Welding Processes

Er.S.A.Jeurkar

B.E.(Metallurgy), M.E.(Mechanical), D.B.M., Dip. in NDT

Chartered Engineer

‘saj Consultancy Services’

Sunday, January 15, 2023 Er.S.A.Jeurkar 1

 Syllabus

• Introduction to Joining Processes

• Welding Processes
• Classification of welding Processes
• Arc Welding
• Welding Rod selection
• TIG welding and MIG welding
• Submerged Arc welding
• Gas Welding
• Resistance welding
• Brazing and Soldering
 Definition
• The welding is a process of joining two similar or
dissimilar metals by fusion, with or without the
application of pressure and with or without the use
of filler metal.

• The fusion of metal takes place by means of heat.

The heat may be obtained from electric are,
electric resistance, chemical reaction, friction or
radiant energy.
 Classification of welding
In general, various welding and allied processes are classified as follows :

Gas Welding
• Air-acetylene welding .
• Oxyacetylene welding .
• Oxy-hydrogen welding .
• Pressure gas welding.

Arc Welding
• Carbon arc welding
• Shielded metal arc welding
• Flux cored arc welding
• Submerged arc welding
• TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding. (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding)
• MIG (Metal Inert Gas) or GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding)
• Plasma arc welding
• Electro slag welding
• Electro gas arc welding
• Stud arc welding.
Resistance Welding
• Spot welding
• Seam welding
• Projection welding
• Resistance butt welding
• Flash butt welding
• Percussion welding
• High frequency resistance welding.
Solid State Welding
• Cold welding
• Diffusion welding
• Explosive welding
• Forge welding
• Friction welding
• Hot pressure welding
• Roll welding
• Ultrasonic welding
Thermo-chemical welding processes
• Thermit welding
• Atomic hydrogen welding
Radiant Energy Welding Processes
• Electron beam welding
• Laser beam welding
 COMMONLY WELDED BASE METALS

Ferrous materials
Wrought iron
• Cast iron
• Cast steels
• Alloy steels
• Stainless steels
• Carbon steels (low, medium and high carbon steels)

Non-ferrous materials
• Aluminum and its alloys
• Copper and its alloys
• Magnesium and its alloys
• Nickel and its alloys
• Zinc and its alloys etc.
ADVANTAGESOF WELDING
• A good weld is as strong as the base metal.
• A large no. of metals/alloys can be joined by welding .
• Repair by welding is very easy .
• Welding can be easily mechanized .
• Portable welding equipment is available .
• General welding equipment is not very costly .
• Total joining cost is less in case of welding joint.

DISADVANTAGESOF WELDING
• Welding produces the harmful radiation, fumes and spatter .
• A skilled welder is required .
• Welding heat produces metallurgical changes .
• Cost of equipment (initial cost) is high .
• Edge preparation is required before welding .
• More safety devices are required .
• Jigs and fixtures are required to hold the parts to be welded.
APPLICATIONSOF WELDING
• Automobile construction.
• Railroad equipment.
• Ships.
• Aircraft construction.
• Building construction.
• Bridges construction.
• Pressure vessels.
• Storage tanks.
• Piping and pipe lines.
• Fabrication of jigs, fixtures and machine tools.
• Repair of broken and damaged parts.
• Household furniture.
• Material handling equipments etc.
The following are the five basic types of joints commonly
used in fusion welding
(a)Lap Joint (b) Butt Joint(c) Corner Joint (d) Edge Joint(e)
T-Joint
 ARC WELDING INTRODUCTION

Arc welding is widely used method of joining the metal parts. Here the source of heat is
an electric arc. Arc welding is a group of welding processes wherein heating is
produced with an electric arc or arcs, mostly without the application of pressure and
with or without the use of filler metal, depending upon the base plate thickness.
Various arc welding processes are :
• Carbon-arc welding
• Flux shielded metal arc welding
• TIG(GTAW) welding
• MIG (GMAW) welding
• Submerged arc welding
• Electroslag welding
• Electrogas welding
• Plasma arc welding

ARC WELDING PRINCIPLE

In arc welding, arc is generated between the positive pole of D.C. (direct current) called
anode and negative pole of D.C. called cathode. When these two poles are brought
together, and separated for a small distance (1.5 to 3 mm) such that the current
continues to flow through a path of ionized particles, called plasma, an electric arc is
formed. Since the resistance of this ionized gas column is high, so more ions will flow
from anode to the cathode. Heat is generated as the ions strike the cathode.
 Flux Shielded Metal Arc Welding MMAW

In this arc welding process, welding heat is produced from an electric arc set up
between a flux coated electrode and the work piece. The electrode is consumable
so supplies the necessary filler metal. The covering on the electrode serves the
purpose of flux. During the welding process, the metal electrode is melted by the
heat of the arc and fuses with the work piece. The temperature produced by the
heat is about 2400°C to '2700°C. The arc temperature and thus the arc heat can be
increased or decreased by employing higher or lower arc currents. A high current
arc with a smaller arc length produces a very intense heat. Both D.C. and A.C. may
be used. For current over 750 amperes, A.C. equipment is preferred as it has high
efficiency, negligible loss at peak load and minimum maintenance.
Striking the Arc
Arc between the electrode and workpiece is generally struck either by momentarily touching the
electrode with the workpiece or by using high frequency unit and when the arc starts, the electrode is
taken away at a predetermined distance (arc length) for doing welding.

Welding the Joint

Once the arc has been established and the arc length adjusted, the electrode is inclined
to an angle of approx. 20 degrees with the vertical. Arc gap should be maintained constant. The bead
width can be increased by employing higher arc current, lower arc travel speeds and by suitably
weaving the electrode. Before using the fresh electrode (new) the bead should be properly cleaned.
After completing the weld, the slag is chipped off and weld bead is cleaned with a wire brush.

Advantages
The welding equipment is 'simple, less costly, and portable .Welding can be carried out in any position
with highest weld qualities .Wide varieties of electrodes are available .Total welding cost is less.

Disadvantages
The length of each electrode is limited and when new electrode is used, proper cleaning
has to be done which decreases the welding speed. Welding control is difficult as compared to MIG
welding .If the covering absorbs moisture, this moisture causes the porosity defect.
Because of flux coating, chances of slag entrapment are more.

Applications
It is used both as a fabrication process and for maintenance and repair jobs. ,
It is also used in ship buildings, pipe lines, buildings and bridges construction, tanks, boilers,
automotive and aircraft industries etc.
TUNGSTEN INERT GAS (TIG) OR GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (GTAW)
In this arc welding process, welding heat is produced from an electric arc established
between the tungsten electrode and the job. A shielding gas (argon, helium, nitrogen etc.) is
used to avoid atmospheric contamination of the molten weld pool. Filler metal, if required is
fed separately.
Shielding Gases Argon is normally preferred over helium because it requires a lower arc
voltage, easier arc starting and provides a smooth arc action. It is also economical and
heaviest. Helium can withstand the higher arc voltage so it is used where higher heat input is
required. Sometimes active gas carbon dioxide is also 'used as it is more economical. It
requires slightly higher current. It is normally used with' only D./C. with +ve electrode.
Whereas both argon and helium can be used with A.C. as well as D.C. welding power source.
Operation
This process uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode, which is mounted in a special
electrode holder. This holder is also designed to furnish a flow of inert gas around the
electrode and around the arc. Welding operation is done by striking an arc between the
workpiece and tungsten electrode in an atmosphere, of inert gas. The arc is struck either by
touching the electrode with a scrap metal tungsten piece or using a high frequency unit. After
striking the arc, it is allowed to impinge on the job and a molten weld pool is created. The
welding torch and the filler metal are generally kept inclined at angles of 70-80 degree and
10-20 degree respectively with the flat workpiece. Filler metal, if required should be added by
dipping the filler rod in the weld pool. When doing so, the tungsten electrode should be taken
a little away from weld pool.
However the heated end of filler rod as well as the electrode' should be within the inert gas
shield. Both D.C. and A.C. power source can be used.
Equipment
• Welding torch, tungsten electrode and filler metal.
• Welding power source, high frequency unit, D.C. suppressor unit
and cable .
• Inert gas cylinder, pressure regulator and flow meter .
• Cooling water supply .
• Water and gas solenoid valves.

Polarities
DCSP (Direct Current Straight Polarity). Tungsten electrode (-ve),
work (+ve) used for
mild steel, stainless steel, copper and titanium.
DCRP (Direct Current Reverse Polarity). Tungsten electrode (+ve),
work (-ve) used for
welding aluminum and heavily oxidized aluminum castings.
ACHF (Alternating Current High Frequency). It is used for AI and
Mg. High frequency
also helps in oxide cleaning actions.
Advantages :
• No flux is used so no danger of flux entrapment.
• Clear visibility of the arc, so better control.
• It can weld in all positions .
• High quality welding of thin materials (as thin as 0.125 mm).
• Heat affected zone is very less .
• Unlike metals can be welded to each other like mild steel to stainless steel, brass to
copper etc.

Disadvantages :
• Tungsten, if transfers can contaminate the weld pool.
• Filler rod end if by chance comes out of the inert gas shield can cause weld metal
contamination .
• Equipment costs are higher than flux shielded metal arc welding .
• Electrode is non-consumable, so separate filler rod is needed, so there is decrease in
welding speed.

Applications :
• Welding of carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, magnesium, brass, copper,
bronze, titanium etc .
• Welding of sheet metal and thinner sections .
• Used in aircrafts, rocket motor chambers, transistor cases, and instrument industries.
 METAL INERT GAS (MIG) OR GAS METAL ARC WELDING (GMAW)

In this welding process, welding heat is produced from an electric arc established
between the continuously fed metal electrode and the job. Argon, helium, carbon
dioxide or a gas mixture shields the arc and molten metal from atmospheric
contamination.

Operation
The typical set up for GMAW process is shown in Fig. The consumable electrode
is in the form of a wire reel, which is fed at a constant rate, through the feed
rollers. The welding torch is connected to the gas supply cylinder, which provides
the necessary inert gas. The electrode and the work pieces are connected to the
welding power supply. The power supplies are generally of the constant voltage
type only. The current from the welding machine is changed by changing the rate
of feeding of the electrode wire. Normally DC arc welding machines are used for
GMAW with electrode positive (DCRP). DCRP increases the metal deposition
rate and also provides a stable arc and smooth electrode metal transfer.
For semi-automatic process, arc length is maintained constant by using the
principles I
self-adjusted arc or self-controlled arc.
Advantages
GMAW does not require the high degree of operator skill. Continuous welding at higher
speeds and in all positions with deeper penetration is possible .Thick and thin, both types of
work pieces can be welded effectively .The process can be easily mechanized .Since no flux
is used so more visibility, neatness, cleanliness, spatter free weld.
Disadvantages
Welding equipment is more complex and more costly .The metallurgical and mechanical
properties of the joint may. be affected due to high cooling rate .It is difficult to weld in
small corners .Process variables are more.
Applications
It is suitable for welding variety of ferrous and non-ferrous metals .Metal fabrication
industries, ship buildings, automobiles, pressure vessel industries etc .Welding tool steels
and dies.
Submerged Arc Welding
 SUBMERGED ARC WELDING (SAW)
In this welding process, welding heat is produced from an electric arc or arcs set up
between bare metal electrode/electrodes and the job. The arc, end of the electrode
and molten pool remain completely hidden and are invisible because these are
submerged under a granular material (flux). The continuously fed bare metal
electrode melts and acts as filler rod. The submerged arc welding is used for doing
faster welding jobs. It is possible to use large welding electrodes (12 mm), no. of
electrodes and very high current (4000 A) so that very high metal deposition rates of
the order of 20 kg/hr or more can be achieved with this process. Also, very high
welding speeds (5 m/min) are possible in SAW. These machines are able to weld
plates of thickness as high as 75 mm in butt joint in a single pass but it is more
economical for larger welds only.

Operation
Since the flux when cold is non-conductor of electricity and it is placed (flux) over
the job. So the arc is struck either by touching the electrode with the job or placing
steel wool between electrode and job or by using a high frequency unit. Initially the
flux is insulator but once it melts due to heat of the arc, it becomes highly
conductive and hence the current flow is maintained between the electrode and the
job through the molten flux. The upper portion of the flux, which is visible, remains
solid and can be reused. In semi-automatic process, arc length is kept constant
by self-adjusted principle. Backing plate may be used to control penetration and to
support amount of molten metal.
Advantages
• Operator is not exposed to usual spatter and can work without helmet and other safety
equipments .
• Fewer passes are required due to deep penetrations and more deposition rates .
• It is much faster .
• No edge preparation is required .
• Less distortion .
• Very neat appearance and smooth weld shapes can be obtained .
• It is often used in automotive mode.
Disadvantages
Since the arc, end of the electrode remains completely hidden so jigs, fixtures, accessories
and pointers are required to ensure proper welding at the joint.
• The needs pre placing which is not always possible .
• It is not economical for smaller welds and for thin pieces .
• Welding equipment is costly .
• Flux consumption is very much .
• It is limited to welding in flat position only .
• Cast iron, AI alloys, Mg alloys cannot be welded by this process.
Applications
• Welding of bridge girders, railroads, structural shapes, pressure vessels, pipes am
structure of railway coaches and locomotives .
• Ship buildings, automotive industries, nuclear power industries etc .
• Welding metals like mild steel, low alloy steels etc.
 OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING

Principle of operation
When acetylene is mixed with oxygen in correct proportions in the welding torch and ignited.
The flame is produced which is sufficiently hot to melt and join the parent metal.
Temperature of flame is about 3100°C. A filler rod is generally added to build up the seam
for greater strength.
Types of flames
1 Neutral flame
A neutral flame is produced when oxygen to acetylene ratio is 1.1 to 1.
The temperature is of the order of about 5900°F (32000C).The flame has nicely defined inner
cone (light blue in colour) and is surrounded by outer envelope which is dark blue in colour
than the inner cone. It is called neutral because it will not oxidize or carburise the metal. It is
used for welding of Mild steel, Stainless steel, Copper, Cast iron, Aluminium
2. Oxidizing flame
After the neutral flame, if the supply of oxygen is further increased, the result will be an
oxidizing flame .Its inner cone is more pointed, outer flame envelope is much shorter .It burns
with a loud roar .The temperature is of the order of about 6300°F (because of excess O2 so
complete combustion takes place) .This flame is harmful for steels, because it oxidizes the
steels .Only in the welding of copper and copper. based alloys, oxidizing flame is desirable,
because in those cases a thin protective layer of slag forms over the molten metal
3. Reducing flame
If the volume of oxygen supplied to the neutral flame is reduced, the resulting flame will be a
carburising or reducing flame i.e. rich in acetylene .
In this flame, acetylene feather exists between the inner cone and outer envelope .
Temperature is of the order of about 5500 OF (less because it does not completely
Consume available carbon) .Metals that tend to absorb carbon should not be welded with
reducing flame .Carburizing flame contains more acetylene than a reducing flame.
Carburizing flame is used for the welding of lead and for carburizing (surface
hardening)purposes .Reducing flame is used with low alloy steel rod for welding high carbon
steel.
Advantages of Gas Welding
1. It can be applied to a wide variety of manufacturing and maintenance situations.
2. Rate of heating and cooling of weld deposit and job is slow.
3. No electric current is required.
4. Equipment is having less cost.
5. Operator is having better control because sources of ,heat and filler metals are separate.
6. Cost and maintenance of the welding equipment is low.

Disadvantages of Gas Welding

1.Flame temperature is less than the temperature of the arc .
2.Refractory metals (e.g. tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum etc.) and reactive metals (titanium
and zirconium) cannot be gas welded.
3.Gas flame takes a long time to heat up the metal than an arc .
4.Heat affected zone is wider .
5.Acetylene oxygen gases are rather expensive .
6.Storage of gases is not safe. More safety is needed .
7.More skilled operators are needed.

Applications of Gas Welding

It is used for welding of mild steel, stainless steel, copper, cast iron, high carbon steels etc .
For joining thin materials .In automotive and aircraft industries In sheet metal fabricating
plants.
 Resistance Welding
Resistance welding is the joining of metals by applying pressure and passing
current for a length of time through the metal area which is to be joined.
• The key advantage of resistance welding is that no other materials are needed to
create the bond, which makes this process extremely cost effective.
• Resistance welding is generally used to join two plain metal work pieces
together. An electric current is delivered to the metal sheets (or any work pieces
being joined) through weld electrodes which apply force to the sheets. This force
is then converted to heat. The heat is generated so that it melts the metal at the
point where they join – the point of ‘resistance’ between the faying surfaces. The
electrode then extracts heat from the molten weld area which forms a weld
nugget at the point where it solidifies. A force is applied before, during and after
a current is applied, which confines the contact area.
• Types of Resistance Welding
• Resistance Spot Welding. ...
• Resistance Seam Welding. ...
• Resistance Projection Welding. ...
• Resistance Butt Welding. ...
• Flash Butt Welding.
AC supply is used for resistance welding because of the ease and convenience with
which the required high current at a low voltage can be obtained by means of a
transformer. The kVA required for resistance welding, when actually making a weld,
ranges from a few kVA to as much as 1 MVA.
 Advantages of Resistance Limitations of Resistance
Welding welding

• No filler is required\ • High cost of equipment

• Machine is mechanised and • Certain processes can use
no manual skill is required only lap joints
• High production rate • Dimensions and shape
• Suitable for mass scale limitations
production • Welding electrodes are
• Economical difficult to adjust in
• Dissimilar metals can be different angles
joined
• Less distortion and warpage
 Applications of Resistance Welding Processes

Resistance Seam Resistance Resistance Butt

Resistance Spot
Welding Projection and Flash Butt
Welding
Welding Welding

• Sheet metal • Pressure tanks • Cross welding • Welding of

products • Oil switches of wires and Nonferrous
• Attaching • Transformers mesh bars, rods,
handles to S.S • Refrigerators • manufacturing wires
cookware • Evaporators and for fence Guard • Steel rails
• Automobile Condensers wires • Automobile
Body • Aircraft tanks Body
• Paint and construction,
varnish Axles, Wheels,
containers • Frames, Motor
frames, Barrels
and floats
 Brazing
PRINCIPLE OF BRAZING
In case of brazing joining of metal pieces is done with the help of filler metal.
Filler metal is melted and distributed by capillary action between the faying
surfaces of the metallic parts being joined. In this case only filler metal melts.
There is no melting of work piece metal. The filler metal (brazing metal) should
have the melting point more than 450 degree. Its melting point should be lesser
than the melting point of work piece metal. The metallurgical bonding between
work and filler metal and geometric constrictions imposed on the joint by the work
piece metal make the joint stronger than the filler metal out of which the joint has
been formed.

BRAZING PROCESSES
All the processes covered here can also be applied to soldering processes. These
common processes are being described below.

Torch Brazing
In case of torch brazing, flux is applied to the part surfaces and a torch is used to
focus flame against the work at the joint. A reducing flame is used to prevent the
oxidation. Filler metal wire or rod is added to the joint. Torch uses mixture of two
gases, oxygen and acetylene, as a fuel like gas welding.
Furnace Brazing
In this case, furnace is used to heat the workpieces to be joined by brazing operation. In
medium production, usually in batches, the component parts and brazing metal are loaded
into a furnace, heated to brazing temperature, and then cooled and removed. If high
production rate is required all the parts and brazing material are loaded on a conveyer to
pass through then into a furnace. A neutral or reducing atmosphere is desired to make a good
quality joint.
Induction Brazing
Induction brazing uses electrical resistance of workpiece and high frequency current induced
into the same as a source of heat generation. The parts are pre-loaded with filler metal and
placed in a high frequency AC field. Frequencies ranging from 5 to 5000 kHz is used. High
frequency power source provides surface heating, however, low frequency causes deeper
heating into the workpieces. Low frequency current is recommended for heavier and big
sections (workpieces). Any production rate, low to high, can be achieved by this process.
Dip Brazing
In this case heating of the joint is done by immersing it into the molten soft bath or molten
metal bath. In case of salt bath method, filler metal is pre-loaded to the joint and flux is
contained in to the hot salt bath. The filler metal melts into the joint when it is submerged
into the hot bath. Its solidification and formation of the joint takes place after taking out the
workpiece from the bath. In case of metal bath method, the bath contains molten filler metal.
The joint is applied with flux and dipped to the bath. Molten filler metal, fills the joint
through capillary action. The joint forms after its solidification after taking it out from
molten metal bath. Fast heating is possible in this case. It is recommended for making
multiple joints in a single workpiece or joining multiple pairs of workpieces simultaneously.
Flux
• In the case of brazing operations not contained within an inert or reducing
atmosphere environment (i.e. a furnace),
• flux is required to prevent oxides from forming while the metal is heated. The flux
also serves the purpose of cleaning any contamination left on the brazing surfaces.
• Flux can be applied in any number of forms including flux paste, liquid, powder
or pre-made brazing pastes that combine flux with filler metal powder. Flux can
also be applied using brazing rods with a coating of flux, or a flux core.
• In Phosphorus-containing brazing alloys can be self-fluxing when joining copper
to copper.

Filler materials
• A variety of alloys are used as filler metals for brazing depending on the intended
use or application method.
• In general, braze alloys are made up of 3 or more metals to form an alloy with the
desired properties.
• Some of the more common types of filler metals used are Aluminum-silicon
,Copper ,Copper-silver, Copper-zinc (brass),Gold-silver, Nickel alloy, Silver
Amorphous brazing foil using nickel, iron, copper, silicon, boron, phosphorus,
etc.
 Applications of Brazing

A brazing preform is a high quality, precision metal

stamping used for a variety of joining applications in
• manufacturing electronic devices and systems.
• Typical brazing preform uses include attaching electronic
circuitry, packaging electronic devices, providing good
thermal and electrical conductivity, and providing an
interface for electronic connections.
• Square, rectangular and disc shaped brazing preforms are
commonly used to attach electronic components
containing silicon dies to a substrate such as a printed
circuit board.
• to attach lead wires and hermetic feed-through to
electronic circuits and packages.
• Some preforms are also used in diodes, rectifiers,
optoelectronic devices and components packaging.
 Soldering
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by
melting and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a
lower melting point than the workpiece. Soldering differs from welding in that
soldering does not involve melting the work pieces. In brazing, the filler metal
melts at a higher temperature, but the workpiece metal does not melt. Formerly
nearly all solders contained lead, but environmental concerns have increasingly
dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes.
Applications
Soldering is used in plumbing, in electronics and metalwork from flashing to
jewelry. as well as joints in
• sheet metal objects such as food cans, roof flashing, rain gutters and
automobile radiators.
• Jewelry components and machine tools
• refrigeration and plumbing components are often assembled and repaired by
the higher temperature silver soldering process.
• Small mechanical parts are often soldered or brazed as well. Soldering is also
used to join lead came and copper foil in stained glass work. It can also be
used as a semi-permanent patch for a leak in a container or cooking vessel.
• Electronic soldering connects electrical wiring and electronic
components to printed circuit boards (PCBs).
Solders
• In electronics assembly, the eutectic alloy of 63% tin and 37% lead (or
60/40, which is almost identical in melting point) has been the alloy of
choice.
• Other alloys are used for plumbing, mechanical assembly, and other
applications.
• Some examples of soft-solder are tin-lead for general purposes,
• tin-zinc for joining aluminum,
• tin-silver and tin-bismuth for electronics.

Fluxes for soft solder are currently available in three basic formulations:
• Water-soluble fluxes - higher activity fluxes designed to be removed with
water after soldering (no VOCs required for removal).
• No-clean fluxes - mild enough to not "require" removal due to their non-
conductive and non-corrosive residue. These fluxes are called "no-clean"
because the residue left after the solder operation is non-conductive and
won't cause electrical shorts; nevertheless they leave a plainly visible white
residue that resembles diluted bird-droppings. No-clean flux residue is
acceptable on all 3 classes of PCBs as defined by IPC-610 provided it does
not inhibit visual inspection.
Sl. No. Welding Soldering Brazing
These are the strongest joints These are weakest joint out of These are stronger than soldering but
used to bear the load. Strength three. Not meant to bear the load. weaker than welding. These can be used
1 of a welded joint may be more Use to make electrical contacts to bear the load up to some extent.
than the strength of base metal. generally.

Temperature required Temperature requirement is up to It may go to 600oC in brazing.

2 is up to 3800oC of welding 450oC.
zone.
Workpiece to be joined need to No need to heat the workpieces. No need to heat the workpieces.
3 be heated till their melting point

Mechanical properties of base No change in mechanical May change in mechanical properties of

4 metal may change at the joint properties after joining. joint but it is almost
due to heating and cooling negligible.
Heat cost is involved and high Cost involved and skill Cost involved and sill required are in
5
skill level is required. requirements are very low. between others two.
Heat treatment is generally No heat treatment is No heat treatment is required after
6 required to eliminate required. brazing
undesirable effects of welding
No preheating of work piece is Preheating of workpieces before Preheating is desirable to make strong
required before welding as it is soldering is good for joint as brazing is carried out
7 carried out at high making good quality joint at relatively low temperature.
temperature