INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Introduction
Instructional Material are an important means of making the teaching and learning more effective
and interesting .Instructional Material can be both Audio and Video material. Audio Visual aids involve the
use of use the sense of Hearing and Seeing and hence they have a wide range of possibilities for effective
teaching and learning. However, unless use appropriately and with good planning these aids can defect the
purpose of which they are being used. It has become fashionable to use the CDROM, DVD, print resources
like newspaper, journals, magazines etc, and the science’s center, Exhibitions and then the use of Interactive
Whiteboard, Multimedia. The Teacher needs to explore the full potential of audio visual aids for effective
teaching.
Use of Audio Visual Aids:-
o A use of Audio Visual Aids help the teaching and learning in the following ways.
o It can be used to create curiosity about the topic among the students.
o The students are able to learn with the interest by using visual aids.
o It explains the concept clearly and easily reaches the students.
o It makes lesson lively. It caters to the individual needs and abilities. The teacher should encourage
the people to decorate the classroom with pictures.
Places where Audio Visual should be used:-
The audio visual aids can be used for variety of purpose, such as
Accessing curiosity among students.
Maintaining the interest among students.
For motivating the students.
While introduction the lesson.
Interpreting scientific invention and principles.
For the follow up of a lesson.
Edgar Dale’s cone of Experiences:-
Dale’s cone of experiences is a model that incorporates several theories related to instructional
Design and learning process. During the 1960’[Link] Dale theories that learners retained more
informational by what is “HEART”,”READ” or observed. His research let to the development of the cone of
Experiences. Today this “LEARNING BY DOING” has become known as “EXPERIMENTAL
LEARNING” OR “ACTION LEARNING”.
Dale’s cone of experiences is a visual model that is off eleven (11) stages starting from Concrete
experiences at the bottom of the cone then it becomes more and more abstract as it reach the peak of Cone.
Also according to Dale, the arrangement in the cone is not based on its difficulty but rather based on
abstraction and on the number of senses involve. They experiences in each stages can be mixed and are inter
related that fosters, more meaningful learning.
Direct Experiences:-
John Dewey (1960) made it clever that “And once of experiences is better than bones of
theory”. Learning is enriched and reinforced by active sense experiences by acts of testing doing, doubting
and trying. The direct experiences stimulating and further learning.
Models:-
Models are the dimensional representation of an idea and therefore they are replaces the original
thinking. It helps the learners to understand abstraction and in accessible thus models simply reality. It can
be working or non Working. The teacher should the model of hydrometer while teaching the lesson.
Dramatization:-
Drama is the one of the oldest the most sophisticated experience in our lives, in subject visualizing is
string and attention compelling as search it is not easily forgotten.
Demonstration:-
A Demonstration is a visualized explanation of on important facts, ideas or process. Demonstration
helps to communicate to the organization to the aspect of the special attention to the organization as the way
they work and the way in which they are interested how something is done or shouldn’t be done.
Excursion:-
An Excursion is more abstract because it is more abstract because it is more abstract because it is
more a matter of observing then of doing a meaningful taking of skills and motion pictures.
Motion pictures:
Motion pictures for sketching for all those activity that sharpen an ability to observe and visualized
.It serves as an important to way bridge from the school to the community.
Museum and Exhibits:-
The Museum houses the object material that usually has a take out of the natural that usually have a
take out of the natural setting. The museum visit is an active experience and provides contact with real. It is
an effective path of the total educational environment path of the total educational environment
School Male Display
Bulletin board
Posters
Exhibits
Available in Museum
Television:-
Television has greater advantage of any other media as it is not only conveys the message through
the sound. But also depicts the content with relevant pictures by relational language. Through it is an
interesting aid for teaching. The major drawback of that it is the students or not able to follow any part of the
program. There is no way of replaying it for viewing. It one’s again are interesting and interacting with the
expert for the clarification.
Motion Pictures:-
Motion pictures make use of both sight and sound. It can control the time factor in any operation
are series of events they can enlarge the actual size. They can create reality allow us to see the invisible.
They influence the attitude. They offer satisfying experiences. They develop and understanding abstract
relationship.
Radio and Recording:-
It is listening analytically and critically that primarily consensus us in our teaching. Radio can be
used to bring the voice of an authority into the classrooms. These are either related to the general aspects of
mathematics or to the regular school curriculum.
Still Pictures:-
It brings us close to the point of visual context with reality itself. The Pictures may be either so large
or too small, small pictures are classified into two groups. Projected pictures like over hood Transparencies,
Filmstrips and slides Non Projected Pictures like photographs.
Verbal Symbol:-
A verbal symbol may be a word and idea or any other representation. That can be classified under
verbal symbolism paper back and programmed instructions.
