increase the temperature from 20° to 100°C
 Then total heat produced by heating coil
= Pt = 2000 t joule
Useful heat produced
30 × 2000t
= 80% 2000 t = 100
J

80 × 2000t
= 100 × 4.2
cal

Useful heat produced = Heat gained by water

80 × 2000t

100 × 4.2
= 80000
80000 × 100 × 4.2
or t = 80 × 2000
= 210 S
23. LED is heavily doped p-n junction diode which emits spontaneous radiation in forward baising. The diode is encapsulated with a
transparent cover so that emitted light can come out.
When LED is forward biased the electrons and holes approaches to the junction boundaries and on each recombination of electron
& hole at or near the junction \& hole at or near the junction boundary the LED emits radiation/photon.
Advantages-
i. Low operational voltage and less power
ii. Long life and ruggedness
24. a. Refraction arises through interaction of incident light with the atomic constituents of matter. Atoms may be viewed as
oscillators which take up the frequency of the external agency causing forced oscillations. Thus the frequency of refracted
light equals the frequency of incident light.
Alternatively
Frequency is the characteristic of the source of light. So it remains unaffected. But λ depends on refractive index (μ) of the
medium as-
λo
λm = μ

b. Infrared/ Microwaves/ Radio waves

Uses of Infrared rays (any two)
(i)​​Remote control
(ii) Green house effect
(iii) Photography in foggy condition
(iv) To reveal secret writings
(v) Infrared lamps
Uses of Microwaves (any two)
(i) Radar System
(ii) Geostationary satellite
(iii) Microwave ovens
Uses of Radiowaves (any two)
(i) TV transmission
(ii) Radio broadcast
(iii) Mobile transmission
25. Let us consider the cases before and after β -decay
Before β -decay; if the neutron was at rest. Hence, En = mnc2, pn = 0
After β -decay; pn = pp + pe
or. 0 = pp + pe ⇒ |pp| = |pe| = p.......(1)
1

Also, energy of proton Ep = (m 2 4

pc + pp c )
2 2
2

1 1

energy of electron Ee = (m 2 4
ec
2
+ pp c )
2
2 = (me c
2 4 2 2
+ pe c ) 2 from (1) st we get ,
Now applying conservation of energy,
1 1
2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
(mp c + p c ) = (me c + p c ) = mn c

mpc2 = 936 MeV, mnc2 = 938 MeV and mec2 = 0.51 MeV

since, the energy difference between n and p is small, pc will be small, pc < < < mpc2, while pc may be greater than mec2
2 2

= mnc2 − pc
p c
2
⇒ mp c +
2 4
2mp c
 To first order pc = mnc2 - mpc2 = 938 MeV - 936 MeV = 2 MeV
This gives the momentum of proton or neutron. Then,
1
−−−− −−−−
Ep = (m 2 4
pc + p c )
2 2 2
2 2
= √936 + 2 = 936 MeV
1 −−−−−−−−−−
Ee = (m 2 4
ec + p c )
2 2
2 = √(0.51)
2 2
+ 2 = 2.06 MeV

26. i. Only those orbits are stable for which the angular momentum of revolving electron is an integral multiple of ( h

2π
) where h is
the planck's constant.
According to Bohr's second postulate
mvrn = n ⇒ 2π rn =
2π
h nh

mv

h h
But mv
= p
= λ (By de Broglie hypothesis)
∴ 2π rn = nλ
ii. For third excited state, n = 4
For ground state, n = 1
Hence possible transitions are
ni= 4 to nf = 3, 2, 1
ni = 3 to nf = 2, 1
ni = 2 to nf = 1

Total number of transitions = 6

EC - EB = ...(i) hc

λ1

EB - EA = hc

λ2
...(ii)
EC - EA = hc

λ3
...(iii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
hc hc
EC - EA = λ1
+ λ2
...(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), we have
hc

λ3
= +
hc

λ1
⇒ = hc

λ2
+
1

λ3
1

λ1
1

λ2

λ1 λ2
λ3 = λ1 + λ2

27. In single slit diffraction, first minimum occurs at

a sin θ = λ or sin θ = λ

a
λ
As λ << a, so θ ≃ sin θ = a

The angular width of the central maximum is

2λ
ϕ = 2θ =
a
ϕ λ2
2
∴ =
ϕ1 λ1
 ∘
ϕ 70
or λ 2 =
ϕ1
2
⋅ λ1 =
100
× 6000 = 4200 A [∵ ϕ = 70% of ϕ ]
2 1

When the apparatus is immersed in the liquid, the decrease in angular width is the same. This indicates that the wavelength of
∘

light in the liquid is also 4200 A.

μ= =
λ

λ
= 1.43 6000

4200
l

28. The magnetic field in loop varies position 'x' of loop and also with time simultaneously. Side of the square loop, s = 12 cm = 0.12
m
Area of the square loop, A = 0.12 × 0.12 = 0.0144 m2
Velocity of the loop, v = 8 cm/s = 0.08 m/s
Gradient of the magnetic field along negative x-direction,
dB −3 −1 −1 −1
= 10 Tcm = 10 Tm
dx

And, rate of decrease of the magnetic field,

dB −3 −1
= 10 Ts
dt

Resistance of the loop, R = 4.5 mΩ = 4.5 × 10-3Ω

dϕ
The induced e.m.f produced due to magnetic field with time T: e1 = dt
=A dB

dt

e1 = 1.44 × 10-5 V
dϕ
Rate of change of the magnetic flux with distance X: e2 = dt
= A×
dB

dx
× v

= 1152 × 10 = 11.52 × 10-5 V

−4
× 10
−3

Since the rate of change of the flux is the induced emf, the total induced in the loop can be calculated as:
−5 −5
e = 1.44 × 10 + 11.52 × 10

−5
= 12.96 × 10 V

∴ Induced current, i = e

R
−5
12.96×10
=
−3
4.5×10
−2
i = 2.88 × 10 A

Hence, the direction of the induced is such that there is an increase in the flux through the loop along the positive z-direction.
OR
a. Take a small element dy in the loop at a distance y from the long straight wire (as shown in the given figure).

Magnetic flux associated with element day, dϕ = BdA

Where,
dA = Area of element dy = a dy
B = Magnetic field at distance y
μ0 I
=
2πy

I = current in the wire

μ0 = Permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 T mA-1
μ Ia dy
0
∴ dϕ =
2π y

μ Ia dy
0
ϕ = ∫
2π y

y tends from x to a + x
a+x
μ Ia dy
0
∴ ϕ = ∫
2π y
x

μ0 Ia a+x
= [loge y]
2π x

μ la a+x
0
= loge ( )
2π x

For mutual inductance M, the flux is given as:

ϕ = MI
 μ0 Ia
∴ MI =
2π
log (
e
a

x
+ 1) thus by compairing the equations we get,
μ0 a a
M = log ( + 1)
2π e x

μ I
b. Emf induced in the loop, e = B'av = ( 0

2πx
) av

Given,
I = 50 A
x = 0.2 m
a = 0.1 m
v = 10 m/s
−7
4π× 10 ×50×0.1×10
e=
2π×0.2

−5
e = 5 × 10 V

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In an electromagnetic wave both the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation, that is why
electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. Electromagnetic waves carry energy as they travel through space and this energy
is shared equally by the electric and magnetic fields. Energy density of an electromagnetic waves is the energy in unit volume of
the space through which the wave travels.
(i) (c) E⃗ × B⃗
Explanation: Electromagnetic waves propagate in the direction of E
​ ⃗ × B⃗ .
(ii) (a) photon
Explanation: Photon is the fundamental particle in an electromagnetic wave.
(iii) (c) polarisation
Explanation: Polarisation establishes the wave nature of electromagnetic waves.
OR
(c) in phase and perpendicular to each other
Explanation: The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave are in phase and perpendicular to each
other.
(iv) (a) frequency
Explanation: Frequency ν remains unchanged when a wave propagates from one medium to another. Both
wavelength and velocity get changed.
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
dq
Surface charge density is defined as charge per unit surface area of surface charge distribution. i.e., σ = dS
. Two large, thin metal
plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces, the plates have surface charge densities of opposite signs having
magnitude of 17.0 × 10-22 Cm-2 as shown. The intensity of electric field at a point is E =
σ

ε0
, where ε = permittivity of free
0

space.

(i) (d) zero

Explanation: There are two plates A and B having surface charge densities, σ = 17.0 × 10
A C/m2 on B,
−22

respectively. According to Gauss' theorem, if the plates have same surface charge density but having opposite signs,
then the electric field in region I is zero.
EI = EA + EB = σ

2ε0
+ (−
σ

2ε0
) =0

(ii) (a) zero

Explanation: The electric field in region III is also zero.
EIII = EA + EB = 2ε0
σ
+ (−
2ε0
σ
) =0
 (iii) (a) 1.9 × 10-10 N/C
Explanation: In region II or between the plates, the electric field.
EII = EA - EB = +
2ε0
σ

2ε0
σ

σ( σA or σB ) −22

= ε0
=
17.0×10

−12
8.85×10

E = 1.9 × 10-10 NC-1

(iv) (d) 1 : 1
Explanation: Since, electric field due to an infinite-plane sheet of charge does not depend on the distance of
observation point from the plane sheet of charge. So, for the given distances, the ratio of E will be 1 : 1.
OR
(a) cylindrical
Explanation: In order to estimate the electric field due to a thin finite plane metal plate, we take a cylindrical cross-
sectional area A and length 2r as the gaussian surface.
Section E

31. i.

The complete derivation of the lens maker formula is described below. For refraction at surface ABC, we have
μ2 μ1 μ2 − μ1

v1
−
u
=
R1
...(i) (Here μ 2, μ1 are the refractive index of the material )
For refraction at surface ADC, we have
μ μ μ −μ

v
1
−
2

v1
=
1

R2
2
...(ii)
Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get
μ μ

v
1
−
u
1
= (μ 2 − μ1 ) [
R1
1
−
R2
1
]

(μ − μ )
1

v
−
1

u
=[ 2

μ1
1
][
1

R1
−
R2
1
] ...(iii)
If the object is placed at infinity (u=∞ ), the image will be formed at the focus, i.e. v = f
Therefore
1

f
−
1

∞
= (μ21 − 1) [
R1
1
−
R2
1
] ...(iv)
From eq. (iii) and (iv), we have
1 1 1
− =
v u f

This is Lens maker formula.

ii. For refraction at convex lens, we have

Object distance, u = -12 cm

Image distance, v =?
Forcal length, f = + 10 cm
Using lens formula, we have
1 1 1
− =
v (−12) 10

i.e. v = + 60 cm
Thus, in the absence of a convex mirror, the convex lens will form the image I1, at a distance of 60cm behind the lens. As the
mirror is at a distance of 10cm from the lens, image I1 will be at a distance of (60 - 10) = 50 cm from the mirror, i.e., MI1 = 50
cm.
 Now, as the final image I2 is formed at the object itself, the rays after reflection from the mirror retrace its path, i.e., the rays
on the mirror are incident normally, i.e., I1 is the centre of the mirror so that
R = MI1 = +50 cm
R 50
and f = 2
=
2
= 25 cm
Which is the focal length of the mirror.
OR
We are given a plane mirror XY and let, O be a point object at a distance OP, in front of the plane mirror. A part RPQ of the
wavefront touches the plane mirror at P and from this point, spherical wavefronts start emanating. Whereas disturbance from
R and Q continues moving forward, along with the normal rays OR and OQ, that reflects back v. When, disturbances from R, P,
and Q reach the mirror at A, B' and C respectively, reflected spherical wavefront is formed.

The reflected wavefront AB'C appears to start from I. Hence, I become a virtual image for 0 as a real point object. Draw AN
normal to XY, hence parallel to OP.
Now, OA is the incident ray (being normal to incident wavefront ABC) and AD is the reflected ray (being normal to reflected
wavefront AB'C).
Thus, ∠OAN = ∠DAN = θ [i = r]
But, ∠OAN = alternate ∠AOP
and ∠DAN = corresponding ∠AlP
∴ ∠AOP = ∠AlP

∠AIP = ∠AOP (each θ)

∠AP | = ∠AP O = 90
∘
(each 90o)
AP is common to both
Δ become congruent
s

Hence, PI = PQ
i.e., a normal distance of the image from the mirror = normal distance of the object from the mirror.
Thus, a virtual image is formed as much behind the mirror as the object in front of it.
32. Consider a parallel plate capacitor, area of each plate being -A, the separation between the plates being d. Let a dielectric slab of
dielectric constant K and thickness t < d be placed between the plates. The thickness of air between the plates is (d - t). If charges
on plates are +Q and -Q, then surface charge density
Q
σ =
A

Q
The electric field between the plates in air, E 1 =
σ

ε0
=
ε0 A

σ Q
The electric field between the plates in slab, E 2 =
Kε0
=
Kε0 A

∴The potential difference between the plates

VAB = work done in carrying unit positive charge from one plate to another
= ΣEx (as field between the plates is not constant).
Q Q
= E1(d - t) + E2t = ε0 A
(d − t) +
Kε0 A
t

Q t
∴ VAB = [d − t + ]
ε0 A K

Q Q
∴ Capacitance of capacitor, C = V
=
Q t
AB
(d−t+ )
ε A K
0
 ε0 A ε0 A
or, C = t
=
1
d−t+ d−t(1− )
K K

ε0 A ε0 A
Here, t = d

2
∴ C =
d 1
=
d 1
d− (1− ) (1− )
2 K 2 K

OR
a. Let electric potential is to be determined at a point P lying on the axis of an electric dipole of dipole length 2l at a distance d
from the centre of the dipole as shown in the figure.

q
Potential at P due to +q charge of the dipole = 1

4πε0
⋅
(d−l)

Potential at P due to -q charge of the dipole

1 −q
=
4πε0 (d+l)

Total potential at P due to both the charges of the dipole

q 1 1
= [ − ]
4πε0 (d−l) (d+l)

2l 1 p 1
= q × × = ×
4πε0 2 2 4πε0 2 2
(d −l ) (d −l )

where, the scalar value of dipole moment (p) = q × 2l

If l << d, then neglecting l2 we get, the final value of the electric potential to be, V 1 p
=
4πε0 2
d

b. An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges separated by some distance. Equipotential lines and electric field
are always perpendicular to each other. Equipotential surfaces of a dipole are as shown below:

Potential of points lying on the perpendicular bisector surface will be zero.

33. i. A transformer is a device that changes a low alternating voltage into a high alternating voltage or vice versa. The transformer
works on the principle of mutual induction. A changing alternate current in the primary coil produces a changing magnetic
field, which induces a changing alternating current in the secondary coil.

Energy losses in the transformer:

a. Flux leakage due to poor structure of the core and air gaps in the core.
b. Loss of energy due to heat produced by the resistance of the windings.
c. Eddy currents due to alternating magnetic flux in the iron core, which leads to loss of energy due to heat.
d. Hysterisis, frequent and periodic magnetisation and demagnetisation of the core, leading to loss of energy due to heat.
ii. a. Now,
Ns
N= Np

NS
⇒
100
= 100
⇒ NS = 10000 turns
b. Current in primary is given by,
IPVP = P
⇒ IP = 1100

220
= 5A
 c. Voltage across secondary is given by,
Vs Ns

Vp
=
Np
=N
⇒ VS = 100 × 220 = 22000 V
d. Current in secondary is given by
VSIS = P
⇒ IS = P

Vs
= 1100

22000
= 0.05 A
e. In an ideal transformer,
Power in secondary = Power in primary = 1100 W
OR
i.

Working principle:
Step-down transformer is made up of two or more coil wound on the iron core of the transformer. It works on the principle of
magnetic induction between the coils. Whenever current in one coil changes an emf gets induced in the neighboring coil
(Principle of mutual induction)
Voltage across secondary
dϕ
Vs = es = -Ns dt

Voltage across primary

dϕ
Vp = ep = -Np dt

Vs Ns

Vp
=
Np
(here, Ns > Np)
In an ideal transformer
Power Input - Power output
Ip Vp = Is Vs
Vs Ns Ip
∴ = =
Vp Np Is

ii.

Input power, Pi = Ii × Vi = 15 × 100 = 1500 W

Power output, P0 = Pi × 90

100
= 1350 W
⇒ I0 V = 1350 W
1350
Output voltage, V0 = 3
V = 450 V