Operating Web

Unit-2
Introduction

 An application that can be accessed via a web browser, over a network connection is called a web-
based application.

 Nowadays, web-based applications are used for reservation of tickets and bookings, e-
governance, online shopping with the provision of making payments online using credit/debit

cards, etc.
 The online reservation system, online shopping, and bill payments fall in the first category and
e governance and online tutorial and tests fall in the second category.
Online Reservation
Systems
 An online reservation system allows booking /cancellation of tickets through use of Internet.
 Some examples of online reservation systems are :
o Airline ticket (Goibibo)

o Railway ticket(IRCTC)

o Bus ticket (MakeMyTrip)

o Movie ticket (BookMyShow)

o Hotel booking (OYO)

o Car rental Tour (Discovercars)

o travel booking (UBER)

Advantages of Online Reservation
System
Online reservation systems are advantageous both for the company and the customer.

Advantages for
consumers
Convenient:-
The user/consumer can book tickets anytime anywhere. The user saves time and and energy.
All the user needs is just a computer, Internet access, and a card (credit, debit, etc.) for payment.

Price Comparison:-
online booking allows the customer to check the prices, compare them and get the best
deal.
For example, [Link] provides comparative pricing of the air ticket providers from
a particular source to a destination

Security:-
Most online reservation sites require the user to create their profile and provide them with a
username and password. The information thus remains secure until their password is secure.
Advantages for
consumers
Time Saving:-
Online reservation consumes very less time in contrast to long queues at the counter.

Discount Scheme:-
The users can avail the special discount schemes provided by the service provider like,
season discount, advance booking discount and frequent user discount

Advantages for
Providers
Requires Less Staffing:-
Less man-power is required as every task is done through computers

No Spatial Restrictions:-
The organization which is providing online reservation may be operating from the
basement of their house, a garage, an office space in a small building

Global Access:-
Online reservation is available to anyone irrespective of their physical location.
Precautions while Performing Online
Transactions
Internet transactions are susceptible to frauds. The precautions to be taken are as follows:
 Make a password complex, like mix case, use numbers and special characters. This
decreases ability of automated attacks by trying different character combinations.
 Be cautious not to leave passwords around and do not share them with friends.
 Never use names of near and dear ones as passwords
Case Study: Book Rail
Ticket
 Book Rail
we will learn online booking of Ticket
train tickets using the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism
Corporation (IRCTC) online portal.

Step 1: Check you have a web browser and an Internet connection on your computer.
Step 2: Open the browser and type the website address of IRCTC i.e. [Link] [Link]/ in
the address bar. Press .
Step 3: A web page opens, as shown in

For booking a ticket, you need to have an account on the IRCTC website.
 If you already have an account in IRCTC, then type your username and password and
login.
 If you are not an existing user, you need to create your account. You need to sign up on
the IRCTC website, to perform any transaction.
Create New Account
Step 1: Locate and click Register button.
Step 2: An individual registration page opens, as shown
Step 3: Read the instructions and fill the registration form.
Step 4: The fields marked with a star (*) are mandatory. After filling the form, click the button.
Step 5: Once your account has been created, now you can perform transactions from your
account
Book a Ticket
 On the Plan My Travel box on the left side of the page, enter the details, i.e. the start station,
end station, date on which you want to travel, ticket type (e-ticket) and your quota. Click
find(Search) button.
 A list of available trains with information about availability of tickets is displayed
Book a Ticket
Book a Ticket
 You can see the train number, train name, departure time, arrival time at the destination, category of
the seats allowed in the train, like, 1A, 2A, 3A, SL (Sleeper) etc. A cross (x) mark depicts non
availability of that category in the specific train.

 Select the category of the seat for a train. A screen appears which shows the availability of seats in
the selected train and selected category

 After you have checked the fares and you are ready to book a ticket, click on Book Now . A page as
form appears. Enter the detail of the persons for whom you are booking the tickets, like, name, age,
sex, berth/seat preference (lower, middle, upper), and check the box, if you are a senior citizen.

 Once you have filled in the details press , the page showing your booking details is displayed

 Now, you are required to make payment for the ticket. You can make payment using credit
card, debit card, etc.

 Once payment is done, you can view your ticket. An electronic copy of your paid ticket is
shown on the screen. Also, your ticket will be e-mailed to you at the email address you have
specified in the registration form.
E-
Governance
Introduction

 E-Governance or electronic governance is the use of electronic i.e. information and

communication technology (ICT) tools for governance by the government for the citizens.

 It is used by governments to improve service delivery, communication, and citizen

engagement.
 The ICT tools include the Internet, Local Area Network (LAN), mobiles, etc.
 The government has set up ICT enabled services, like, registration of birth/death certificate,
booking of railway tickets, RTI application submission, etc
 It enables citizens to access information directly, without paying any money to a
middleman or a tout.
 It ensure transparency in the system
 The services of the e-governance portal can be broadly classified into two broad
categories : to provide information and to provide online services.
Initiative
NICNET:-

In India, the main thrust for e-Governance was provided by the launching of NICNET(National
Informatics Centre Network) in 1987. It is a satellite-based wide area network (WAN)
established by the National Informatics Centre (NIC) in India. It connects central, state, and
district level government offices, providing connectivity, internet access, and various network
services like email and video conferencing.

DISNIC:-
District Information System of the National Informatics Centre (DISNIC) program to
computerize all district offices in the country for which free hardware and software was offered
to the State Governments.

In 2006, Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEITY) and Department of

Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DAR&PG) formulate of National e-Governance
Plan (NeGP) boosted the e-Governance process.
Some of the key e-governance sites of India are as
follows
1. [Link]

This is the National Portal of India, which provides a single window access to information

and services being provided by the various Indian Government entities . The content in this

portal is the result of a collaborative effort of various Indian government ministries and

departments, at the central/state/district level. This portal is Mission Mode Project under the

National E-Governance Plan, designed and maintained by National Informatics Centre (NIC),

DeitY(Department of Electronics and Information Technology), MoCIT(Ministry of

Communication and Information Technology) Government of India.

2. [Link]([Link]) :-

This portal is a one point source to access all Indian Government websites at all levels and
from all sectors. It includes sites of different states and union territories of India, sites of
government departments like judiciary and legislature. It also provides information about the
various sectors like education and agriculture.
Online Shopping and Bill payments
Introduction
Online shopping is an e-commerce application where the customer can purchase goods over the
Internet. There are several websites where the customer can go for online shopping. The customer
can purchase all kinds of items, like, books, TV, mobile phones, dresses, shoes, cosmetics, jewellery
and greeting cards.

Benefits of Online Shopping

 The customer does not have enough time to visit a store and purchase goods.
 The store where you will get what you need may be very far off.
 The money spent in travelling to the store, parking the car, etc., is much more than overhead if any
in online shopping.
 The product you may require is not available at your market. You want to send a product to your
friend;
How shopping sites Works
 Open the shopping site, from where you want to shop online.
 If you just want to see the products and not buy any, you can simply browse the site
 If you wish to buy goods, then you may need to create your user account
 To buy products, login with your user name and password
 online shopping stores also provide you with a shopping cart or basket. You can select the
products that you wish to buy and add them to your shopping cart.
 Having selected your products, you can view what you have selected and the total amount to
be paid by you.
 You may delete any product from the shopping cart, or proceed for payment.
 Read the terms and conditions before making the payment
Some Example of shopping
site
Flipkart, Ebay, Myntra, [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], infi[Link], etc.
Case study : [Link]
Online Courses, Tutorials and
Tests
Introduction
 In online tutoring, the students and the teachers are at physically different locations, connected to
each other via Internet.

 Online learning provides freedom to the learner to learn at their convenient location,
convenient time and at their own pace of learning

 tutorials and tests are available for almost all topics, sometimes in regional languages also
Online Educational
Site
1. Khan Academy site:-

Khan Academy is an educational website created in 2006 by educator. The website hosts
video tutorials on different subjects, like, mathematics, history, physics, chemistry, civics, and
economics. The learner can view the video lectures at their convenience
Online Educational
Site
2. Udacity site:-
[Link] is a site which offers online courses for development of technical skills like
programming,
Software development, IOT, etc. This website is similar to [Link] and [Link] .
Online Educational
Site
3. W3School site:-
It offers free tutorials in all web development technologies like HTML, CSS, Javascript, PHP etc.
Online Educational
Site
4. [Link]:-
It provides quality, innovative online learning opportunities to anyone who wants to improve the
technology, literacy and math skills needed to be successful in both work and life. It has 750 different
lessons provided absolutely free
Online Educational
Site
5. NCERT site:-
NCERT portal that provides online learning resources in the form of e-books, journals, question
papers, children books, etc
Project Management - Web Based Application Development
v
Introduction
Web based application development involves the process of developing web applications. A web
application is a program that is stored on a remote server. It is online and is delivered over the Internet
through a web browser interface. A web application may be of different kinds, like, a quiz, a game, or a bill
calculator.
Project:-

A project is a task that is undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. Some of the key
characteristics of a project are as follows:
I. A project has a beginning and an end.
II. The extent of the project is defined.
III. It has boundaries.
IV. A project requires finite resources that are required to complete the project.
V. A project has a specific time frame.
VI. It has a definite beginning and end dates.
VII. A project is complete when its end objectives are achieved.
[Link] objective is specific and identifiable.
Project Management
Project Management is the process of achieving the objectives of the project

Phases in a Web Application Project

The process of development of web-based applications is broadly categorized in four phases.

1. Requirements Definition Phase

2. Design Phase

3. Implementation Phase

4. Testing Phase
1) Requirement Definition Phase:
In this phase we identify the problem for which the web application is to be developed. The following
issues need to be addressed in this phase.

(a) Feasibility: Is the project feasible?

(i) Check whether the project is technically feasible (is it possible to do it?).
(ii) Check whether the project is economically feasible (is it profitable?).
(iii) If feasible, proceed further, otherwise there is no need to proceed with the project.

(b) Scope: The focus is on "what" the application must do. To define the scope of the application,
(i) Compile a detailed list with a clear description of application features.
(ii) Establish the goals that the solution must achieve.
(iii) Recognizing the limitations that are placed on the project.
2) Design Phase:

The focus is on "how" the application is to be designed. This consists of design of:

(a) A Map of the Web Application Site:

It contains essential information about the structure of the site - the pages and the
relationships between them.

(b) Database:
Design the application database.
(i) Identify the database tables that will be required in the application.
(ii) Decide the table structures: For each table we need to identity the attributes of the
tables, their data types, the size of the columns in the tables, the relationship
between tables.

(c) Page Structure:

Design the structure of page. Identify the main sections of the page like header, main
content and sidebar.
3. Implementation Phase:

Create backend database, frontend and the connectivity between them.

a) Backend Database:
Create the database and write SQL code defining tables, attributes and relationships, as
per the requirement of the application.

b) Frontend: Develop the frontend of the application as per the requirement

c) Data Connectivity: Establish the data connectivity between the Front-End interface
and Back- End Database.
4. Testing Phase:

Test the complete application (Front-End and Back-End) with multiple sample sets of data. Find
all the application bugs and fix them. After final validation, the application is ready for release.
Case Study - Online
Quiz
 Online Quiz
Problem Statement: -

The online quiz web application allows a number of students to take the quiz at a time,
displays the results as the test gets over. The result is generated automatically. A first time user
has to register to get a login and password. The user then uses this login and password to take the
test and also to see the results. Once logged in, the user can select the category for which to take
the quiz. The user then attempts the quiz. When the quiz is complete, a report is generated based
on the correct answers. The Administrator has the privilege to create, modify and delete the quiz
questions.
1. Requirement Definition:
The problem statement is identified.

a) Feasibility: Yes.

b) Scope: The application must do the following

(i) Allow a user to register
(ii) Provide login and password to the user
(iii) Allow user to select a category of quiz
(iv) Display the quiz questions for the selected category, to a valid user
(v) Generate a report to provide result of the quiz.
(vi) Allow administrator to create, modify, and delete questions
2. Design:

a) A Map of the Web Application Site:

Register page, Login Page, Select Quiz category page, Question display page, Result
Display page

b) Database:
i. Admin_Login
ii. Quiz information
iii. User_Info
iv. Result
2. Design:
c) Page Structure:-
3. Implementation:

Create backend database, frontend, and the connectivity between them.

4. Test:

Having implemented the complete application, test the application with random data.
Test each feature and functionality of the application. Fix the bugs, if found and retest.
complete