Subquery
A subquery is a SQL query nested inside a larger query.
A subquery may occur in :
- A SELECT clause
- A FROM clause
- A WHERE clause
The subquery can be nested inside a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
statement or inside another subquery.
A subquery is usually added within the WHERE Clause of another SQL SELECT
statement.
You can use the comparison operators, such as >, <, or =. The comparison
operator can also be a multiple-row operator, such as IN, ANY, or ALL.
A subquery is also called an inner query or inner select, while the statement
containing a subquery is also called an outer query or outer select.
The inner query executes first before its parent query so that the results of an inner
query can be passed to the outer query.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name expression operator
( SELECT COLUMN_NAME from TABLE_NAME WHERE ... );
1
1. Write a query to display the employee who earn less than rohan
Now first you need to know the salary of rohan using the query below
SELECT
salary
FROM
employee
WHERE
first_name = 'ROHAN'
Next compare the salary of other employee with rohan salary and display
the result as shown below
Solution:
SELECT
*
FROM
employee
WHERE
salary <
(SELECT
salary
FROM
employee
WHERE
first_name = 'ROHAN');
Output
emp_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
1 kelly davis davis@[Link] 2021-01-22 78000 80
4 andy lumb andy@[Link] 2021-02-27 42200 80
5 anjel nair anj@[Link] 2019-09-26 42200 40
2
6 ram kumar ram@[Link] 2018-12-26 64200 40
2. Write a query to display the employee details of sales department
Here first we should know the dept_id of sales that can be fetched using
the query below
SELECT
dept_id
FROM
department
WHERE
dept_name = 'sales'
Now display all the employees details whose dept_id is belong to sales using the
query below
SELECT * FROM
employee
WHERE
dept_id =
(SELECT dept_id FROM department WHERE dept_name =
'sales');
Output:
emp_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 84200 20
8 john king 2021-02-09 124200 20
3
4
3. Query the employee details who work in the department in which john
works
First need to fetch the dept_id of John using the query below
SELECT
dept_id
FROM
employee
WHERE
first_name = 'JOHN'
Now once you got john department id, the employees whose department id
matches the john the department id need to be retrieved using the query below
SELECT
*
FROM
employee
WHERE
dept_id =
(SELECT dept_id FROM sql_notes.employee WHERE first_name
= 'JOHN');
Output:
emp_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 84200 20
8 john king 2021-02-09 124200 20
5
4. Query the details of employees working in the department where
department names begins with ‘s’
Here first you need to fetch department name starting with s using the
query below
SELECT
dept_id
FROM
department
WHERE
dept_name
LIKE 's%'
Now once you get dept_id of the department starting with s you can fetch
employee detail working in that department using the below query
SELECT
*
FROM
employee
WHERE
dept_id =
(SELECT dept_id FROM department WHERE dept_name LIKE
's%');
Output:
0 9 [Link] SELECT * FROM Error Code: 0.00
04 sql_notes.employee WHERE dept_id 1242. 0 sec
= (SELECT dept_id FROM Subquery
sql_notes.department WHERE returns more
dept_name LIKE 's%') LIMIT 0, than 1 row
1000
6
Here you have got the error it is because in the inner query you are fetching the
department id whose department name starts with s there might be more than
one department whose name starts with s, but in the parent query you are trying
to match with one department id using equal to here you need to make use of IN
operator which helps you to match multiple department.
SELECT
*
FROM
employee
WHERE
dept_id
IN
(SELECT dept_id FROM sql_notes.department WHERE dept_name
LIKE 's%');
Output:
dept_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 84200 20
8 john king null 2021-02-09 124200 20
5 anjel nair anj@[Link] 2019-09-26 42200 40
6 ram kumar ram@[Link] 2018-12-26 64200 40
7
5. Query the details of employees who earn more than kelly and belong to
john’s department
Here you need get the dept_id of the employee john using the query
below
SELECT dept_id FROM employee WHERE first_name = 'john'
Next need to get salary for kelly using the query below
SELECT salary FROM sql_notes.employee WHERE first_name =
'Kelly'
Review the detail of all employee who earn more than kelly and dept_id
is same as john by executing the following query
SELECT * FROM
employee
WHERE
dept_id =
(SELECT dept_id FROM sql_notes.employee WHERE first_name
= 'john')
and
salary >
(SELECT salary FROM sql_notes.employee WHERE first_name =
'Kelly');
Output:
dept-id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 84200 20
8
8 john king 2021-02-09 124200 20
6. Query the details of employees who belong to either sales or IT
department earning salaries greater than 50000
First retrieve the dept_id working in dept_name sales or IT using the
below query
SELECT dept_id FROM sql_notes.department WHERE dept_name
= 'sales' OR dept_name = 'IT'
Next retrieve the employee whose salary > 50000 and dept_id is sales or
IT using the query below
SELECT * FROM
employee
WHERE
dept_id
IN
(SELECT dept_id FROM department WHERE dept_name = 'sales'
OR dept_name = 'IT')
and
salary > 50000;
Output:
emp_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 84200 20
8 john king 2021-02-09 124200 20
9
1 kelly davis davis@[Link] 2021-01-22 78000 80
10
7. Query the first_name of managers of all department earning less than
john
First retrieve the manager id of the employees working as manager using
the below query
SELECT mrg_id FROM department
Next retrieve the salary of john using the query below
SELECT salary FROM employee WHERE first_name = 'john'
Now retrieve the first name of employee Where the employee is working
as a manager and salary is less than the john salary using the below query
SELECT
first_name
FROM
employee
WHERE
emp_id
IN
(SELECT mrg_id FROM department)
AND
salary <
(SELECT salary FROM sql_notes.employee WHERE first_name =
'john') ;
Output:
first_name
kelly
tom
mike
andy
11
ram
8. Predict the output?
SELECT DEPT_ID, MIN(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP BY
DEPT_ID HAVING MIN(SALARY) < (SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM
EMPLOYEE WHERE DEPT_ID = 20) ORDER BY DEPT_ID;
Here the first maximum salary of an employee working in dept_id 20 is fetched.
Next dep_id and minimum salary is fetched in each department where minimum
salary is less than maximum salary of employees working in department id 20.
It will be printed in ascending order of department id.
Output:
dept_id MIN(salary)
20 84200
40 42200
50 98200
70 84200
80 42200
9. Write a query to check if there are employees working in executive
department with dept_id 30
EXISTS:
The EXISTS operator is used to test for the existence of any record in a
subquery. The EXISTS operator returns TRUE if the subquery returns
one or more records.
12
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);
SELECT * FROM
employee
WHERE
EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM employee WHERE dept_id = 30);
Output:
emp_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
1 kelly davis davis@[Link] 2021-01-22 78000 80
2 tom taylor tom@[Link] 2020-09-22 84200 30
3 mike whalen mike@[Link] 2021-06-30 98200 50
4 andy lumb andy@[Link] 2021-02-27 42200 80
5 anjel nair anj@[Link] 2019-09-26 42200 40
6 ram kumar ram@[Link] 2018-12-26 64200 40
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 84200 20
8 john king null 2021-02-09 124200 20
[Link] a query to display the employee whose salary is greater than the
minimum salary of any of the department
- First get minimum salary present in each department using the below
query
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee GROUP BY dept_id
13
- Next retrieve the details of the employee whose salary is greater than
minimum salary present in each department using the query below
SELECT first_name, dept_id, salary
FROM
employee
WHERE salary >
ANY(SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee GROUP BY dept_id);
[Link] a copy of the table using subquery?
CREATE TABLE EMP (SELECT * FROM employee);
To verify weather the new table is created or not, let’s execute the below query
SELECT * FROM emp;
Output:
dept_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
1 kelly davis davis@[Link] 2021-01-22 78000 80
2 tom taylor tom@[Link] 2020-09-22 84200 30
3 mike whalen mike@[Link] 2021-06-30 98200 50
4 andy lumb andy@[Link] 2021-02-27 42200 80
5 anjel nair anj@[Link] 2019-09-26 42200 40
6 ram kumar ram@[Link] 2018-12-26 64200 40
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 84200 20
8 john king 2021-02-09 124200 20
14
If you observe from the above output the data, constraint everything is copied. If
you want only table with those column to be created then you can achieve using
LIKE Operator as shown below
CREATE TABLE sql_notes.emp3 LIKE employee;
Now table is there if you want to copy the data present in employee table to
emp3 in that case you can execute the query below
INSERT INTO sql_notes.emp3(SELECT * FROM employee);
To verify weather all data is inserted or not execute the below query
SELECT * FROM emp3;
Output:
dept_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
1 kelly davis davis@[Link] 2021-01-22 78000 80
2 tom taylor tom@[Link] 2020-09-22 84200 30
3 mike whalen mike@[Link] 2021-06-30 98200 50
4 andy lumb andy@[Link] 2021-02-27 42200 80
5 anjel nair anj@[Link] 2019-09-26 42200 40
6 ram kumar ram@[Link] 2018-12-26 64200 40
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 84200 20
8 john king 2021-02-09 124200 20
15
[Link] a copy of the table where the department id is 40
CREATE TABLE
emp2(SELECT * FROM employee WHERE dept_id = 40);
To verify whether the copy of table is created or not execute the query below
SELECT * FROM emp2;
Output:
emp_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
5 anjel nair anj@[Link] 2019-09-26 42200 40
6 ram kumar ram@[Link] 2018-12-26 64200 40
13. Update the salary of employees in sales department by incrementing to
5000
UPDATE
employee
SET salary = salary + 5000
WHERE
dept_id =
(SELECT dept_id FROM sql_notes.department WHERE dept_name
= 'SALES');
To verify weather the salary of sales department is updated or not you can
execute the below query
SELECT * FROM employee;
Output:
16
dept_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
1 kelly davis davis@[Link] 2021-01-22 78000 80
2 tom taylor tom@[Link] 2020-09-22 84200 30
3 mike whalen mike@[Link] 2021-06-30 98200 50
4 andy lumb andy@[Link] 2021-02-27 42200 80
5 anjel nair anj@[Link] 2019-09-26 42200 40
6 ram kumar ram@[Link] 2018-12-26 64200 40
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 89200 20
8 john king 2021-02-09 129200 20
The department id of sales is 20, as you can see from the above output rohan
and john salary is increased
17
14. Write a query to delete the record of sales manager
- First fetch the manager id with department name sales using the
query below
SELECT
mrg_id
FROM
department
WHERE
dept_name = 'sales'
- Once you fetched the manager id then you delete the record with the
emp_id = mrg_id using the query below
DELETE
FROM
emp3
WHERE
emp_id =
(SELECT mrg_id FROM department WHERE dept_name = 'sales');
To verify whether the employees got deleted execute the query below
SELECT * FROM emp3;
Output:
dept_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
1 kelly davis davis@[Link] 2021-01-22 78000 80
2 tom taylor tom@[Link] 2020-09-22 84200 30
3 mike whalen mike@[Link] 2021-06-30 98200 50
4 andy lumb andy@[Link] 2021-02-27 42200 80
5 anjel nair anj@[Link] 2019-09-26 42200 40
6 ram kumar ram@[Link] 2018-12-26 64200 40
18
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 89200 20
Here john with emp_id was working as manager in sales department that record
got deleted
[Link] a query to delete the email id of IT Manager
Update
employee
SET
email = NULL
WHERE
emp_id =
(SELECT mrg_id FROM department WHERE dept_name = 'IT');
To verify weather the mail id of IT manager is updated with null execute the
below query
SELECT * FROM employee;
Output:
dept_id first_name last_name email hire_date salary dept_id
1 kelly davis null 2021-01-22 78000 80
2 tom taylor tom@[Link] 2020-09-22 84200 30
3 mike whalen mike@[Link] 2021-06-30 98200 50
4 andy lumb andy@[Link] 2021-02-27 42200 80
5 anjel nair anj@[Link] 2019-09-26 42200 40
6 ram kumar ram@[Link] 2018-12-26 64200 40
7 rohan sharma ro@[Link] 2021-02-09 89200 20
19
8 john king 2021-02-09 129200 20
20
