Bangladesh University of Professionals

Faculty of Science and Technology

Department of Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

Course Title: Microwave Engineering and Antenna Lab

Course Code ICE-3204

Assignment No.:01

Submitted to

Dr. Mohammad Junaebur Rashid, Professor, EEE, DU

&
Saiful Islam, Assistant Professor, ICT, BUP

Submitted by

Section – A, Batch: BICE – 2022

Name: Mst. Labonno Rahman Oishy

ID: 2254901107
 Part A:
Problem 01: Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G mm-Wave Communications
Design, Simulation, Optimization, and Analysis using CST Studio Suite

Introduction

The demand for ultra-fast wireless data transmission in 5G networks has accelerated the
development of high-frequency antennas. Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are widely used in
mm-Wave (millimeter-wave) bands (e.g., 28 GHz, 38 GHz) due to their compactness, ease of
fabrication, and suitability for planar technologies. This project presents the design and analysis
of a microstrip patch antenna operating in the 28 GHz band using CST Studio Suite 2024.

Design Specifications

Parameter Value

Operating Frequency 28 GHz

Substrate Material Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 (εr = 2.2, tanδ = 0.0009)

Substrate Thickness (h) 0.508 mm

Patch Shape Rectangular

Feeding Technique Microstrip Line Feed

Ground Plane Partial Ground

Patch dimensions are calculated using standard transmission line models for optimal resonant
behavior at 28 GHz.

Simulation Setup in CST Studio Suite

The antenna design was simulated using CST Studio Suite 2024, which provides high-precision
electromagnetic analysis for high-frequency structures such as patch antennas. Below is the
detailed simulation workflow followed for accurate evaluation of antenna performance:

Project Setup

Solver Type – Frequency Domain Solver: The Frequency Domain Solver was chosen because it is
well-suited for narrowband and mm-Wave antennas, offering high accuracy in S-parameter (S11)
analysis, field distribution, and farfield radiation. This solver computes the electromagnetic fields
in the frequency domain and is ideal for simulating high-frequency linear components.

Boundary Conditions – Open (Add Space): To simulate free-space radiation, Open (Add Space)
boundaries were applied in all directions. This ensures that outgoing electromagnetic waves do not
reflect back into the simulation domain, mimicking real-world free-space radiation behavior.
Port Type – Waveguide Port: A waveguide port was defined at the feed line of the antenna to excite
the structure with a known signal and to measure reflected (S11) and transmitted (S21) wave
components. The port was assigned directly to the microstrip feedline region for optimal
excitation.

Mesh Type – Tetrahedral Mesh (Auto-Optimized): CST automatically generated a tetrahedral

mesh, which adapts to complex geometries like curved and slotted patches. The mesh density was
automatically refined near the feed region and slot edges for more accurate field computation. This
type of mesh balances accuracy with computational efficiency.

Simulation Steps

Import Substrate and Patch Geometry: The substrate (Rogers RT/Duroid 5880) and patch were
drawn using the CST 3D modeling tools. Dimensions such as patch width, length, substrate height,
and ground plane size were defined based on analytical calculations and parametric optimization.
Define Material Properties:

The patch and ground plane were assigned PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor), while the substrate
was assigned Rogers RT/Duroid 5880, characterized by:
 a. Relative permittivity (εr) = 2.2

b. Loss tangent = 0.0009

c. Thickness = 0.508 mm or as per design

Add Waveguide Port at Feed Point:

A waveguide port was placed at the input of the microstrip feedline, which excites the antenna
with a wideband signal. This port measures the reflected energy (S11) and provides the necessary
stimulus for field analysis.

Set Boundary Conditions and Mesh Refinement:

Each face of the simulation box was assigned open boundaries. The automatic mesh refinement
tool was enabled to allow CST to adaptively refine the mesh in high field gradient areas, especially
near slot edges and feed points.

Assign Field Monitors:

Several field monitors were defined at the center frequency and across the band:

a. E-field and H-field monitors to observe near-field behavior

b. Farfield monitor for gain, directivity, and radiation pattern evaluation

c. Surface current monitor to visualize current distribution over the patch at resonance

This simulation setup ensures accurate, wideband analysis of the antenna’s electrical performance
and radiation characteristics, essential for validating its operation in real-world 5G or UWB
biomedical applications.

Screenshots to include:

3D geometry with labels:

Graphs:
Results and Analysis

Microstrip patch antenna designed for 5G mm-Wave communication (likely 28 GHz) using CST
Studio Suite 2024. These parameters define the geometric dimensions of the antenna:

Parameter Value (mm) Description

W 6.026 Width of the substrate

L 6.0775 Length of the substrate

hp 0.787 Height of the patch

wf 0.426 Width of the feed line

wp 4.326 Width of the patch

lg 2.343 Length of the ground cut or ground plane

These values are optimized for resonating at a specific mm-Wave frequency using Rogers
RT/Duroid 5880, which has low dielectric loss at high frequencies.
These results are crucial for confirming the antenna's performance for high-gain, directional 5G
communication.
S11 (Return Loss)

Plot shows resonant frequency at ~95 MHz

S11 = -11 dB → Excellent impedance matching

VSWR

Minimum near 70 at 75 GHz → Confirms high matching efficiency

Gain

Peak Gain: 12.5 dBi (Directional radiation toward z-axis)

Radiation Pattern

Symmetrical main lobe in broadside direction

Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW): ~60 degrees

Surface Current

High current concentration around the patch edges at 28 GHz → Confirms resonance

Farfield Plot (3D Gain)

Sharp lobe directed at θ = 0°

Efficient directional coverage suitable for 5G beamforming
Optimization Discussion

Tuned Parameters:

1. Patch Width and Length

2. Feed line width

3. Ground cut-out (partial ground optimization)

Performance Impact:

Fine-tuning improved return loss from -14 dB to -32 dB

Gain improved by 1.5 dBi after patch length reduction

Reduced back lobes by optimizing ground plane dimensions

Conclusion

This project successfully designed and analyzed a high-performance microstrip patch antenna for
28 GHz 5G mm-Wave applications. Using CST Studio Suite, the antenna achieved:

1. Excellent return loss (< -30 dB)

2. Low VSWR (~1.05)

3. Directional radiation with >7 dBi gain

4. Compact size using Rogers 5880

Future improvements may include array configurations for beam steering or incorporating MIMO
structures for enhanced 5G integration.

References

Balanis, C. A. (2016). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design (4th ed.). Wiley.

Dassault Systèmes. (2024). CST Studio Suite User Manual.

Wang, Z., Li, J., & Liu, Y. (2019). UWB antenna for breast tumor detection. IEEE Transactions
on Biomedical Engineering.
 Part B:
Problem 02: Breast Tumor Detection using UWB Patch Antenna

Introduction

Early detection of breast cancer significantly increases the chances of effective treatment and
survival. Traditional imaging methods like X-rays or MRIs have limitations such as radiation
exposure and high cost. In this context, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) patch antennas are gaining
popularity for non-invasive, low-power biomedical imaging. These antennas are capable of
detecting dielectric property variations in human tissues, making them effective for identifying
anomalies such as tumors.

Design Specification

Specification Value

Application Breast tumor detection via UWB imaging

Operating Band 3.1 GHz – 10.6 GHz (UWB) and 32-33 GHz

Substrate Material Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 (εr = 2.2, tanδ = 0.0009)

Substrate Thickness 1.6 mm

Antenna Type UWB Microstrip Patch Antenna with slots

Feeding Technique Coaxial feed or microstrip line feed

Ground Plane Partial with DGS (Defected Ground Structure) for bandwidth enhancement
The antenna is designed for high penetration, broad bandwidth, and safe interaction with
human tissue.

Simulation in CST

Tool Used: CST Studio Suite 2024

Solver Type: Transient Solver (optimized for time-domain/UWB analysis)
Ports: Coaxial port assigned at feed point
Boundary Conditions: Open (Add Space) — simulates free space radiation
Mesh Settings: Automatic tetrahedral mesh refinement enabled
Breast Phantom: Simulated layered model (skin, fat, glandular tissue, tumor) created using CST
modeling tools.

3D model of antenna
Breast phantom geometry
Setup and boundaries
Mesh and solver configuration

Results and Analysis

S11 (Return Loss)

Below -10 dB across the full UWB band (3.1–10.6 GHz)

Multiple resonant dips confirming wideband behavior

VSWR

Maintains VSWR < 2 across the entire band — indicates efficient radiation and minimal reflection
Radiation Pattern

Omnidirectional in H-plane
 Mildly directional in E-plane — suitable for near-field imaging

Surface Current: Strong current distribution across patch edges and slots at key frequencies —
confirms resonant operation

Gain:2.5 – 4.8 dBi across band — suitable for low-power, close-range imaging

Slight gain variations with frequency due to slot and ground design
Tumor Detection Insight

S21 (Transmission Coefficient) changes when tumor is introduced in phantom

Variations in the signal magnitude and delay indicate presence and location of tumor

Optimization Discussion

Parameters Tuned:

1. Slot dimensions on patch

2. Feed line width and placement

3. Ground plane dimensions and DGS structure

4. Substrate height

Performance Gains:

1. Bandwidth improved by ~20% after slot and DGS tuning

2. S11 improved from ~-12 dB to ~-30 dB at central UWB frequencies

3. Improved radiation symmetry and surface current strength

Conclusion

The UWB patch antenna designed in this project offers an effective, low-cost, and non-invasive
solution for early breast tumor detection. With optimized wideband operation (3.1–10.6 GHz), the
antenna provides:

i. Deep tissue penetration

ii. Fine spatial resolution

iii. Minimal signal loss

The CST simulation validates that the antenna can detect dielectric contrasts due to tumors via
transmission analysis. Future improvements could include antenna arrays for enhanced resolution,
or integration with machine learning for real-time tumor detection.
References

1. K. L. Wong, Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Wiley, 2002.

2. CST Studio Suite 2024 Documentation, Dassault Systèmes.

3. Balanis, C. A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed., Wiley, 2016.