Experiments for cycle 2

EXPERIMENT -5
CONVEX LENS- FOCAL LENGTH
Date:
AIM: To find the focal length of a given convex lens using U-V
method.
APPARATUS:- Optic bench, convex lens, Screen, Optic needles,
Graph, Pencil.
Formula Used:- According to Lens equation,
-1/U + 1/V = 1/f
F= UV/ U-V
f- focal length , U- object distance, V- image distance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Mount the convex lens in lens holder and face the lens
towards a distant object.
2. Obtain a sharp image of the distant object on a screen and
measure the distance between the lens and the screen.
This gives rough focal length of the given convex lens.
3. Clamp the lens in a fixed upright and keep the upright at
50cm mark.
4. Adjust the lens such that its surface is vertical and
perpendicular to the length of the optical bench.
5. Take a thin optical needle as object needle and mount it in
outer laterally movable upright near zero end.
6. Move the object needle and clamp it at a distance 1.5
times the rough focal length of lens.
7. Adjust the height of the object needle to make its tip lie on
horizontal line through the optical centre of the lens.
8. Mount a thick optical needle in a upright near the other
end of the optical bench. An inverted image of the object
will be seen. The tip of the image lies in the middle of the
lens.
9. Adjust the height of the image needle so that its tip is seen
in line with the tip of the image when seen with right open
eye.
10. Move the eye toward right. The tips will get
separated. The image tip and the image needle tip have
parallax.
11. Remove the parallax tip to tip.
12. Note the position of the image needle.
13. To get more observations, move the object needle
towards the lens in steps of 2cm to get observation 2 and
repeat the experiment.
14. Move the object needle away from the lens insteps of
2cm and repeat experiment.
 15. Record all observation in table.
16. Draw a graph between different values of U and V
and determine focal length of the lens by using the
relation , f= (OB+OC)/4

RESULT:
1. The rough focal length of the given convex lens=
2. The focal length of given convex lens
(i) By u-v method=
(ii) From U-V graph=
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The tips of the object and image needles should lie at the
same height as the centre of the lens.
2. The parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping
the eye at least a distance of 30cm away the needle.
SOURECS OF ERROR:-
1. The uprights may not be vertical.
2. Parallax removal may not be perfect.

RAY DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:

F= (OB+OC)/4
OBSERVATION
Rough focal length of the given convex lens:
sno Position of F=uv/u-v
Object Lens Image U=OA V=OB cm
Needle(A) (O) Needle(B) cm cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mean focal length = cm

EXPERIMENT- 6
GLASS PRISM – REFRACTIVE INDEX
Date:
AIM- To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given
glass prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and
angle of deviation and hence find the refractive index of the
material.
APPARATUS:-
Glass prism, drawing board, paper, pin, pencil, graph sheet,
protractor.
Formula used.
 In minimum deviation position ,
i= e
r1=r2=r
hence refractive index, n= (sin( A+Dm)/2) / (sin (A/2) )
Where A- angle of the prism
Dm- Angle of minimum deviation.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix a sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of
drawing pins.
2. Draw a line parallel to the length of the paper nearly in the
middle of the paper.
3. Place the prism with its refracting face AB in the line and
mark the boundary of the prism.
4. Draw a normal o the refracting face AB of the prism and a
line at 300 with the normal.
5. Fix two or more pins P1 and P2 vertically on the line and
the distance between the pins should be 10mm or more.
6. Look the images of the pins P1 and P2 through the face AC.
7. Close your left eye and bring the open right eye in line
with the two images.
8. Fix two pins P3 and P4 vertically, and 10mm apart such
that the open right eye sees pins P3 and p4 and the images
of P1 andP2 in one straight line.
9. Remove the pins P3 and P4 and encircle the pin pricks.
10. Draw straight line through the pin pricks of P3 and P4 to
obtain the emergent ray.
11. Produce the incident ray in the boundary of the prism to
meet the emergent ray and measure the angle of deviation.
12. Write the value of angles on the paper.
13. Repeat the steps 4 to 12 for different value of angle of
incidence like 350, 400, 450, ………..
14. measure the angle BAC of the prism which gives angle A.
15. Record the observations.
16. Draw a graph between and angle of incidence along X-
axis and angle of deviation along Y-axis. Find angle of
minimum deviation and calculate the refractive index of the
material f the prism using the relation.
RESULT:-
1. The angle of deviation first decreases with increase in
angle of incidence, attains a minimum vale and then
increases.
2. The angle of minimum deviation =
 3. The refractive index of the material of the prism =
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The angle of incidence should lies between 300 -600.
2. The pins should be fixed vertical.
3. The distance between the two pins should not be less than
10mm.
SOURCES OF ERROR.
1. The pin pricks may be thick.
2. Parallax error.
3. Measurement of angles may wrong.

( WRITE THE FOLLOWING ON LEFT SIDE)

RAY DIAGRAM:
RQ – Incident ray i= angle of incidence
QS- Refracted ray r1, r2= angle of refraction
ST- Emergent ray D- angle of deviation
N1 N3, N2N3- normal e= Angle of emergence
MODEL GRAPH

OBSERVATION
Angle of the prism= 600
Sno. Angle of incidence(i0) Angle of deviation(D0)
1 300
2 350
3 400
4 450
5 500
CALCULATION:-
Angle of the prism= A= 600
Angle of minimum deviation( Dm) =
Refractive index (n) = sin(( A+Dm)/2)/ sin(A/2)

&&&&&

EXPERIMENT- 7
GLASS SLAB- REFRACTIVE INDEX
( WRITE ON RIGHT HAND SIDE)
Date:
AIM:-
To determine the refractive index of the material of the
glass slab using travelling microscope.
APPARATUS:-
Travelling microscope, glass slab, lycopodium powder
FORMULA USED
Refractive index (n) = (R3- R1)/( R3- R2)
R1- Reading without slab
R2- Reading with slab
R3- reading with lycopodium powder.
R3-R1- Real thickness of the glass slab
R3-R2- Apparent thickness of the glass slab.

PROCEDURE:
1. Place the travelling microscope on the table near a
window so that sufficient light falls on it.
2. Make the microscope horizontal and adjust the position of
the eye piece so that the cross wires are clearly visible.
3. Determine the vernier constant or least count of the
microscope.
4. Make a black ink mark on the base of the microscope. The
mark will serve as point P.
5. Make the microscope vertical and focus on it on the mark
P, so that there is no parallax between the cross wires and
the image of the point P.
6. Note down the main and vernier scale readings(R1) on
vertical scale.
7. Place a glass slab over the mark P.
8. Raise the microscope upwards and focus it on the image of
the mark.
9. Note the reading (R2) on the vertical scale as before.
10. Sprinkle some lycopodium powder on the surface of the
slab.
11. Raise the microscope further upwards and focus it on the
particles of lycopodium powder.
12. Note the reading (R3) on the vertical scale again.
13. Repeat the above the steps.
14. Record the observations.

RESULT:
 The refractive index of the material of glass slab=

PRECAUTIONS:
1. In microscope, the parallax should be removed properly.
2. The microscope should be moved in upper direction only to
avoid back lash error.
SOURCES OF ERROR;-
1. Back lash error.
2. The microscope scale may not be properly calibrated

(WRITE ON LEFT HAND SIDE)

RAY DIAGRAM

r
I
i
O

OBSERVATION
Value of one main scale division (msd) = 1/20 cm
No. of divisions on the vernier scale (n) = 50
Least count of the microscope = 1 msd/n= 1/20x50
= 0.001cm.

Sno Reading when microscope is n=(R3-

focused on R1)/(R3-
Without With With R3-R1 R3- R2)
Slab(R1) Slab(R2) Lycopodium (cm) R2
Powder(R3) (cm)

Mean refractive index=

&&&&&&&&&
 EXPERIMENT – 8
P-N JUNCTION DIODE- FORWARD CHARACTERISTICS
(WRITE THE FOLLOWING ON RIGHT HAND SIDE)
AIM:- To draw the forward characteristics of a p-n junction
diode and hence find its resistance.
APPARATUS:- p-n junction diode , battery rheostat, voltmeter,
milliammeter, key and connecting wires.
THEORY:- When the terminal of the supply voltage is connected
to the p-side and negative terminal is connected to n-side, the
p-n junction is said to be forward biased. Under forward bias
the resistance offered by the junction is very low.
R = ΔV/ΔI

PROCEDURE:-
1. Make circuit diagram as shown in figure.
 2. Make all the connections neat, tight and clean.
3. Note the least count of the voltmeter and milliammeter.
4. Bring the moving contact of the potential divider
( rheostat) near the negative end and insert the key K. The
voltmeter and milliammeter will give zero reading.
5. Move the contact little towards the positive end to apply
forward bias voltage and the current remains zero.
6. Increase the forward bias voltage step by step .Upto a
certain voltage, current remains zero. Then the
milliammeter records a small current.
7. Record the voltmeter reading and milliammeter reading.
Current increases first slowly and then rapidly.
8. Record all the observations.
9. Draw a graph by taking voltmeter reading along X-axis and
milliammeter reading along y-axis. Hence calculate the
resistance from the slope of the graph.
RESULT:-
1. The forward characteristic of a p-n junction diode is
drawn.
2. The junction resistance forward bias = ohm
SOURCES OF ERROR
1.The emf of the battery may not be constant.
2. The component may be faulty.
Precautions
1. The voltage should be increased step by step.
2. The connecting wires should have negligible resistance.

(WRITE THE FOLLOWING ON LEFT HAND SIDE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
p-n – diode, v- voltmeter, Rh- Rheostat, E- battery, K-key
mA- milliammeter
MODEL GRAPH

OBSERVATION
Least count of voltmeter= V
Range of voltmeter =
Least count of milliammeter= mA
Range of milliammeter= mA
SNO Voltmeter reading(V) Milliammeter reading(mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
From graph = ΔV/ΔI =
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