BISC 316 Vertebrate Biology

Lecture 10
 Today’s Lecture
• Early Jawed Fishes
– Class Acanthodii
– Class Placodermi
• Vertebrate Skeleton
– visceral skeleton
– somatic skeleton
• Jaws
– Origin of jaws
– Jaw suspension
– Advantages of jaws
http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/acanthodii/
 Superclass
Gnathostomata

(= jaw mouth)

Figure 3.9 11th ed

• Jawed Fishes
!__________________found from mid Ordovician
!Early Silurian - _________________
!Devonian - ___________________
• fossil record gives ___________
into the evolution of __________
• evolved from an _________ lineage
• probably due to duplication of ___________
complex
• Devonian
• 4 clades of
Gnathosomes
present
!Placoderms
"Acanthodians

Acanthodians
#Chondrichthyes
$Osteichthyes
Placoderms

Osteichthyes
Chondrichthyes
Class Placodermi

http://178.162.157.231/a80f6ca45291ab67ea9a2daed796b0b8df2950cb33d2f94a
 Class Placodermi (= plate skin)

• all extinct and _________________________

• Benthic - bodies ____________ flattened
• jaws ________________________
• ________________________
• vertebrae
– ________________________________
• heavy ________________
– gap in ______________________________
• jaws could ______________________________________________
Placoderm Morphology 3

Placoderm Morphology, Fig. 2 Simplified placoderm calliaspis. Abbreviations: ADL, Anterior dorsolateral
morphology based on Arthrodire placoderms. Arthrodire plate; Ce, central plate; IG, infragnathal bone; MD, median
placoderm in lateral (a) and visteral (b) views highlighting dorsal plate; Nu, nuchal plate; PDL; posterior dorsolateral
basic internal and external morphology. (Adapted from plate; PNu, paranuchal plate; PrO, preorbital plate; PtO,
Dennis-Bryan 1987; Trinajstic et al. 2013); b, photograph postorbital plate; PVL, posterior ventrolateral plate; R,
of the articulated dermal armor of Eastmanosteus rostral plate

Trinajstic and Roelofs (2019) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior

Placoderm Morphology,
Fig. 3 Reconstructions
of placoderms including;
(a) Dunkleosteus;
• paired appendages ________________________
• _______________________________________
• first evidence of _______________ in vertebrates
Long et al (2008) Nature
– Materpiscis attenboroughi

• Microbrachius dicki
• Early Placoderm Materpiscis attenboroughi

• ___________________ - posterior to the pelvic fins

• females - ______________________________ that
articulated with the ________________________
• ___________________is basal to all gnathostomes
• _________________in Osteichthyes and Amphibia
must have evolved __________________________
____________________________________

Long et al (2014) Nature Microbrachius dicki

 Placoderm with a premaxilla, maxilla,
and dentary all of which previously
Entelognathus primordialis was thought to have evolved first in
gen. et sp. nov., Osteichthyes.
a _________
jawed fish
from the
Kuanti
Formation
(Silurian),
Yunnan
China.

M Zhu et al. Nature 000, 1-6 (2013) doi:10.1038/nature12617

http://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=PmG0A7wAAAAJ&hl=en
 Acanthodians
Placoderms

Osteichthyes
Chondrichthyes
Results of phylogenetic analysis
and palatoquadrate conditions
among major gnathostome groups.

u Places Placoderms in the _____

_______________________ group

u Placoderms are ________ Osteichthyes

than to __________________________

u Changes in _________________must
have occurred __________________ of
crown gnathostomes

M Zhu et al. Nature (2013)

• Qiao et al 2016 conclude that
Entelognathus is a ________________,
________ to Osteichthyes
• also confirmed that:
– Placoderms are a _____________ group
– Acanthodii _____________Chondrichthyes
 Blais

Class Acanthodii

FACETS Downloaded from www.facetsjournal.com by 96.55.16.111 on 09/29/20

(=spine form)
• well developed ______
and _______________; large
______________
• ________________ & Blais
Fig. 2. Articulated upper and lower dentigerous jaw bones and associated cartilages used to create the three-dimensional reconstructions in this study.
(A) UALVP 45648, right upper and lower jaws of Euryacanthus rugosus, preserved in lingual view; (B) UALVP 48487, right upper and lower jaws of
Tricuspicanthus gannitus, preserved in lingual view. Anterior is to the left. Scale bar for (A) is equal to 5 mm; scale bar for (B) is equal to 1 mm.

numerous ____________ FACETS | 2017 | 2: 513–530 | DOI: 10.1139/facets-2016-0030

facetsjournal.com
516

– locomotion
• fins had a ___________ with
ETS Downloaded from www.facetsjournal.com by 96.55.16.111 on 09/29/20

_________________
• __________________
predators
– ________________________
Stephanie Blais (2017) Facets
 FACETS Downloaded from www.facetsjournal.com by 96.55.16.111 on 09/29/20
Tricuspicanthus

Blais

Fig. 6. Sculpted three-dimensional reconstruction of the jaws of Tricuspicanthus gannitus. (A) R

lingual view, anterior is to the left; (B) reconstructed jaws in anterior view, lingual is to the right. T
jaw bone and palatoquadrate cartilage are rendered in red. The lower dentigerous jaw bone and
rendered in blue. Scale bar for (A) is 1 mm. (B) is the same size as (A); it has been rotated but no
only approximate, based on references from flattened specimens.
Stephanie Blais (2017) Facets
The main points of contact of the anteriormost teeth appear to be the lower half of each
with the anterior and posterior labial flanges of the opposing teeth. The teeth of T. gann
ww.facetsjournal.com by 96.55.16.111 on 09/29/20

Euryacanthus
occlude via a more vertical motion than the teeth of E. rugosus, but there is still an elem
anteriormost teeth. There is also less distance between the anterior ends of the upper a
in E. rugosus, which is likely related to the smaller anterior tooth whorls in this specie

Interestingly, the robust medial teeth of T. gannitus never come into contact with t

Man on the Hill (MOTH) the opposing jaw, regardless of how the jaws are manipulated. If the lateral teeth oc
locking manner indicated by the articulated specimens, the medial teeth cannot occ
project either dorsally or ventrally, and slightly medially, into the mouth cavity (Fi
Naat’inch’oh National Park Reserve
Discussion
Fig. 5. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the jaws of Euryacanthus rugosus. (A) Reconstructed jaw
view; anterior is to the right; (B) reconstructed jaws in anterior view; lingual is to the left. The upper d
Trophic niche
jaw bone differentiation
and palatoquadrate cartilage are rendered in red. The lower dentigerous jaw bone and Mecke
are rendered in blue. Scale bar for (A) is 5 mm. (B) is the same size as (A); it has been rotated but not re
VOICHYSHYN AND SZANIAWSKI—EARLY DEVONIAN ACANTHODIANS FROM PODOLIA 891

tooth
A inter-tooth
denticles posterior 200 µm B probable remains
of tooth anterior
flange flange lateral
tooth row

Acanthodii
lingual
ridge

medial side
concavity of denticle
250 µm

teeth
jaw bone base
200 µm probable remains
medial side tooth of tooth anterior
C ridge
double side
posterior
flange
flange
denticle D

500 µm

pores around lingual anterior

denticle group base flange of 200 µm
lingual denticle tooth
posterior groups F
flange of
tooth
E

500 µm
concavity of
worn tips jaw bone base
isthmus
G 50 µm between
of teeth 200 µm

pores of vascular canals

denticle H
and tooth
on inter-tooth pit perimeter
posterior
flange of inter-tooth
tooth pit

tooth
cavity lingual
field

worn or broken lingual

medial side isthmus between denticle
denticle denticle and tooth groups

Fig. 6. Early Devonian acanthodians Podoliacanthus zychi sp. nov. (A, B, D, G, H) and Podoliacanthus sp. 1 (C, E, F) from Ivanie Zolote (all except H,
Zalishchyky−1). Jaw bone fragments: ZPAL P.14/11.2 (A), ZPAL P.14/3.1 (B), ZPAL P.14/11.15 (C), ZPAL P.14/9.2 (D), ZPAL P.14/9.7 (E), ZPAL
P.14/2.3 (F) in lingual view. Enlarged broken tooth ZPAL P.14/4.4 (G) in occlusal view. Enlarged central part of the specimen ZPAL P.14/7.5 (H) in
postero−occlusal view. Arrow indicates rostral direction.
Voichyshyn and Szaniawski (2011) Acta Palaeontol. Poland

Moreover it differs in width/height tooth ratio (about 1.0 Podoliacanthus sp. 3

against 0.65 in P. zychi sp. nov. and 0.73 in P. sp. 1) and in
 Placoderms and Acanthodians
versus Ostracoderms
! ______________
! ______________
" ________________________
! vertebrae
! __________ in the small intestine
! ___________________________
! ___________________________in Placoderms
! ______________________________________
! ____________________
Vertebrate Skeleton

!visceral skeleton = _____________________

%ancestral condition - ___________________
%mesenchyme cells derived from __________
• each arch consists of a
series of ___________
__________________
Typical Gill Arch

https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol431/lectures/06gnathostomata.html
 Vertebrate Skeleton

"somatic skeleton = ____________________

___________________________________

#dermal skeleton = _________________

usome bones around the ___________________

______________________________________
 Jaws

• jaws Þ ______________
%teeth Þ ____________________________
___________________________________
%_____________________
 Jawless ! Jaws
• Jon Mallatt
”____________________”
hypothesis
• ____________" ventilation
• ______________________
muscles " ____________
action " _______________
• strong selective pressure for
________________
• specialization as _________
structures
• _______________________
 Metaspriggina
«______________
with enlarged first
__________________
- may represent the
_______ in hypothesis
 Jaws
• jaws arose from the ___________________
• _________________________
 Evolution of Jaws

• first gill arch becomes the ________

arch (________________________)

https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol431/lectures/06gnathostomata.html
 Evolution of Jaws

• first gill arch becomes the mandibular

arch (upper and lower jaws)
– ___________ = palatoquadrate
– ________ =Meckel’s cartilage
 Evolution of the Jaw
! __________________ for the jaws
"jaw attached to the cranium
#__________________
"_________________used as a strut to
________________; site of _____________
! _________________________ reduced to
form the ________________
 Jaw Suspension
• Jaw function was _______ Modified Hyostylic
(some fish)
Modified Autostylic
(mammals)

and ________ by different

types of jaw suspension Hyostylic Autostylic
(most fish) (most amphibians,
reptiles, and birds)

• 3 types
# amphistylic Amphistylic
(Placoderms, Acanthodians,
some Osteichthyes)

$ hyostylic
% autostylic

Hildebrand 1998

Kardong (2015) Vertebrates- Comparative anatomy, function, evolution

 Jaw Suspension
" Amphistylic
! ______________ attached by ________ to cranium
and the _________________________
! _____________________ attached to the cranium
! ________________________fused to the cranium
! fossil sharks, some living sharks,
Crossopterygii, Acanthodii

https://www.aquablog.ca/2018/11/27736 /
https://www.aquablog.ca/2018/11/27736/

hm = hyomandibular
op = opercle
po = postorbital
pop = preopercle
pq = palatoquadrate
spi = spiracle
sq = squamosal

Gai et al (2022) Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

 Hyostylic
Jaw Suspension (most fish)

$ Hyostylic

! ___________________________and to the
cranium by __________________
! minor attachment of jaw __________________
______________________________
! derived condition in most
________________________
fishes
! __________________
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Goblin_shark%2C_Pengo.jpg

maxilla maxilla premaxilla maxilla

Protrusible
Jaws
premaxilla premaxil
premaxilla maxilla
108 C.D. WILGA
HY= hyomandibular

Shadwick, Farrell and Brauner Editors (2016) Book - Physiology of Elasmobranch Fishes - structure and interaction with environment

Globin shark
 Jaw Suspension
% Autostylic

• palatoquadrate ________________ Modified Autostylic

_____________________________ (mammals)

• hyoid arch _____________________

• ________bite, capability for _______
__________________________
• lungfish, all tetrapods, Placodermi, Autostylic
(most amphibians,
reptiles, and birds)

Holocephali (ratfish)

https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2020/may/08/caughtovgard-ratfish/
 angular to tympanic = ant (brown)
articular to malleus = arm (blue)
Hyoid Arch quadrate to incus = iq (green)
hyomandibular to stapes = sh (gold)
• hyomandibular
once
freed from jaw

ê
support,
becomes
______________
______________
(________)
Fish - Eusthenopteron One of the first tetrapods - Acanthostega

ar = articular
br.a. = branchial arch
eu = eustachian tube
fv = fenestra vestibuli
hy = hyomandibular
in = incus
Early tetrapod - Ichthyostega ma = malleus
qu = quadrate
spi. = spiracle
sq = squamosal
st = stapes
ty.c.= tympanic cavity
ty.m.= tympanic
membrane (ear drum)

Lizard Mammal

Gai et al (2022) Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

Transition from spiracular pouch of fishes to the middle ear cavity of tetrapods
 Advantages of Jaws
!____________________________
"____________________________
#____________________________
$____________________________
&____________________________
– ______________________________
https://twitter.com/fishphylogeny/status/1090093571326308353/photo/1