3.

1 Double integrals

In the previous study, we defined the definite integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 of a

function 𝑓 of one variable. We can also consider integrals of functions of
several variables, called double integrals, triple integrals, surface integrals,
and line integrals. Each integral is defined in a similar manner. The
principal difference is the domain of the integrand. In this section, we
consider double integrals.

Recall that ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 may be defined by applying the following four steps.
(steps 1 and 2 are illustrated in Figure 3.1.)

Step 1 Partition [𝑎, 𝑏] by choosing 𝑎 = 𝑥 < 𝑥 < 𝑥 <∙∙∙< 𝑥 = 𝑏.

Step 2 For each 𝑘, select any number 𝑤 in the subinterval [𝑥 , 𝑥 ].

Step 3 Form the Riemann sum ∑ 𝑓(𝑤 )∆𝑥 , where ∆𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 .

Step 4 If ‖𝑃‖ is the norm of the partition (the largest ∆𝑥 ), then

𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑓(𝑤 )∆𝑥 .

‖ ‖→

Definition (3-1):

Let 𝑓 be a function of two variables that id defined on a region 𝑅. The

double integral of 𝑓 over 𝑅, denoted by ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴, is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = lim 𝑓(𝑢 , 𝑣 )∆𝐴 ,

‖ ‖→

provided the limit exists.

53
Definition (3-2):

Let 𝑓 be a continuous function of two variables such that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is

nonnegative for every (𝑥, 𝑦) in a region 𝑅. The volume 𝑉 of the solid that
lies under the graph of 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and over 𝑅 is

𝑉= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴.

Theorem (3-1):

(i) 𝑐𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 for every real number 𝑐

(ii) [𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)]𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴

(iii) If 𝑅 is the union of two nonoverlapping regions 𝑅 and 𝑅 ,

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 + 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴.

(iv) If𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≥ 0 throughout 𝑅, then∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 ≥ 0.

54
Definition(3-3):

(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

(ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Example 3.1:

Evaluate ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

Solution

55
 (2𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑦
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

= [(4𝑥 + 12𝑥 ) − (−2𝑥 + 3𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥

= (6𝑥 + 9𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= [3𝑥 + 3𝑥 ] = 234

Example 3.2.

Evaluate ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.

Solution

(2𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑥 𝑥
= 2 +6 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 3

= [(16 + 128𝑦) − (1 + 2𝑦)]𝑑𝑦

= (126𝑦 + 15)𝑑𝑦

= [63𝑦 + 15𝑦] = 234

3.2.Definition of Iterated Integrals

𝘨 ( ) 𝘨 ( )
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝘨 ( ) 𝘨 ( )

56
 ( ) ( )
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
( ) ( )

Example 3.3.

Evaluate ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

Solution

(𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑦+4 𝑑𝑥
2

= [(2𝑥 + 8𝑥 ) − (𝑥 + 2𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥

8 1 32
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 = .
3 6 3

Example 3.4.

Evaluate ∫ ∫ ⁄ 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.

Solution

57
 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⁄ ⁄

= 2𝑦[sin 𝑥] ⁄ 𝑑𝑦

1
= 2𝑦 sin 𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦
2

= (2𝑦 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

1
= − cos 𝑦 − 𝑦
2

9 1
= − cos 9 − − − cos 1 −
2 2
≈ −2.55.

Evaluation Theorem for Double Integrals

(i)Let 𝑅 be the 𝑅 region Shown in Figure. If 𝑓 is continuous on 𝑅, then

𝘨 ( )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.
𝘨 ( )

(ii) Let 𝑅 be the 𝑅 region Shown in Figure. If 𝑓 is continuous on 𝑅, then

( )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
( )

58
Example 3.5.

Let 𝑅 be the region in the 𝑥𝑦-plane bounded by the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 and

𝑦 = 2𝑥. Evaluate ∬ (𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝐴 using

(a) 𝑅 region (b) 𝑅 region

Solution

(a) 𝑅 region:

(𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = (𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

32
=
3

(b) 𝑅 region:

59
 √
(𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = (𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
⁄

1 √
= 𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4 ⁄

1 ⁄
1
= 𝑦 + 4𝑦 − 𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4 64

32
=
3
Example 3.6.

Let 𝑅 be the region bounded by the graphs of the equations= √𝑥, 𝑦 =

√3𝑥 − 18, and 𝑦 = 0. If 𝑓 is an arbitrary continuous function on 𝑅, express
the double integral ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 in terms of iterated integrals using only

(a) 𝑅 region (b) 𝑅 region

Solution
(a) 𝑅 region:

The graphs of 𝑦 = √𝑥 and 𝑦 = √3𝑥 − 18 are the top halves of the

parabolas 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 18.

60
 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴

√ √
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
√

(b) 𝑅 region:

Solve each of the given equations for 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦, obtaining

𝑥 = 𝑦 and 𝑥 = = 𝑦 + 6, with 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3.

⁄
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Example 3.7.

Given∫ ∫ 𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, reverse the order of integration and evaluate

√
the resulting integral.

Solution

61
 𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
√

𝑦
= cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑥
= cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

1
= (cos 𝑥 )(5𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
10

1 1
= [sin 𝑥 ] = sin 32 ≈ 0.055
10 10
3.3. Area and volume

Example3.7.

Find the area 𝐴 of the region in the 𝑥𝑦-plane bounded by the graphs of 𝑥 =
𝑦 ,

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2, and 𝑦 = 0.

Solution

62
 𝐴= 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = [𝑥] 𝑑𝑦

𝑦 𝑦 5
= (2 − 𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑦 − − =
2 4 4

The area can also be found by using 𝑅 region, in this case it is necessary to
divide 𝑅 into two parts by means of a vertical line through (1,1). We then
have

√ 5
𝐴= 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = .
4

Exercise

Evaluate the following integrals

1 3  
1    e x dxdy.   cos x dxdy.
2
2 2

0 3y 0 y

1 2 1 1 x
1
3    3 dydx. 4    e dydx. y

0 x
y 1 0 x
  8 2

  cos x 6    e x dxdy.
4
5 1  cos x dxdy.
2

0 y 0 3 y

3.4. Triple integrals

Triple integrals for a function 𝑓 of three variables 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 can be defined

using a four-step process similar to that given in (2-1) for functions of two
variables. The simplest case occurs if 𝑓 is continuous throughout a box-
shaped region 𝑄 in three dimensions of the following type:

𝑄 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑, 𝑚 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑛}.

63
Example 3.8.

Evaluate ∭ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 )𝑑𝑉 if

𝑄 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧): −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2}.

Solution

(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 )𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 )𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4

= (2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑥
= 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2

= [(𝑦 + 4𝑦) − (𝑦 − 4𝑦)]𝑑𝑦

𝑦
= 8𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 8 = 28
2

Triple integrals may be defined over a region more complicated than a

rectangular box. Suppose, for example, that 𝑅 is a region in the 𝑥𝑦-plane
that can be divided into 𝑅 and 𝑅 regions and that 𝑄 is the region in three
dimensions defined by

𝑄 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧): (𝑥, 𝑦)is in 𝑅 and𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑦)},

64
where 𝑘 and 𝑘 are functions that have continuous first partial derivatives
throughout 𝑅. The region 𝑄 lies between the graphs of 𝑧 = 𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑧 =
𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑦) and over or under the region 𝑅. If 𝑄 is subdivided by means of
planes parallel to the three coordinate planes, then the resulting (small) box-
shaped regions 𝑄 , 𝑄 , … , 𝑄 that lie completely within 𝑄 form an inner
partition 𝑃 of 𝑄. A typical element 𝑄 of an inner partition of 𝑄 is shown in
Figure. A Riemann sum of 𝑓 for 𝑃 is a sum of the form ∑ 𝑓(𝑢 , 𝑣 , 𝑤 )∆𝑉 ,
where (𝑢 , 𝑣 , 𝑤 ) is an arbitrary point in 𝑄 and ∆𝑉 is the volume of 𝑄 .
The triple integral of 𝑓 over 𝑄 is again defined as the limit (13-18). If 𝑓 is
continuous throughout 𝑄, then

Evaluation Theorem

( , )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐴
( , )

The notation on the right in (13-19) means that after first integrating with
respect to 𝑧, we evaluate the resulting double integral over the region 𝑅 in
the 𝑥𝑦-plane using the methods of section (13-1). Thus, for an 𝑅 region
such as in Figure,

( ) ( , )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( , )

The symbol on the right-hand side of this equation is an iterated triple

integral. It is evaluated by means of partial integrations of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in the
order 𝑧, 𝑦, 𝑥, with the indicated limits substituted in the usual way.

Similarly, for an 𝑅 region such as that in Figure

( ) ( , )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
( ) ( , )

65
Example3.9.

Find the volume 𝑉 of the solid that is bounded by the cylinder 𝑦 = 𝑥 and by
the planes 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 and 𝑧 = 0.

Solution

The solid is sketched in Figure , and the region 𝑅 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane is shown in
Figure.

𝑉= 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑧] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1
= (4 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2

66
 1
= 8 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

4 1
= 8𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥
3 10

256
= ≈ 17.07
15
If we use the order 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 for the double integral, then the rectangle in Figure
will be horizontal and the formula for 𝑉 will become

√
𝑉= 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
√

Some triple integrals may be evaluated by means of iterated triple integrals

in which the first integration is with respect to 𝑦. Thus, consider

𝑄 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧): 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏, ℎ (𝑥) ≤ 𝑧 ≤ ℎ (𝑥)𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑧) ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑧)},

where ℎ and ℎ are functions that are continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑘 and 𝑘 are
functions that have continuous first partial derivatives on the region𝑅 in the
𝑥𝑧-plane shown in Figure. Note that 𝑄 lies between the graphs of 𝑦 =
𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑧) and 𝑦 = 𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑧). The projection 𝑅of 𝑄 onto the 𝑥𝑧-plane is an 𝑅
region. In this case, we have the following,

( ) ( , )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( , )

Example 3.10

Find the volume 𝑉 of the region 𝑄 bounded by the graphs of𝑧 = 3𝑥 , 𝑧 =

4 − 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0, and 𝑧 + 𝑦 = 6.

Solution

67
 𝑉= 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑦] 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥

1
= (6 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑥
2

= ∫ (16 − 20𝑥 + 4𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ≈ 20.3.

Example3.11.

Find the volume 𝑉 of the solid that is bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 =

2, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.

Solution

68
 𝑉= 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

= [𝑧] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

= (1 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑦− 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥] = 1
2 2

Example3.12.

Evaluate ∭ 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 , where 𝐸 is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the four

planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.

Solution

69
 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑧
= 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1 (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)
= (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥
2 2 3

1 1 (1 − 𝑥) 1
= (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − =
6 6 4 24

Example3.13.

Use triple integral to find the volume 𝑉 of the solid that is bounded by the
planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 .

Solution

70
 𝑉= 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥

= [𝑦] 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥

= (1 − 𝑥)[𝑧] 𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − − +
3 2 4

5
=
12
Exercises

Evaluate the triple integral

(1) ∭ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑉 , where

𝐸 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)|0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 − 𝑦 ,0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦

(2) ∭ 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 , where 𝐸 is bounded by the cylinder 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9 and the

planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3𝑥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0 in the first octant.

Use a triple integral to find the volume of the given solid.

(1)The tetrahedron enclosed by the coordinate planes and the

plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4

(2) The solid bounded by the cylinder 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the planes 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 4,

and 𝑦=9

(3) The solid enclosed by the cylinder 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9 and the planes 𝑦 + 𝑧 =

5 and 𝑧=1

71
(4) The solid enclosed by the paraboloid 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑧 and the plane 𝑥 = 16

3.5.Change of variables and Jacobians (2-11)

Let us begin by considering a function 𝑇 whose domain 𝐷 is a region in the

𝑥𝑦- plane and whose range 𝐸 is a region in a 𝑢𝑣- plane.As illustrated in
Figure ( ), to each point (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝐷 there corresponds exactly one point
(𝑢, 𝑣) in 𝐸 such that 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑢, 𝑣). We call 𝑇 a transformation of
coordinates from the 𝑥𝑦- plane to the 𝑢𝑣- plane. Since each pair (𝑢, 𝑣) is
uniquely determined by (𝑥, 𝑦), both 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Thus, we have the following transformation formulas, where 𝑓 and g are

functions that have the same domain 𝐷 as 𝑇.

𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣 = g(𝑥, 𝑦); (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝐷, (𝑢, 𝑣) in 𝐸 (*)

Given the transformation of coordinates (*), let us partition region in the 𝑢𝑣-
plane by means of vertical lines 𝑢 = 𝑐 , 𝑢 = 𝑐 , 𝑢 = 𝑐 , … and horizontal
lines 𝑣 = 𝑑 , 𝑣 = 𝑑 , 𝑣 = 𝑑 , … as illustrated in Figure ( ). The
corresponding level curves for 𝑓 and g in the 𝑥𝑦- plane are graphs of

𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐 and 𝑣 = g(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑑

for 𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, … and 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, … These curves determine a curvilinear

partition of a region in the 𝑥𝑦- plane, as illustrated in Figure ( ).

72
Consider ∬ 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 is a region in the 𝑥𝑦- plane, and suppose
we make the substitution

𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦 = g(𝑢, 𝑣)

where 𝑓 and g are functions that have continuous second partial derivatives.
These equations define a transformation of coordinates 𝑊 from the 𝑢𝑣-
plane to the 𝑥𝑦- plane. After the substitution for 𝑥 and 𝑦, the integrand
becomes a function of 𝑢 and 𝑣. One of our objectives is to find a region 𝑆 in
the 𝑢𝑣- plane that is transformed onto 𝑅 by 𝑊, as illustrated in Figure ( ),
such that

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐹 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣), g(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑑𝐴

73
Definition

If 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = g(𝑢, 𝑣), then the Jacobianof 𝑥 and 𝑦 with respect
to 𝑢 and 𝑣, denoted by 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)⁄𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣), is

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑢
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Definition

If 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) and 𝑦 = g(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), and 𝑧 = h(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)then the

Jacobianof 𝑥 , 𝑦, and 𝑧 with respect to 𝑢 ,𝑣, and 𝑤denoted by
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)⁄𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), is defined by

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
Example 3.14.

Find the Jacobian of transformation for

(i) Polar coordinates

(ii) Cylindrical coordinates
(iii) Spherical coordinates
Solution

(i)In polar coordinates

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜃 = cos 𝜃 −𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝐽= = 𝜕𝑟 =𝑟
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃

74
(ii)In cylindrical coordinates

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑧=𝑧

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 cos 𝜃 −𝑟 sin 𝜃 0
𝐽= = = sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃 0 =𝑟
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 0 0 1
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
(iii)In spherical coordinates

𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜃
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝐽= =
𝜕(𝜌, 𝜙, 𝜃) 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜃

sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 𝜌 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜃 −𝜌 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃

= sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 𝜌 cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃 𝜌 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃
cos 𝜙 −𝜌 sin 𝜙 0

= 𝜌 sin 𝜙

3.5. 1.Double integrals in polar coordinates

If 𝑓 is a continuous function of the polar variables 𝑟 and 𝜃, then

Evaluation Theorem

lim 𝑓(𝑟 , 𝜃 ) 𝑟 ∆𝑟 ∆𝜃 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑑𝐴

‖ ‖→

75
 ( )
= 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
( )

Example3.15.

Find the area of the region 𝑅 that lies outside the circle 𝑟 = 𝑎 and inside the
circle 𝑟 = 2𝑎 sin 𝜃.

Solution

Equate the two equations to get the limits of integration:

𝑎 = 2𝑎 sin 𝜃 ⟹

76
 1 𝜋 5𝜋
sin 𝜃 = ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 =
2 6 6

⁄
𝐴= 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
⁄

⁄
=2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
⁄

⁄
1
=2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
⁄ 2

⁄
= (4𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑎 ) 𝑑𝜃
⁄

⁄
1 − cos 2𝜃
=𝑎 4 − 1 𝑑𝜃
⁄ 2

⁄
=𝑎 (1 − 2 cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
⁄

⁄ 𝜋 𝜋 √3
= 𝑎 [𝜃 − sin 2𝜃] ⁄ =𝑎 −0 − −
2 6 2

𝜋 √3
=𝑎 +
3 2

Example3.16.

Find the area of the region 𝑅 bounded by one loop of the lemniscate

𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 2𝜃, where 𝑎 > 0.

Solution

77
We sweep out the loop by letting 𝜃 vary from 0 to 𝜋⁄2.

⁄ √
𝐴= 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

⁄ √ ⁄
1 1
= 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2

1 ⁄ 1 1
= − 𝑎 [cos 2𝜃] = − 𝑎 (−1 − 1) = 𝑎
4 4 2
Change to polar coordinates in a double integral

If 𝑓 is continuous on a polar rectangle 𝑅 given by 0 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤

𝛽, where 0 ≤ 𝛽 − 𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋, then

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

78
Example3.17.

Evaluate ∬ (3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 is the region in the upper half- plane
bounded by the circles 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4.

Solution

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 𝑦 ≥ 0, 1 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4}

In polar coordinates, 𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜃)|0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, 1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2}

(3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴 = (3𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 4𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

= [𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃

= (7 cos 𝜃 + 15 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

79
 15
= 7 cos 𝜃 + (1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2

15𝜃 15 15𝜋
= 7 sin 𝜃 + − sin 2𝜃 =
2 4 2

Example3.18.

Use double integral to find the area enclosed by one loop of the four-leaved
rose 𝑟 = cos 2𝜃.

Solution

𝐷 = {(𝑟, 𝜃)| −𝜋⁄4 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋⁄4 , 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ cos 2𝜃}

⁄
𝐴= 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
⁄

⁄ ⁄
1 1
= 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
⁄ 2 2 ⁄

⁄
1
= (1 + cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
4 ⁄

⁄
1 1 𝜋
= 𝜃 + sin 4𝜃 =
4 4 ⁄ 8

Example3.19.

80
Find the area outside 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 and inside 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑦 .

Solution

𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑎 ⟹𝑟 =𝑎

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑦 ⟹ 𝑟 = 2𝑎 sin 𝜃

𝐷 = {(𝑟, 𝜃)| 𝜋⁄6 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 5𝜋⁄6 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2𝑎 sin 𝜃}

⁄
𝐴= 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
⁄

⁄
=2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
⁄

⁄ ⁄
1
=2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = (4𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑎 ) 𝑑𝜃
⁄ 2 ⁄

⁄
1
=𝑎 4 (1 − cos 2𝜃) − 1 𝑑𝜃
⁄ 2

⁄
=𝑎 (1 − 2 cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
⁄

⁄ √
= 𝑎 [𝜃 − sin 2𝜃] ⁄ =𝑎 + .

Exercises

81
(1) Evaluate ∬ tan (𝑦⁄𝑥) 𝑑𝐴,

where 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 1 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥}

(2) Evaluate ∬ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴, where

𝐷 is the disk with center at the origin and radius 3.

(3) Evaluate ∬ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴, where 𝐷 is the region in the first quadrant that lies
between the circles 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑥.

(4) Evaluate ∬ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 is the region that lies to the left of the
𝑦-axis between the circles 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4.

Use a double integral to find the area of the region that has the indicated
shape

(1) One loop of 𝑟 = 4 sin 3𝜃

(2) Inside 𝑟 = 2 − 2 cos 𝜃 and 𝑟 = 3

(3) Bounded by 𝑟 = sin 𝜃.

Evaluate the given integral by changing to polar coordinates

 cos(x  y 2 )dA ,where R is the region boubded by semicircle circle

2

x  4  y 2 and y-axis.

x2  y 2

D
e dA ,where R is the region lies above the x-axis whithin the circle

x 2  y 2  9.


D
4  x 2  y 2 dA ,where R is the region lies above the x-axis whithin the

circle x 2  y 2  4.

82
3.5.2. Triple Integrals in cylindrical coordinates

Suppose that 𝑓 is continuous

and

𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)|(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷, 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦)}

Where 𝐷 is given in polar coordinates by

𝐷 = {(𝑟, 𝜃)|𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽, ℎ (𝜃) ≤ 𝑟 ≤ ℎ (𝜃)}

( , )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐴
( , )

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉

( ) ( , )
= 𝑓(𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑧) 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
( ) ( , )

Example3.21.

√
Evaluate ∫ ∫ √ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥.

Solution

83
This triple integral over the region 𝐸 in Cartesian coordinates:

𝐸 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, − 4 − 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4−𝑥 , 𝑥 +𝑦 ≤𝑧

≤2

The region in cylindrical coordinates is:

𝐸 = {(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧)| 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2, 𝑟 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2}

√
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
√

= 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 (2 − 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑟 16𝜋
= 2𝜋 − =
2 5 5

Example3.22.

Use cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of the solid that is bounded by
the paraboloid 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 and the 𝑥𝑦-plane.

Solution

84
Equation of the paraboloid in cylindrical coordinates;

𝑧 =4−𝑥 −𝑦 ⟹𝑧 = 4−𝑟

⁄
𝑉= 𝑑𝑉 = 4 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

⁄
=4 [𝑧] 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

⁄
=4 (4 − 𝑟 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

⁄
1
=4 2𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
4
⁄
⁄
=4 4𝑑𝜃 = 16[𝜃] = 8𝜋

Exercises

Use cylindrical coordinates

(1) Evaluate ∭ 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑉 , where 𝐸 is the region that lies inside the

cylinder 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16 and between the planes 𝑧 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4.

85
(2) Evaluate ∭ 𝑒 𝑑𝑉, where 𝐸 is enclosed by the paraboloid

𝑧 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 , the cylinder 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5, and the 𝑥𝑦-plane.

Evaluate the integral by changing to cylindrical coordinates

(1) ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

√
(2) ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

3.9.2. Triple Integrals in Spherical coordinates

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉

= 𝑓(𝜌 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 , 𝜌 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 , 𝜌 cos 𝜙) 𝜌 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜃𝑑 𝜙

Where 𝐸 is a spherical wedge given by

𝐸 = {(𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜙)|𝑎 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽, 𝑐 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝑑}

Example3.23.
⁄
Evaluate ∭ 𝑒 𝑑𝑉, where 𝐵 is the unit ball:

86
 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)|𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≤ 1}

Solution

In spherical coordinates

𝐵 = {(𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜙)|0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋}

⁄ ⁄
𝑒 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑒 𝜌 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙

= sin 𝜙𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃 𝜌 𝑒 𝑑𝜌

1 4
= [− cos 𝜙] (2𝜋) 𝑒 = 𝜋(𝑒 − 1)
3 3

Example 3.24.

Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the solid that lies above the
cone 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and below the sphere 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑧.

Solution

The sphere passes through the origin and has center 0, 0, .

The equation of the sphere in spherical coordinates:

87
𝜌 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 or 𝜌 = cos 𝜙

The equation of the cone in spherical coordinates:

𝜌 cos 𝜙 = 𝜌 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝜌 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙

cos 𝜙 = sin 𝜙 ⟹ 𝜙 = 𝜋⁄4

𝐸 = {(𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜙)|0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋⁄4 , 0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ cos 𝜙}

⁄
𝑉= 𝑑𝑉 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜙𝑑𝑑𝜃

⁄
𝜌
= 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜙
3

⁄ ⁄
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋
= sin 𝜙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑑𝜙 = − 𝜙 =
3 3 4 8

Exercises

Use spherical coordinates

(1) Evaluate ∭ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑉, where 𝐵 is the ball with center at the

origin and radius 5

(2) Evaluate ∭ (9 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑉, where 𝐸 is the solid hemisphere

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≤ 9, 𝑧 ≥ 0

(3) Find the volume of the solid 𝐸 that lies above the cone 𝑧 = 𝑥 +𝑦
and below the sphere 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.

88