APPLIED COMPUTER

SIMULATION &
MODELING
IT SEM 7
 Course Overview
Fundamental concepts in modelling and simulation are explored in this
course. An applied approach using practical examples will strengthen the
techniques learned. Topics include: Statistical background for simulation;
system reliability; mathematical description of general dynamic systems;
discrete event; discrete time and continuous time; queuing models; effects
of queue disciplines; factors affecting queue systems; implementation and
management of models; performance evaluation of models; simulation
languages;.
Students will engage in hands-on activities, collaborative projects, and real-world case studies
 Expected Outcome(s)
 Differentiate between dynamic and static models, discrete event and
continuous-time systems.
 Define, explain, and discuss the fundamental elements of discrete-
event simulation including analytical elements, random processes,
random variates, and inputs to simulation.
 Analyze a real-world problem, and apply modelling methodologies to
develop a discrete-event simulation model.
 Interpret and contrast discrete-event techniques for implementing a
solution to a simulation problem.
 References
Suggested Books:

 Simulation Modeling and Analysis (3rd Edition) by Law and Kelton

 Computer Simulation and Modelling by Francis Neelamkavil
 Discrete-Event System Simulation (5th edition) by Jerry Banks, John Carson,
Barry L. Nelson, David Nicol
 Lecture 1:
Introduction to Modeling and Simulation

1) Overview of course objectives and expectations

2) Importance of modeling and simulation
3) Interactive Activity: Group discussion on real-world applications
 Why Does Simulation Matter?

Have you ever wondered how weather forecasts are made? Or

how companies test self-driving cars?
 What is Simulation & Modeling?
Model is:
 A set of equations and algorithms that describe a system's behavior.
 Used to represent a real-world system.
 Models can be physical, mathematical, or computer-based.
i.e:✅ Weather models predict future storms. ✅ Economic models forecast market trends.

Simulation is:
 The process of running a model on a computer.
 Uses the model to analyze system behavior.
Key Differences: One builds a model and then runs a simulation.
 Examples
Aspect Model Simulation
Definition Set of equations & algorithms. Execution of a model.
Purpose Represents a system. Analyzes behavior of the system.
Process Built by researchers. Run to observe results.
Running a program to forecast
Example1 Weather prediction equations.
weather.

Running a model to analyze system

Definition Creating a simplified version of a system.
behavior.
Purpose To represent reality. To test and predict system behavior.
Example2 Blueprint of a car. Crash testing a car using software.
A Brief History of Simulation & Modeling
World War II & the Manhattan Project: The first large-scale deployment of
simulation was during the Manhattan Project to model nuclear detonation. A
Monte Carlo algorithm was used to simulate 12 hard spheres.
Post-War Expansion: Computer simulation evolved as a critical tool in physics,
engineering, and military applications.
Modern Applications: Simulation is now widely used in AI, medicine, finance,
and gaming.
 What is Computer Simulation

 A process of mathematical modeling performed on a computer.

 Designed to predict the behavior or outcome of a real-world
system.
 Helps check the reliability of chosen mathematical models.
 Importance of Computer Simulation
High Industry Demand:
Leading companies like
✅ Explores & Gains New Insights into new technology. Google, Tesla, and NASA use
simulation.
✅ Explores new technology without real-world risks.
✅ Estimates Performance of complex systems that cannot be solved analytically.
✅ Handles complex systems beyond traditional mathematical solutions.
✅ Used in Research & Development for large-scale scientific studies.
✅ Helps in uncertainty quantification (predicting unknown factors).
✅ Optimizes performance in various fields.
✅ Enhances Decision Making in various industries.
 Real-World Applications of Computer Simulation
💻 Physics & Astrophysics: Simulating planetary motion, black hole mergers.
💻 AI & Machine Learning: Training self-driving cars
🌎 Climatology: Predicting climate change effects.
🧪 Chemistry & Biology: Drug interactions, DNA simulations.
🏭 Manufacturing: Optimizing production lines, Engineering and manufacturing (e.g., testing car crash
scenarios, optimizing production).
🏥 Healthcare: Simulating surgeries before real operations ,drug development, patient treatment modeling ,
Simulating disease spread, surgical planning.
🧪 Neuroscience: Mapping the human brain (e.g., Blue Brain Project).
🌎 Military simulations (e.g., battle simulations, defense strategies).
💻 Game Development: Creating realistic physics in video games
🌎 Image: Various industries using simulation
🏥 Finance: Predicting stock market trends
 Types of Models
### 1. **Mathematical Modeling (**)‫النمذجة الرياضية‬
Mathematical modeling involves using mathematical equations, formulas, and algorithms to
represent a system. It is widely used in fields like physics, engineering, economics, and biology.

**Examples:**
- **Flowcharts ( **:)‫المخططات االنسيابية‬Used to represent workflows or processes, such as software
development cycles or business operations.
- **Mind Maps ( **:)‫الخرائط الذهنية‬A visual tool to organize ideas and concepts, often used in
brainstorming sessions.
### 2. **Physical Modeling (**)‫النمذجة المادية‬
Physical modeling involves creating a tangible, scaled-down representation of a system. It is
commonly used in engineering and architecture.

**Examples:**
- **Wind Tunnel Testing ( **:)‫اختبار نفق الرياح‬Engineers use physical models of airplanes or cars
in wind tunnels to study aerodynamic properties and improve designs.
- **Architectural Models ( **:)‫نماذج معمارية‬Architects build physical models of buildings to
visualize and present their designs before construction.
### 3. **Conceptual Modeling (**)‫النمذجة المفاهيمية‬
Conceptual modeling is an abstract representation of a system, often used in the early stages
of system design to outline relationships and processes.

**Examples:**
- **Flowcharts ( **:)‫المخططات االنسيابية‬Used to represent workflows or processes, such as
software development cycles or business operations.
- **Mind Maps ( **:)‫الخرائط الذهنية‬A visual tool to organize ideas and concepts, often used in
brainstorming sessions.
### 4. **Statistical Modeling (**)‫النمذجة اإلحصائية‬
Statistical modeling uses statistical methods to analyze data and make predictions. It is widely
used in data science, economics, and social sciences.

**Examples:**
- **Regression Analysis ( **:)‫تحليل االنحدار‬A statistical model used to predict the relationship
between variables, such as predicting house prices based on features like size and location.
- **Hypothesis Testing ( **:)‫اختبار الفرضيات‬Used to test assumptions about a population, such as
determining if a new drug is effective.
### 5. **Computational Modeling (**)‫النمذجة الحاسوبية‬
Computational modeling involves using computer algorithms and simulations to study
complex systems. It is widely used in fields like computer science, physics, and biology.

**Examples:**
- **Weather Forecasting ( **:)‫تنبؤات الطقس‬Computational models simulate atmospheric
conditions to predict weather patterns.
- **Molecular Dynamics ( **:)‫ديناميكا الجزيئات‬Used to simulate the movement of atoms and
molecules in chemical and biological systems.
### 6. **Agent-Based Modeling (**)‫النمذجة القائمة على الوكالء‬
Agent-based modeling simulates the interactions of individual agents (e.g., people, animals,
or cells) to understand the behavior of the system as a whole.

**Examples:**
- **Traffic Simulation ( **:)‫محاكاة حركة المرور‬Models the behavior of individual drivers to study
traffic flow and congestion.
- **Ecosystem Modeling ( **:)‫نمذجة النظم البيئية‬Simulates the interactions between species in an
ecosystem to study population dynamics.
### 7. **Geometric Modeling (**)‫النمذجة الهندسية‬
Geometric modeling focuses on the spatial representation of objects, often used in
computer graphics, manufacturing, and design.

**Examples:**
- **3D Modeling ( **:)‫النمذجة ثالثية األبعاد‬Used in video games, movies, and product design to
create realistic 3D objects.
- **CAD (Computer-Aided Design) ( **:)‫التصميم بمساعدة الحاسوب‬Engineers use CAD software to
design mechanical parts and structures.
Modeling is a versatile tool that takes many forms depending on the system being studied
and the goals of the analysis. Whether through mathematical equations, physical
prototypes, or computational simulations, modeling allows us to understand and predict the
behavior of complex systems in a structured and efficient manner. By choosing the
appropriate type of modeling, we can tackle real-world problems effectively and make
informed decisions.
 Steps of Modeling & Simulation

1. | Problem Definition
2. | Data Collection
3. | Model Selection
4. | Model Construction
5. | Validation
6. |Analysis & Results |
7. | Documentation
 |[Link] Definition
Key Points:
- Define Problem Scope
- Set clear Objectives
- Identify Stakeholders
 [Link] Collection
Key Points:
- Primary Data: Surveys, experiments
- Secondary Data: Government databases
- Data Preprocessing: Cleaning missing values

Tools:
Python (Pandas), Excel, SQL
 3. Model Selection
3. Model Selection

Key Points:
- Deterministic Models: Fixed equations
- Stochastic Models: Random elements
- Dynamic Models: Time-based changes
 4. Model Construction
Key Points:
- Mathematical Formulation
- Algorithm Design
- Parameters & Variables

Example:
Lotka-Volterra predator-prey equations
 5. Model Validation
Key Points:
- Calibration
- Sensitivity Analysis
- Verification vs Validation
Machine Learning Cross-Validation

Tool:
Machine Learning Cross-Validation
 Analysis & Results
Key Points:
- Simulation Runs
- Output Interpretation
- Visualization Tools
 7. Documentation & Implementation

Key Points:
- Technical Report
- Model Deployment
- Limitations & Future Work

Example:
Stock prediction web application
Review :Types of Computer Simulation
🔹 Deterministic Simulation

Description: Produces the same output for a given input, following fixed mathematical
rules without randomness.

Examples: Physics simulations in engineering, circuit analysis.

Real Example: Simulating projectile motion in space missions.

🔹 Stochastic Simulation

Description: Incorporates randomness, meaning the same input can lead to different
outputs due to probability-based variations.

Examples: Stock market simulations, risk assessment in finance.

Real Example: Simulating customer arrivals at a bank.

Review :Types of Computer Simulation
🔹 Steady-State Simulation

 Description: Examines systems in equilibrium over a long period without transient

effects.

 Examples: Studying power grid stability, air traffic control modeling.

 Real Example: Analyzing the long-term efficiency of a factory assembly line.

🔹 Dynamic Simulation

 Description: Focuses on systems that evolve over time due to changing inputs and
conditions.

 Examples: Climate modeling, population growth analysis.

 Real Example: Simulating the spread of a wildfire in different weather conditions.

Review :Types of Computer Simulation
🔹 Discrete Event Simulation (DES)

 Description: Models systems where changes occur at specific, distinct points in time based on queued events.

 Examples: Supply chain logistics, healthcare patient flow analysis.

 Real Example: Simulating airport security checkpoint operations.

🔹 Continuous Simulation

 Description: Represents systems that change smoothly over time, often using differential equations.

 Examples: Weather forecasting, hydraulic system modeling.

 Real Example: Simulating the aerodynamics of a new airplane design.

🔹 Agent-Based Simulation (ABS)

 Description: Models individual agents (e.g., people, vehicles, cells) that interact based on predefined behaviors.

 Examples: Epidemic modeling, crowd movement analysis.

 Real Example: Simulating the spread of COVID-19 in a city.

Review :Types of Computer Simulation
🔹 Hybrid Simulation
 Description: Combines multiple simulation types (e.g., discrete and
continuous) for a more comprehensive model.
 Examples: Smart city modeling, hospital emergency room planning.
 Real Example: Simulating a power plant, combining electrical flow
(continuous) with equipment failures (discrete).
🔹 Distributed Simulation
 Description: Runs across multiple interconnected computers to simulate
large-scale or geographically distributed systems.
 Examples: Military training simulations, cloud-based AI simulations.
 Real Example: A global climate model running on a supercomputer network.
Discrete Event Simulation (DES)

Lecture on Simulation Modeling –

Basic Concepts and Applications
 What is DES?

• DES: Simulation where state changes at

discrete points in time due to events.
• Events are instantaneous and cause changes
in system state.
 Key Characteristics of DES

Feature Description
‫ ال يتقدم الوقت بشكل مستمر كما‬،
Time jumps from one event ‫ بل يقفز من حدث إلى‬،‫في الواقع‬
Discrete Time
to the next, not continuous. ‫الحدث التالي مباشرة‬
Changes in state occur only ‫نظام المحاكاة ال يغيّر حالته إال‬
Event-Driven at the occurrence of .‫عندما يقع حدث معين‬
specific events. ‫كل شيء في النظام يتحرك أو‬
Often models queues, .‫يتغير فقط عند وقوع حدث‬
Queueing and Resources delays, and resource ‫يحتوي على صفوف انتظار‬
allocation. ،‫ آالت‬،‫وموارد (مثل موظفين‬
Involves randomness (e.g., .)‫طاوالت‬
Stochastic arrival/service times follow ‫ أي أن‬،‫يتضمن عناصر عشوائية‬
probability laws). ‫بعض القيم يتم تحديدها حسب‬
‫قوانين االحتماالت‬
Basic Components of a DES Model

Entities – objects that flow through the system.

Attributes – properties of entities.
Events – cause state changes.
State Variables – represent current system
condition.
Resources – servers, machines, etc.
Queues – hold waiting entities.
Clock – tracks simulation time.
 ‫‪Types of Events‬‬

‫عندما يدخل كيان جديد إلى النظام‬

‫•‬ ‫‪Arrival – entity enters system.‬‬
‫عندما يبدأ مورد (مثل صراف أو آلة) في خدمة كيان‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Start of Service – begins processing.‬‬
‫عندما يغادر كيان النظام بعد انتهاء خدمته‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Departure – entity exits system.‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Breakdown/Repair – affects• resource‬‬
‫الحدث السلبي‪ :‬تعطل مورد (مثل توقف آلة)‪.‬‬
‫‪availability.‬‬ ‫الحدث اإليجابي‪ :‬إصالح المورد وعودته للعمل‪.‬‬
‫‪• Future Event List (FEL) – sorted queue of‬‬
‫‪upcoming events.‬‬
‫قائمة مرتبة زمنيًا تحتوي على جميع األحداث المخطط حدوثها في‬
 Simulation Clock Mechanism

Time progresses by jumping to next event.

Simulation loop:
1. Get next event from FEL.
2. Advance clock.
3. Process event.
4. Schedule future events.
5. Repeat until end.
 Example: Bank Teller System

Entities: Customers
Events: Arrival, Service Start, Service End
Resources: Tellers
Queues: Waiting line
Attributes: Arrival and service times
Goal: Analyze wait time, utilization, etc.
 Tools and Languages for DES

• Simulation Tools: Arena, Simul8, AnyLogic,

FlexSim
• Programming Libraries:
• Python – SimPy
• Java – DESMO-J
• C++ – OMNeT++
 Applications of DES

• Healthcare – patient flow

• Manufacturing – job shop scheduling
• Transportation – airport/traffic systems
• Telecom – packet switching
• Retail/Banking – queue management
 ‫‪10. Advantages & Disadvantages‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪Advantages:‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪- Detailed analysis, randomness, flexibility‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Disadvantages:‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪- Complex, computationally heavy, needs‬‬
‫‪multiple runs‬‬
‫مثال تطبيقي‬ ‫التفصيل‬ ‫الميزة‪/‬العيب‬
‫تحليل تأثير كل عميل في بنك‪.‬‬ ‫يدرس كل حدث بتفصيل دقيق‪.‬‬ ‫✅ تحليل مفصل‬
‫تباين أوقات وصول المرضى‪.‬‬ ‫يدخل عناصر احتمالية (مثل أعطال مفاجئة)‪.‬‬ ‫✅ عشوائية‬
‫اختبار سياسات عمل جديدة‪.‬‬ ‫سهولة تعديل السيناريوهات‪.‬‬ ‫✅ مرنة‬
‫محاكاة شبكة طرق متشابكة‪.‬‬ ‫تحتاج خبرة في النمذجة‪.‬‬ ‫❌ معقدة‬
‫محاكاة مصنع ضخم‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫طويال‪.‬‬ ‫تتطلب وقتًا حاسوبيًا‬ ‫❌ بطيئة‬
‫تقليل هامش الخطأ اإلحصائي‪.‬‬ ‫تحتاج عشرات‪/‬مئات التشغيالت‪.‬‬ ‫❌ تشغيل متكرر‬
 13. Assignment / Activity

• Model a restaurant using DES concepts.

• Identify: Entities, Events, Resources, State
Variables, Queues.
• Use flowchart tools
Mathematical Model
• Understand the concept and importance of
mathematical models
• Learn their components and classifications
• Explore construction and evaluation steps
• Recognize their significance in natural sciences
 Introduction

mathematical model is a mathematical representation

of a real-world system. using mathematical
concepts, equations, and variables. It is used
to analyze phenomena, predict behavior, or optimize
operations
 Elements of a Mathematical Model

- Variables
- Relationships
- Constraints
- Parameters
- Inputs & Outputs
 Classifications of Mathematical Models
Mathematical models vary in form and nature depending on the type of system to be represented. There
are several ways to classify them, each of which helps us choose the most appropriate model for the
desired goal.

1. Linear vs. Non-linear

y=2x+5 Vs y=x2+sin(x) ‫تكون العالقات بين المتغيرات في شكل معادالت خطية (أي الدرجة‬:‫نموذج خطي‬
‫ مميزاته سهل التحليل والحل‬.)‫األولى فقط‬
:‫نموذج غير خطي‬
.)...‫ الدوال المثلثية‬،‫ الجذور‬،‫يحتوي على عالقات غير خطية (مثل القوى‬
.‫ وقد يحتاج إلى تقنيات عددية للحل‬،‫أكثر تعقيدًا‬

-
 ‫‪Classifications of Mathematical Models‬‬
‫‪2. Steady-state vs. Dynamic‬‬ ‫نموذج ثابت (‪Steady-State):‬‬
‫ال يتغير مع الزمن‪ ،‬أي يمثل النظام في حالة توازن أو ثبات‪.‬‬
‫مثال‪:‬‬
‫تحليل دائرة كهربائية مستقرة‪.‬‬
‫نموذج ديناميكي (‪Dynamic):‬‬
‫يتغير مع الزمن‪ ،‬ويشمل مشتقات أو معادالت تفاضلية تصف سلوك النظام بمرور‬
‫الوقت‪.‬‬
‫مثال‪:‬‬
‫حركة جسم يتسارع مع الزمن‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Classifications of Mathematical Models‬‬
‫‪3. Discrete vs. Continuous‬‬ ‫نموذج متقطع (‪Discrete):‬‬
‫يستخدم قي ًما منفصلة (عادة أعداد صحيحة)‪ ،‬يُستخدم في األنظمة التي تتغير على خطوات‬
‫متقطعة‪.‬‬
‫مثال‪:‬‬
‫عدد األشخاص في طابور – ال يمكن أن يكون نصف شخص‪.‬‬

‫نموذج مستمر (‪Continuous):‬‬

‫يحتوي على متغيرات يمكن أن تأخذ أي قيمة داخل مدى معين (مثل الزمن المستمر)‪.‬‬
‫مثال‪:‬‬
‫درجة الحرارة أو الضغط – يمكن أن تأخذ أي قيمة في نطاق معين‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Classifications of Mathematical Models‬‬
‫‪[Link] vs. Stochastic‬‬
‫نموذج حتمي (‪:)Deterministic‬‬
‫يعطي نفس النتائج دائ ًما لنفس المدخالت – ال يوجد عنصر عشوائي‪.‬‬
‫مثال‪:‬‬
‫قوانين نيوتن – إذا عرفت القوة والكتلة‪ ،‬فإن التسارع معروف بدقة‪.‬‬
‫نموذج احتمالي (‪:)Stochastic‬‬
‫يتضمن مكونات عشوائية – النتائج تختلف حتى مع نفس المدخالت‪.‬‬
‫مثال‪:‬‬
‫نموذج الطقس – توجد احتماالت مختلفة للحرارة أو المطر رغم نفس الظروف األساسية‪.‬‬
 Model Construction

Building a mathematical model is a systematic, multi-stage process that begins with understanding the
problem and ends with evaluating the model. This process ensures that the model is accurate, realistic, and
usable for simulation or analysis.
• Problem Definition
• Data Collection
• Choosing Variables & Parameters
• Formulating Relationships & Equations .‫ أو إحصائية حسب نوع النظام‬،‫ اقتصادية‬،‫استخدام قوانين فيزيائية‬
• Model Implementation ‫ الخ‬،‫ البايثون‬،‫تحويل النموذج إلى كود برمجي باستخدام أدوات مثل االكسل‬
• Verification & Validation" These steps may be repeated in a circular fashion – meaning that evaluation may lead to model
modification, recalibration, and so on."
 🌍 The importance of mathematical models in
the natural sciences
Write assignment
It explains the importance of using mathematical models in understanding the natural sciences,
and discusses, with examples, how these models are used to explain, predict, or control scientific phenomena.
Illustrative with two examples
Emulator & Computer Simulation
 Overview

In this lecture, I will be introduced to the concept of emulators – either hardware

or software systems that allow a host computer to imitate the functions of another
computer system (the guest). Emulators are widely used in system development,
software testing, legacy software preservation, and hardware simulation.
 What is an Emulator?

An emulator is a system that mimics another computing system.

It allows one computer (host) to run software or use peripherals
designed for another (guest).
Emulation involves creating a virtual environment that behaves
identically to the original hardware/software system.
 What is an Emulator?

‫شركة‬
Examples: ‫نينتندو‬
•Video game emulators (e.g., NES, PlayStation).
•Mobile OS emulators (Android Emulator for app
development).
•Virtual machines (VMware, VirtualBox).
 Uses of Emulators

•Legacy System Support: Running outdated applications on

modern systems.
•Digital Preservation: Keeping historical software and
environments operational (e.g., old operating systems).
•Educational Tools: Allowing students to interact with older
technologies.
 Emulator Types and Structure

Types of Emulators:
•System Emulators: Emulate entire systems (e.g., VirtualBox).
•Application Emulators: Emulate specific applications or devices.
•Instruction Set Emulators: Focus on CPU instruction
translation.
 Emulator Types and Structure
Types of Emulators:
•System Emulators: Emulate entire systems (e.g., VirtualBox).
•Application Emulators: Emulate specific applications or devices.
•Instruction Set Emulators: Focus on CPU instruction translation.
 Emulator Structure Elements

1- Memory Subsystem & CPU Simulator

CPU Simulator: Emulates the behavior of a processor, executing instructions,
handling registers, etc.
Memory Subsystem: Emulates RAM/ROM, addressing, memory-mapped I/O.

Used for:
Instruction testing
Program debugging
Teaching computer architecture
 Emulator Structure Elements
2-Input/Output (I/O)
Emulation of keyboard, mouse, screen, printers, storage
devices, etc.
Its Necessary to interact with the emulated system just like real
hardware.
Its Useful for UI testing, device driver development.
 Emulator Structure Elements
3-Peripheral Emulation

Its refers to mimicking the behavior of external hardware devices

connected to the computer, such as printers, disk drives, network cards,
or game controllers.
This allows software designed for specific hardware peripherals to work
even when the actual devices are unavailable.
 The current and future applications?
Area Current Application Future Application
Full immersive virtual worlds ‫عوالم افتراضية كاملة‬
Games Running retro games
(Metaverse) Metaverse)(
‫عمليات عن بُعد‬
Medicine Simulated surgeries Remote robotic operations
‫بواسطة روبوتات‬
Robot testing Fully simulated smart ‫مصانع ذكية تعمل‬
Industry
environments factories ‫بالكامل عبر المحاكاة‬
Malware analysis and Self-learning AI security ‫أنظمة حماية ذاتية‬
Security
forensics systems ‫التعلم‬
 Real-World Example: Gaming Emulator
One of the most popular real-world uses of emulators is in the video game industry.
Classic games from old consoles like the Nintendo Entertainment System
(NES) or Sony PlayStation can no longer run on modern hardware due to
changes in technology. However, emulators like RetroArch or PCSX2
recreate the environment of these old consoles, allowing modern PCs and
mobile devices to run these games.
 Real-World Example: Network Simulator in
Teaching
Computer Networking
One real-world example of emulator use in education is Cisco Packet
Tracer, a simulation tool that emulates a network environment. Students
use it to build, configure, and troubleshoot virtual networks using
simulated routers, switches, and end devices—without needing expensive
hardware.
Benefits in Education
1. Cost-Efficiency: University avoid purchasing physical routers and switches.
2. Safe Learning: Students can experiment without risking real systems.
3. Remote Learning: Emulators allow labs and exercises to be conducted from
anywhere.
4. Scalable Practice: Students can build networks as large or as simple as needed.

Future Application Prediction

In the future, classroom emulators may evolve into AR/VR-based labs, where
students walk through a virtual server room, plug cables, and configure routers in 3D
environments. This will enhance engagement, spatial learning, and real-time
simulation of network failures and repairs
 Real-World Example: ???

Write assignment
One of the most popular real-world uses of emulators and
computer simulator