Course Title: Smart Grid & Energy Storage System

Course Code:22EE8PE4SS
UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Smart Grid and Smart Cities:
• Concept of Smart Grid started with the idea of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
with the aim of improving demand side management and energy efficiency and
constructing self-healing reliable grid protection.
• Initially perceived scope was later expanded to cope up to the new requirements and
demands.
• Despite a great deal of attention around Internet of Things sensors for smart
parking and traffic management, smart grids (electricity and gas combined) still attract
the largest share of investments in smart cities.
• Yet smart grids and city buildings that are connected in smart cities can save money for
municipalities by being more efficient about how and when they use electricity and other
forms of energy.
• IoT sensors and real-time communication enable smart grids featuring controllable
energy loads, which can help shift energy supply in times of peak demand.
 Meanwhile, smart meters can enable cities and utilities to better align energy supply
and demand.
Smart Grid (SG): Smart Grid also called
• Smart Power Grid
• Intelligent grid
• Future grid
• Intelligrid
• Intergrid
• Intragrid
In SmartGrid
• The electric energy generation and the flow pattern in an SGare more flexible. For
example, the distribution grid may alsobe capable of generating electricity by using solar
panels or wind turbines.
• In contrast to the power generation in the traditional power grid, smarter power
generation becomes possible as the two-way flows of electricity and information are
supported.
Smart Grid
 Definition – SG

• An electric system that uses information, two-way, cyber- secure communication

technologies and computational intelligence in an integrated fashion across electricity
generation, transmission, substations, distribution and consumption to achieve a
system that is clean, safe, secure, reliable, resilient, efficient and sustainable.

• The Smart Grid is an opportunity to use new ICTs (Information and Communication
Technologies) to revolutionize the electrical power system.
❖ Introduction to Smart cities: A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that
uses different types of electronic methods, voice activation methods and sensors to collect
specific data. A smart city does things like improve transportation and accessibility,
improve social services, promote sustainability, and give its citizens a voice.
 Fig. Smart City
The core infrastructure elements: Adequate water supply, Assured electricity supply,
Sanitation, including solid waste management, Efficient urban mobility and public
transport, Affordable housing, especially for the poor, Robust IT connectivity and
digitalization, Good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation,
Sustainable environment, Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and
the elderly, and Health and education.
Why we need smart cities? The primary goal of a smart city is to create an urban environment
that yields a high quality of life to its residents while also generating overall economic growth.
Top Smart Cities in the world are
1. Shanghai

2. Seoul

3. Barcelona

4. Beijing

5. New York.

The rankings are based on several smart city aspects including transportation and
infrastructure, energy and lighting, city management and connectivity.

The Smart Cities Mission is an innovative and new initiative by the Government of India to
drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local
development and harnessing technology as a means to create smart outcomes for citizens.
SMART CITIES MISSION STRATEGY
Pan-city initiative in which at least one Smart Solution is applied city-wide
Develop areas step-by-step – three models of area-based developments
Retrofitting,
Redevelopment, Greenfield

Evolution of Electric Grid

• The country’s electric grid was largely built in the 1890s and enhanced throughout the
ensuing decades as technology evolved, according to an article on [Link].
• The grid currently has more than 9,200 electric generating units with more than 1 million
megawatts of generating capacity connected to more than 300,000 miles of transmission
lines, according to the article.
• What makes a regular electric grid a “smart” grid? It comes down to digital technologies
that enable “two-way communication between the utility and its customers, and the
sensing along the transmission lines,” according to [Link].
• Like the internet, the smart grid has a multitude of components, including “controls,
computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together,” but in
the case of the smart grid, “these technologies will work with the electrical grid to
respond digitally to our quickly changing electric demand.”
 Traditional Power Grid

• Electricity is often generated at a few central power plants by electromechanical

generators, primarily driven by the force of flowing water or heat engines fueled
by chemical combustion ornuclear power.

• In order to take advantage of the economies of scale, the generating plants are
usually quite large and located away fromheavily populated areas.
• The generated electric power is stepped up to a higher voltage for transmission on the
transmission grid.
• The transmission grid moves the power over long distances tosubstations.

• Upon arrival at a substation, the power will be stepped down from the transmission
level voltage to a distribution level voltage.

• As the power exits the substation, it enters the distribution grid. Finally, upon
arrival at the service location, the power is stepped down again from the
distribution voltage to the required service voltage(s).
❖ Evolution of Electric Grid, Smart Grid Concept: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries,

electric utilities operated in isolation when the grid was being built. The power flow in a

utility is radial as shown in Fig. 1.

(a)Isolated power system ( b) Isolated power system ( c) Isolated power system

Fig. 1 Power flow in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
 In time, isolated utilities were interconnected to enhance the efficiency, reliability and

security of the power grid as shown in Fig. 2. As a result, a safe, reliable and affordable

electric service, for more than a century, has been established. However, the grid’s

equipment and infrastructure are getting aged, our needs are changing and growing

population.

Fig. 2 Interconnected Power System

 In the present era, we consume substantially more electricity than we used to. For

instance, electricity use today is more than 16 times greater than it was in the 1950s.

Therefore, it may not be feasible to establish a safe, reliable and affordable electric service

using the ageing infrastructure. In this regard, new sustainability initiatives and advanced

technologies [information and communication technologies (ICT), renewable sources,

smart metering, wide-area monitoring, etc.,] are needed. In addition, we have to combat

the threat of mounting physical and cyberattacks, and manage and respond to changing

weather patterns. These requirements and developments are pushing the grid to do more than

it was designed for and have been forcing it to evolve and modernize.

❖ Introduction, Definitions and Need for Smart Grid:

The basis of grid modernization or smart grid is nothing but the extension of information and

communication technologies (ICT) to the existing energy infrastructure. In contradiction to the

conventional power grid, the smart grid enables an opportunity for consumers to generate

electrical energy and sell it to the grid. In other words, they are a part of the system and active

contributors. A smart grid creates an environment where renewable sources will be part of

electrical energy generation so that reliability and continuity of the electricity are maintained.

Further, the customers can choose different tariff packages as they see fit. It also enhances self-

healing capability, monitoring, control and protection of every component of the grid.

A smart grid definition coined by different agencies across the world is given below:

According to the US Department of Energy (US DoE): – A smart grid uses digital

technology to improve reliability, security and efficiency (both economic and energy) of the

electric system from large generation, through the delivery systems to electricity consumers

and a growing number of distributed generation and storage resources.

According to European Technology Platform: – A smart grid is an electricity network that

can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and

those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity

supplies.

According to the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change: – A smart grid uses

sensing, embedded processing and digital communications to enable the electricity grid to be

observable (able to measure and visualise), controllable (able to manipulate and optimize),

automated (able to adapt and self-heal), fully integrated (fully interoperable with the existing

systems and with the capacity to incorporate a diverse set of energy sources).

From the above definitions, it can be concluded that the use of digital technology enables

an environment where the existing infrastructure will be utilised intelligently and optimally by

incorporating alternate sources of energy, intelligent metering, monitoring, control and

 protection technologies.

Need for Smart Grid:

As shown in Fig. 3, power flow and communication are one way in a conventional power

system. Further, the distribution system which feeds the load is far-reaching or extensive.

Therefore, consumers are entirely passive and have limited or no communication. Further, there

is no real-time monitoring of either the voltage being offered to a load or the current being

drawn by it. The interaction between the loads and the power system is very little i.e., other

than the supply of load energy whenever it is demanded. The customers may not have the

freedom to choose a tariff package as they see fit. In addition. the following issues have made

us transform the conventional power grid into a smart grid.

• Due to the huge size of the power system and the scale of investment in the power

system over the years, any significant change will be expensive and also requires careful
 justification.

• Dangerous climate change due to man-made greenhouse gases leads to thinking about

various ways of using energy more effectively and generating electricity without the

production of CO2.

• Present Average Technical and Commercial (AT&C) loss is around 23%.

• Ageing assets and lack of circuit capacity: The existing power system is very old.

Present transmission and distribution equipment are now beyond its design life and in

need of replacement. The capital cost for like-for-like replacement will be very high and

the availability of skilled manufacturers and staff is questionable.

• Thermal Constraints: The thermal constraint is the ultimate power transfer capability of

existing Transmission & Distribution (T&D) lines and equipment. Stressing the

equipment leads to a reduction in the life of the equipment and an increasing probability of
 occurrence of faults.

• Operational Constraints: The capacity of distribution circuits is limited by the

variations in voltage that occur between times of maximum and minimum load and so

they are not loaded near to their thermal limits.

• Security of supply: The requirement for reliable and quality electric supply is increasing

due to the connection of more and more critical loads. The traditional approach for

improving reliability is with redundant circuits at considerable capital cost and

environmental impact.
 Fig. 3 Present Architecture of Power System.
Therefore, Smart Grid is an opportunity to use ICTs to revolutionize the electric power
system. The use of renewable energy sources gives a lot of relief in many aspects to name
thermal constraints (the use of dynamic ratings can increase circuit capacity at times) and
operational constraints (implementing the coordinated operation of on-load tap changers and
voltage Regulators). In the smart grid, effective management of loads and energy waste, and
reduction of losses can be achieved with the help of Smart Meters. The AT&C can be
minimized. There is a huge scope for new designs and operating practices in the T&D
 network. The security of supply gets enhanced by intelligent post-fault reconfiguration to
effectively utilize the infrastructure and avoid the expense of multiple circuits.
The SMART GRID is essential to enable a PROSPEROUS and SUSTAINABLE
FUTURE.
As a consumer, professionals and technologists, we must be aligned toward a common
vision to fully modernise today’s grid
❖ Functions and Opportunities of Smart Grid:
There are numerous functions and opportunities in smart grid and a few are given below
1. allowing devices to communicate between suppliers to consumers,
2. allowing them to energy manage demand,
3. protect the distribution network, save energy and reduce costs.
❖ Benefits and challenges:
The smart grid has the following benefits
1. Provides the power quality for the range of needs
2. Utilisation of assets optimally
3. Enhancing operating efficiency
[Link] to disturbances, attacks and natural disasters.
Smart grid implementation also has the following challenges

1. Policy and Regulation:

• No defined standards and guidelines exist for the regulation of smart grid initiatives in
India.
• The current policy and regulatory frameworks were typically designed to deal with the
existing networks and utilities.
• With the move toward a smart grid, new policy and regulatory frameworks should
evolve.
• The new policy will need to match the interests of the consumers with the interests of
the utilities and suppliers to ensure that the societal goals are achieved at the lowest
cost to the consumers.
2. Cost

• It is one of the biggest hurdles in implementing a smart grid.

• Some older equipment that cannot be retrofitted to be compatible with smart grid
technologies will have to be replaced. They may present a financial burden.
 3. Lack of awareness
• Consumers should be made aware of the benefits they can derive as users.
• Policymakers and regulators must be very clear about the prospects of a smart grid.
• Utilities need to focus on the overall capabilities of smart grids rather than the mere
implementation of smart meters.

4. Cyber Security and Data privacy

• Since digital networks are more prone to malicious attacks from software hackers,
security becomes a key issue.
• The data collected from the consumption information could provide significant insight
into a consumer’s behaviour and preferences. So, concerns about the invasion of
privacy and security of personal consumption data arise.

This valuable information could be abused if correct protocols and security measures are not
adhered to.
Difference between Conventional & Smart Grid

EXISTING GRID SMART GRID

ELECTROMECHANICAL DIGITAL
ONE WAY COMMUNICATION TWO WAY COMMUNICATION
CENTRALIZED GENERATION DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
FEW SENSORS SENSORS THROUGHOUT
MANUAL MONITORING/RESTORATION SELF-MONITORING/SELF-HEALING
FAILURES AND BLACKOUTS ADAPTIVE AND ISLANDING
FEW CUSTOMER CHOICES MANY CUSTOMER CHOICES
 OR

❖ Difference between conventional & Smart Grid:

Feature Current Grid Smart Grid

Communication One-way Two-way, real-time
s
Customer Limited Extensive
Interaction

Metering Electromechanical Digital

Operation Manual equipment Remote
checks, time-based monitoring
& maintenance , predictive, condition-
Maintenance based maintenance

Generation Centralized Centralized and

distributed
Power Flow Limited Comprehensive
Control
Reliability Prone to failures Pro-active, real-time
and cascading protection and islanding
outages

Restoration Manual Self-healing

Topology Radial Network
❖ Technology Drivers:
Four types of technology will drive the advancement of smart
grids:
• Integrated, automated communication between components
of the electric grid.
• Sensing and measurement technologies.
• Automated controls for distribution and repairs.
• Improved management dashboards and decision
support software.
Fig. 4 shows the evolution of the smart grid. The technological
drives of the smart grid are advanced communication and
information (ICT), alternative renewable sources, advanced
metering infrastructure, novel energy storage systems, synchronized
monitoring technology, etc. In line with technological drives, there
must be flexibility, modification or improvements in
1. Policy and Legislative Drives (Electricity Market Rules, State

Regulations)

2. Economic Competitiveness (Creating new businesses,

Technology regionalization, Alleviate the challenge of a drain of
technical resources in an aging workforce)
3. Energy Reliability and Security (Reliability
improvement through decreased outage duration and frequency,
Reducing labor costs such as manual meter reading and field
maintenance, Reducing T&D system delivery losses, Protecting
revenues with improved billing accuracy, prevention and
detection of theft and fraud, Provide new sources of revenue
with consumer programs – energy management through demand
response, Defer capital expenditures as a result of increased grid
 efficiencies and reduced generation requirements.
4. Customer Empowerment (Respond to customers increasing
demand for uninterruptible power, empower customers so that
they have more control over their own energy usage with
minimal compromise in their lifestyle).

20th Century 21st Century 22nd Century

Fig. 4 Smart Grid Evolution
The above drives can address

i. Energy need

ii. Issues with increased usage of renewable resources

iii. Sustainability issues

iv. Hurdles in creating competitive energy prices

v. Issues with Security of Supply

vi. Ageing infrastructure and workforce

vii. Issues in minimizing AT & C losses

Indian Smart Grid Task Force set up by Ministry of Power, Govt. of
India has taken initiatives to modernize Indian Power grid under
National Mission Scheme, they are
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission - 20,000MW by 2022
Restructured Accelerated Power, and Development and
Reforms Programme (R- APDRP) - AT&C loss reduction,
Adoption of information technology in the areas of energy
accounting, consumer care and strengthening of the Distribution
network of State Power Utilities, Establishment of supervisory
control & data acquisition system.
Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY): Rural
Electrification.

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