“ Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable
Applications ”
A Synopsis Submitted
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
by
Roll No. Gr. Number Name of Student
17 23UDCE22223 Mr.Avadhut Satappa Bhopale
26 23UDCE22320 Mr.Rushikesh Satish Kumbhar
32 23UDCE22403 Mr.Prathmesh Dattatray Patil
34 23UDCE22245 Mr.Vivek Pundlik Patil
38 22UGCE21487 Mr.Pratik Vrushabh Upadhye
Under the Guidance of
Prof. R. S. More
TATYASAHEB KORE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, WARANANAGAR. DIST KOLHAPUR
(An Autonomous Institute)
(Maharashtra State, India)
Academic year 2025-26
1
Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
SYNOPSIS
1. Title of the Project :
“ Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable
Applications ”
2. Introduction :
The whole world is facing an acute water crisis. According to statistical data,
many regions in India can face drought in the forthcoming years. Recently the
western suburbs of Mumbai, a metropolitan city of India, had less water supply. Due
to global fresh water shortage, managing supply and demand for fresh water has
always been a difficult task. Maharashtra is India's most densely inhabited state.
Recycle and reuse are becoming increasingly important as the world's population
grows. Grey water and monsoon rainfall collecting are important solutions for
conserving fresh drinking water. Grey water is a combination of waste water from the
kitchen, laundry, and bathroom, and filtration plays a crucial part in filtering this
greywater. A summary of worldwide review of recycling and reuse of grey water is
reported. In many cases, light grey water from bathroom sinks, baths and showers can
be directly reused in garden irrigation. Dark grey water from laundry, dishwashers
and, in some instances, kitchen sinks should be subjected to simple treatment to be
reused in non-potable contexts such as toilet flushing and garden irrigation.
A sustainable greywater filtration system for residential-scale water reuse.
Recycled greywater can be used in toilet water, outdoor irrigation, car washing, and
clothes washing, reducing the demand for potable water. The greywater from
residential apartment accounts for 50 – 70 per cent. It used several filtration methods,
including micron, mineral sand, activated carbon.. Multi-phase water testing was
conducted to evaluate pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon,
and total nitrogen. The prototype proved capable of functioning in a real-world
setting and filtering water to meet several non-potable urban reuse standards. This
survey intends to discover the different treatment for grey water by breaking down
the grey water attributes, reuse gauges, execution and cost.
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT :
The purpose of this overview is to provide guidance for local government
officers, homeowners, site and soil evaluators, designers, installers and service
technicians on the impacts of grey water reuse on human health, plants, animals and
the environment.
In addition, this overview will focus on the reuse of grey water for domestic
purposes without compromising public health; and on how to maintain and enhance
the quality of the environment by setting minimum standards for the design and
installation of grey water reuse systems to achieve the following:
Protection of groundwater;
Protection of surface water;
Protection of land and vegetation;
Prevention of a public health risk;
Protection of the community against possible disease transmission
arising from improper grey water reuse
Ensure that grey water installations do not harm the environment, or cause
a nuisance, and are appropriately sited and maintained according to a
regulatory standard.
Reduce load on the municipal wastewater system,
Reduce the cost of pump out fees.
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
4. Problem Statement
The whole world is facing an acute water crisis. According to statistical data,
many regions in India can face drought in the forthcoming years. Recently the
western suburbs of Mumbai, a metropolitan city of India, had no water supply. The
situation is quite similar in many other countries around the world like Qatar, African
nations, USA, New York.
Solution :
The scarcity of clean water in rural areas needs the development of
sustainable and cost-effective solutions for greywater treatment and reuse. The design
and evaluation of a low-cost bio-filter system tailored for greywater treatment in rural
households, aiming to promote water recycling and reuse. The bio-filter system
incorporates readily available and affordable materials, making it suitable for
implementation in resource-constrained rural settings.
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
5. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY :
We have developed an indigenous, sustainable, cost-effective, decentralized
greywater treatment unit which collects, filters, reuses greywater generated in at
home at minimal cost (keeping in view sanitation), thus saving precious water and
reducing operational carbon emissions associated with conveyance, treatment of
potable and greywater.
1. To study the past data of waste water and greywater generation and their
characteristics.
2. To audit the sources of greywater and waste water at houses.
3. Laboratory testing to determine contaminants and quality of greywater for
treatment and comparisons with standards after treatment.
4. Treatment techniques such as filtration.
6.EXPECTED OUTCOMES :
Design and implementation of a low-cost, effective greywater treatment system
suitable for domestic use.
Reduction in the use of freshwater by through reuse of treated grey water for
flushing, gardening, and cleaning.
Decreased pressure on local water bodies and sewage systems, helping reduce
water pollution and improving environmental health.
Increased community awareness about water conservation and potential for
greywater reuse.
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
7. WORK PLAN / TIMELINE :
Month Activity
August - September 2025 Topic selection, literature survey
October – November 2025 Audit and data collection
December 2025 Testing and analysing
January – February 2026 Designing and modeling
March – April 2026 Performance analysis
May 2026 Final report and presentation
8. TOOLS TO BE USED :
The material used for proposed working model :
1. Scupper valve (SV)
2. Bilge vessel (BV)
3. Water level sensors
4. Orange peels, Wood chips
5. Coarse & Fine aggregate
6. Activated charcoal
7. Pipe structure
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
9. LITERATURE REVIEW:
The theory in papers suggested information about treatment using different
low-cost technologies for greywater treatment.
1. Greywater Reuse : A sustainable solution for water crisis.Aniket Vijay Pingale,
Mayur Manoj Deore, Dipali Ghanshyam.Bagul Professor Civil Department,
RSCOE,JSPM Tathawade,Pune .(2024), IJCRT.
From this study, it can be very well demonstrated that a filter unit integrating
various filter layers proves to be a useful way of treating in-house generated
greywater and using it then and there itself, which reduces the freshwater requirement
and saves a significant amount of money and energy. The filter unit described in this
study was found to have achieved a COD removal efficiency of 85.98%, BOD
removal efficiency of 87.28%, and turbidity, which was reduced by 78.94%, and TSS
were decreased by 94.44%. Removal efficiencies are higher than obtained in earlier
studies. Even though this system proves to be efficient in treating greywater to levels
permissible for its reuse in gardening, firefighting, etc. It is still not yet fit for human
consumption and requires further treatment. This greywater reuse method by masses
would ensure a reliable water supply to our future generations. It can be concluded
from this study that greywater can be recycled and reused for purposes such as toilet
flushing, gardening, car washing, firefighting, and this practice will lead to a
significant reduction in the consumption of freshwater.
2. Water and energy savings from greywater reuse: a modelling scheme using
disaggregated consumption data. J. Knutsson P. Knutsson ,(2021). International
Journal of Energy and Water Resources.
In the present work, in-building greywater recycling was simulated using
highly dis-aggregated authentic data on water consumption of the users as input. As a
result of the performed simulations the following main findings could be
summarized: • Mains cold water reduction of 16.7±0.4% was demonstrated by
reusing bathroom sink water for toilet flushing, satisfying a maximum of 51.8% of
toilet demand (scenario 1). • Mains hot water reduction of 58.2±6.6% with the
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
incidental reduction of mains cold water use by 5.8±0.7% was demonstrated by
reusing bathroom sink and shower water for bathroom sink and shower, satisfying a
maximum of 118.2% of the baseline hot water and 61.6% of sink and shower total
water demand (scenario 2). • Mains hot water reduction of 55.6±6.1% with the
additional reduction of mains cold water use by 30.6±3.9% was demonstrated by
reusing bathroom sink and shower water for bathroom sink and shower and toilet
flushing, satisfying a maximum of 118.2% of the baseline hot water and 70.0% of
toilet fussing water demand (scenario 3)
3. Characterization and treatment of grey water: A review,S S Rakesh, Dr. PT
Ramesh, Dr. R Murugaragavan, Dr. S Avudainayagam and Dr. S Karthikeyan
(2020), International Journal of Chemical Studies.
The review states that the various characteristics features of greywater,
treatment methods and reuse ways in India. A wide variation in characteristics of
greywater is mainly due to quality of water use in different domestic activities to
fulfill the human needs. The available technologies have been developed to treat or
remove specific pollutants and not offer a full treatment of the greywater. However,
the implementation of household level greywater treatment system that target a
certain reuse option and thereby increase the number of households to implement the
treatment options for grey water recycling.
4. From drainage to resource: a practice approach to reuse greywater for household
irrigation purposes. Ngo Anh Dao Ho a, Choe Peng Leob, Anh Tuan Ta a and Thanh
Quang Nguyenc, (2024) Water Practices and Technology.
The study evaluated a lab-scale greywater treatment system consisting of six
filter layers and a PVDF hollow fiber membrane. The system effectively reduced
turbidity, BOD5, and COD in various greywater sources. The washing basin’s
greywater exhibited the best treatment performance, meeting irrigation standards. The
addition of UV disinfection enhanced coliform bacteria removal. These findings
contribute to developing sustainable greywater treatment systems for water reuse,
promoting water conservation, and environmental sustainability. This study examined
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
a lab-scale greywater treatment system comprising six filter layers and a PVDF
hollow fiber membrane. The system’s performance was evaluated with and without
UV disinfection to assess its ability to remove physical, chemical and microbiological
parameters. The treatment system effectively reduced turbidity in all greywater types,
exceeding 80% removal after 5 h. BOD5 removal varied among greywater sources,
with the washing basins exhibiting the highest efficiency (87%), followed by the
kitchen sink (80%), and the bathroom (63%). COD RE ranged from 62 to 77% after 5
h, with the kitchen greywater showing the highest removal. Without UV disinfection,
treated water from the kitchen, bathroom, and washing basins did not meet
international irrigation standards but complied with national standards for industrial
crops in Vietnam. However, after implementing UV disinfection on greywater from
washing basins treated by the filtration system, it complied with the garden irrigation
standards set by the US EPA. This study has successfully developed an efficient and
cost-effective treatment system for reusing greywater from households in Vietnam’s
largest city. The system’s applicability extends to other developing countries in the
Southeast Asian region, given their similar greywater quality and weather conditions
5. The Reuse of Greywater Recycling For High Rise Buildings in Kuwait Country.
Ahmed Ibrahim Abd Alaziz & Naji Fahad Al-Saqer, (2014), Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications ISSN.
The main trend of this research refers to the efficiency of reusing process of
grey water except from kitchens and dish washers.It's recommended to carry out
many experiments to fulfill the needs to reuse the black water because of scarce of
water resources and also due to climate changes, especially in arid countries such as
Kuwait country.
6.Greywater Reuse System Design and Economic Analysis for Residential Buildings
in Taiwan. Yi-Kai Juan, Yi Chen and Jing-Ming Lin, (2016), MDPI. Greywater reuse
system, customized design, life cycle cost analyse, residential buildings.
Facing the global challenge of water scarcity situations, many countries and
organizations have raised their awareness of water shortage hazards and proposed
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
effective policies to reduce water usage. Greywater has a high potential for recycle
and reuse to provide sufficient quantity of water for human beings, however, its
applications are still limited. There is a need to continuously develop the
technologies, actions, and strategies for greywater reuse at household level to increase
the reuse practices at grass root level. The greywater processing system suggested by
Mandala [20], in India and the case “GW1” suggested by Nodle & Patner [12], in
Berlin, Germany are based on installing greywater processing systems in basements,
which is unsuitable for the densely populated metropolitan households in Taiwan.
Differing from greywater reuse studies conducted in other countries and regions, this
study attempted to design a greywater reuse system based on the architectural style
and water consumption behavior in Taiwan. This system included an integrated
design of water storage device, filtering device, motor and drain pipes where flexible
configuration can be made according to residential floor-plans and spatial
characteristics. Through critical analysis of using the 20 year life cycle simulation in
three proposed scenarios, where the water bill is incremented gradually, it was found
that in scenarios 2 and 3 the system provided investment incentives, with payback
periods of 12 years and 4 years and the SIRs are 1.12 and 3.23 respectively.
Compared with previous international studies, the ICGS has demonstrated its
potentials and advantages on economic incentives. Especially for regions and
countries where water is expensive or if they are relatively water-stressed, the
implementation of ICGS into domestic households will largely contribute to more
water saving.
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
10. BUDGET ESTIMATE :
Budget Estimate Table:
Item Quantity Cost (₹)
Scupper valve 1 850
Controllers and sensors 1 300
Activated charcoal - 100
Pipes for pipeline connectivity - 150
Sand and Coarse Aggregate - 100
Buckets 3 500
Total 2000
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
12. REFERENCES :
1. Characterization and treatment of grey water: A review,S S Rakesh, Dr. PT
Ramesh, Dr. R Murugaragavan, Dr. S Avudainayagam and Dr. S
Karthikeyan (2020), International Journal of Chemical Studies.
2. Greywater Reuse : A sustainable solution for water crisis.Aniket Vijay
Pingale, Mayur Manoj Deore, Dipali Ghanshyam.Bagul Professor Civil
Department, RSCOE,JSPM Tathawade,Pune .(2024), IJCRT,
3. Water and energy savings from greywater reuse: a modelling scheme using
disaggregated consumption data. J. Knutsson P. Knutsson ,(2021).
International Journal of Energy and Water Resources.
4. From drainage to resource: a practice approach to reuse greywater for
household irrigation purposes. Ngo Anh Dao Ho a, Choe Peng Leob, Anh
Tuan Ta a and Thanh Quang Nguyenc, (2024) Water Practices and
Technology.
5. The Reuse of Greywater Recycling For High Rise Buildings in Kuwait
Country. Ahmed Ibrahim Abd Alaziz & Naji Fahad Al-Saqer, (2014),
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN.
6. Greywater Reuse System Design and Economic Analysis for Residential
Buildings in Taiwan. Yi-Kai Juan, Yi Chen and Jing-Ming Lin, (2016),
MDPI. Greywater reuse system, customized design, life cycle cost analyse,
residential buildings.
13. TEAM DETAILS:
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Treatment and Utilization of Greywater for Non-Potable Applications
Roll
Full name of Student Email ID Phone Number
NO
Mr.Avadhut Satappa Bhopale 17 [email protected] 7821913071
Mr.Rushikesh Satish Kumbhar 26 [email protected] 7020857269
Mr.Prathmesh Dattatray Patil 32 [email protected] 9665011098
Mr.Vivek Pundlik Patil 34 [email protected] 8767256864
Mr.Pratik Vrushabh Upadhye 38 [email protected] 9309791156
14. Guide Details:
Phone
Name Designation Email ID Department
Number
Prof.
Asst.Professor [email protected] Civil Engg. 9373356931
R.S.More
15. UNDERTAKING BY STUDENT:
I undersigned leader of project hereby declared that the synopsis provided by group
is original work and has not been copied from any source. I take full responsibility for
its completion as per scheduled time and guidelines given by our project guide
Date: Name: Avadhut Satappa Bhopale
Prof. R.S.More Prof. R. B. Patil Prof. V. J. Yadav Dr. D. M.Patil
Project Guide Project Coordinator Academic Coordinator HOD, Civil
T.K.I.E.T. WARANANAGAR Page no. 13
