1.
1 Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers: A number of the form 𝑧 = x + iy is called a complex number.
Here x is called as real part of z and is denoted as R e (z) ∴ R e (z) = x
y is called as imaginary part of z & is denoted as Im (z). ∴ Im (z) = y
Also, i = √−1 is called an imaginary number.
Powers of i :
As i = √−1.
∴ i2 = −1
Also, 𝑖 3 = 𝑖 2 ∙ 𝑖 = − 𝑖
𝑖 4 = 𝑖 2 ∙ 𝑖 2 = − 1 × −1 = 1 & so on.
Conjugate of a Complex Number: If z = x + i y is a complex number then the
conjugate of z denoted by z̅ and is defined as z̅ = x − i y.
Thus conjugates differ only in sign of their imaginary parts.
e. g. if z = 2 − 5 i then z̅ = 2 + 5 i
Algebra of Complex Numbers:
a) Equality of a complex Numbers: Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 =
x2 + iy2 are said to be equal if and only if their real & imaginary parts are equal i.e.
x1 = x2 and y1 = y2
b) Addition of two complex numbers: During the addition of two complex numbers
we add their corresponding real parts and imaginary parts.
Thus, z1 + z2 = (x1 + i y1 ) + (x2 + i y2 ) = (x1 + x2 ) + 𝑖 (y1 + y2 )
c) Subtraction of two complex numbers: During subtraction of two complex numbers
we subtract their corresponding real parts and imaginary parts.
Thus, z1 − z2 = (x1 + i y1 ) − (x2 + i y2 ) = (x1 − x2 ) + 𝑖 (y1 − y2 )
d) Multiplication of two complex numbers: Let z1 = x1 + iy1 & z2 = x2 + iy2
Then z1 ∙ z2 = (x1 + i y1 ) ∙ (x2 + i y2 )
⟹ z1 ∙ z2 = x1 ∙ x2 + x1 ∙ i y2 + i y1 ∙ x2 + i2 y1 ∙ y2
⟹ z1 ∙ z2 = x1 ∙ x2 + i x1 ∙ y2 + i y1 ∙ x2 − y1 ∙ y2 ∵ i2 = −1
⟹ z1 ∙ z2 = (x1 ∙ x2 − y1 ∙ y2 ) + 𝑖 (x1 ∙ y2 + x2 ∙ y1 )
e) Division of two complex numbers: Let z1 = x1 + iy1 & z2 = x2 + iy2
z1 x +iy
Then = x1 + i y1
z2 2 2
z1 x + i y1 x − i y2
⟹ = x1 + × x2 −
z2 2 i y2 2 i y2
z1 (x1 ∙ x2 + y1 ∙ y2) + i (x2 ∙ y1−x1 ∙ y2 )
⟹ =
z2 x2 2 + y2 2
Solved Examples:
1) If 𝐳𝟏 = 𝟐 − 𝟑 𝐢 and 𝐳𝟐 = −𝟓 + 𝟑 𝐢 find 𝟐𝐳𝟏 + 𝟓𝐳𝟐 .
Ans: Given: z1 = 2 − 3 i and z2 = −5 + 3 i
∴ 2z1 + 5z2 = 2(2 − 3 i) + 5(−5 + 3 i).
⟹ 2z1 + 5z2 = 4 − 6 i − 25 + 15 i
⟹ 2z1 + 5z2 = −21 + 9 i
2) If 𝐳𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟑 𝐢 and 𝐳𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟓𝐢 find 𝐢) 𝟐𝐳𝟏 + 𝟓𝐳𝟐 and 𝐢𝐢) 𝟑𝐳𝟏 − 𝟐𝐳𝟐
Ans: Given: z1 = 2 + 3 i and z2 = 1 − 5i
i) 2z1 + 5z2 = 2(2 + 3i) + 5(1 − 5i).
⟹ 2z1 + 5z2 = 4 + 6 i + 5 − 25 i
⟹ 2z1 + 5z2 = 9 − 19 i
ii) 3𝑧1 − 2z2 = 3(2 + 3i) − 2(1 − 5i).
⟹ 3z1 − 2z2 = 6 + 9 i − 2 + 10 i
⟹ 3z1 − 2z2 = 4 + 19 i
3) If 𝐳 = 𝟏 + 𝟑𝐢 evaluate 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟒
Ans: Given: z = 1 + 3i
∴ z 2 + 2z + 4 = (1 + 3i)2 + 2(1 + 3i) + 4
= 1 + 6i + 9i2 + 2 + 6i + 4
= 1 + 6i − 9 + 2 + 6i + 4 ∵ i2 = −1
= −2 + 12i
𝐳𝟏
4) If 𝐳𝟏 = −𝟑 + 𝟒 𝐢 and 𝐳𝟐 = 𝟓 − 𝟑 𝐢. Express in 𝐱 + 𝐢 𝐲 form
𝐳𝟐
Ans: Given: z1 = −3 + 4i and z2 = 5 − 3 i
z1 −3 + 4 i
∴ =
z2 5−3i
z1 −3 + 4 i 5+3i
⟹ = × Multiplying N & D by conjugate 5 + 3 i
z2 5−3i 5+3i
z1 −15−9 i + 20 i + 12 i2
⟹ = ∵ i2 = −1
z2 25− 9 i2
z1 −15 + 11 i −12
⟹ =
z2 25 + 9
z1 −27 + 11 i
⟹ =
z2 34
z1 −27 11
⟹ = + i
z2 34 34
𝟏+𝐢
5) Express in 𝐚 + 𝐢𝐛 form
𝟐− 𝐢
1+i
Ans: Let z=
2− i
Multiplying N & D by conjugate 2 + i
1+i 2 + i
⟹ z= × 2+i
2− i
(1 + i ) ∙ (2 + i)
⟹ z=
4 − i2
2+ i + 2i + i2
⟹ z=
5
1 + 3i
⟹ z=
5
1 3
⟹ z= + i a + ib form
5 5
𝟏− 𝐢
6) Express in the form 𝐚 + 𝐢𝐛
𝟏+ 𝐢
1− i
Ans: Let: z = 1+ i
Multiplying N & D by conjugate 1 − i
1− i 1− i
⟹ z = 1+ i × 1− i
1−i −i + i2
⟹ z=
1 − i2
1−2i−1
⟹ z= 1+1
−2i
⟹ z= 2
⟹ z = 0 + (−1)i a + ib form
𝟐 +𝟑 𝐢
7) Express in the form 𝐚 + 𝐢𝐛
𝟏− 𝐢
2 + 3i
Ans: Let: z = 1− i
Multiplying N & D by conjugate 1 + i
2 + 3i 1+i
⟹ z = 1− i × 1+ i
2 + 2i + 3i +3i2
⟹ z=
1 − i2
2 + 5i−3
⟹ z= 1+1
−1 + 5i
⟹ z= 2
1 5
⟹ z = −2+ 2 i a + ib form
Modulus and Amplitude (Argument): Let z = x + i y be a complex number. Then
modulus or absolute value of z denoted by | 𝑧 | or r and is defined as
mod(z) = | z | = r = √x 2 + y 2
Argument/Amplitude of z denoted by arg (z) or amp (z) or θ & is defined as
y
amp(z) = arg(𝑧) = θ = tan−1 ( x )
Solved Examples:
1) If 𝐳𝟏 = 𝟒 − 𝟓𝐢 and 𝐳𝟐 = 𝟑 + 𝟕𝐢 find |𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 |
Ans: Given: z1 = 4 − 5i and z2 = 3 + 7i
∴ z1 + z2 = 4 − 5i + 3 + 7i
⟹ z1 + z2 = 7 + 2i
∴ |z1 + z2 | = |7 + 2i|
⟹ |z1 + z2 | = √(7)2 + (2)2 ∵ | z | = r = √x 2 + y 2
⟹ |z1 + z2 | = √49 + 4
⟹ |z1 + z2 | = √53
2) If 𝐳𝟏 = 𝟔 − 𝟐𝐢 and 𝐳𝟐 = 𝟐 − 𝟓𝐢 Find |𝟐𝒛𝟏 − 𝟑𝒛𝟐 | and |𝒛𝟏 ∙ 𝒛𝟐 |
Ans: Given: z1 = 6 − 2i and z2 = 2 − 5i
∴ |2z1 − 3z2 | = | 2(6 − 2i) − 3(2 − 5i)|
= |12 − 4i − 6 + 15i |
= |6 − 11 i |
= √62 + (−11)2
= √36 + 121
⟹ |2z1 − 3z2 | = √157
Also |𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 | = |(6 − 2i) ∙ (2 − 5i)|
⟹ |𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 | = |12 − 30i − 4i + 10i2 |
= |2 − 34i |
= √22 + (−34)2
= √4 + 1156
⟹ |𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 | = √1160
Polar form of a complex number:
The Complex number z =x+ iy can be expressed in the form
z =r[cos + i sin ]
This is called polar form of the complex number z.
where r is the modulus of z given by r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
And is Amplitude of z, given by =tan−1 (𝑥 )
Here we are using the substitution x = r cos θ & y = r sin θ.
𝑦
• Note: If z=x+ iy , First find ∝= tan−1 |𝑥 |
1) For 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 then Amplitude, = ∝
2) For 𝑥 < 0, y > 0 then Amplitude, = 𝜋−∝
3) For 𝑥 < 0, y < 0 then Amplitude, = 𝜋+∝
4) For 𝑥 > 0, y < 0 then Amplitude, = 2𝜋 − ∝
Solved Examples:
1) Express in Polar form: 1+ √𝟑 𝒊
Solution: The given complex number is
Z= 1+ √3 𝑖
Comparing with Z=x + iy ,then
x=1 and y= √3
Modulus = |𝑧|= r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(1)2 + (√3)2
= √1 + 3
= √4
=2
𝑦
• Now find ∝= tan−1 |𝑥 |
√3
= tan−1 | 1 |
= tan−1 |√3|
= tan−1 (√3)
= 60°
𝜋
∝ =
3
Since 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 then Amplitude,
=∝
𝜋
=
3
The polar form is z = 𝑟 { cos(𝜃 ) + i sin( 𝜃 ) }
𝜋 𝜋
z = 2 { cos (3) + i sin ( 3) }
2) Express in Polar form: 𝟏 − 𝐢
Solution: The given complex number is
Z= 1 − i
Comparing with Z=x + iy ,then
x = 1 and y = −1
Modulus = |𝑧|= r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(1)2 + (−1)2
=√1+1
= √2
𝑦
• Now find ∝= tan−1 |𝑥 |
−1
= tan−1 | 1 |
= tan−1 |−1|
= tan−1 (1)
= 45°
𝜋
∝ =
4
Since 𝑥 < 0, y > 0 then Amplitude,
= 𝜋−∝
𝜋 3𝜋
=𝜋− =
4 4
The polar form is
z = 𝑟 { cos(𝜃 ) + i sin( 𝜃 ) }
3𝜋 3𝜋
⟹ z = √2 { cos ( 4 ) + i sin ( 4 ) }
De- Moivres Theorem (Without proof)
Theorem : If n is any rational number then one of the values of
(cos+ i sin)n = cos n+ i sin n
The above theorem holds good if n is positive integer, negative integer
and fraction.
• Note :
1)(cos − i sin )n = (cos + i sin )−n
2) (sin + i cos )n ≠ sin n+ i cos n
3) Property of continued product
(cos𝜃1+i sin 𝜃1) (cos𝜃2+i sin 𝜃2)= cos(𝜃1 +𝜃2 …) + i sin(𝜃1 +𝜃2
Solved Examples
1) Using De-Moivres Theorem find the value of
(cos 2 + i sin 2 )(cos − i sin )3
(cos3+ i sin3)2 (cos 5 − i sin 5)4
(cos 2 + i sin 2 )(cos −i sin )3
Solution: Given (cos3+
i sin3)2 (cos 5−i sin 5)4
By using De-Moivres Theorem first we convert each brackets as power of
(cos + i sin )
(cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = (cos + i sin )2
(cos − i sin )3 = (cos + i sin )−1×3 = (cos + i sin )−3
(cos3+ i sin3) 2 = (cos + i sin )3×2 = (cos + i sin )6
(cos 5 − i sin 5)4 = (cos + i sin ) −5×4 = (cos + i sin ) −20
Now given expression is
(cos + i sin )2 (cos + i sin )−3
=
(cos + i sin )6 (cos + i sin )−20
Use 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
(cos + i sin )2−3
=
(cos + i sin )6−20
(cos + i sin )−1
= (cos
+ i sin )−14
(cos + i sin )−1
= (cos
+ i sin )−14
𝑎𝑚
Use = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛
= (cos + i sin )−1+14
= (cos + i sin )13
= cos 13 + i sin 13 ….By De- Moivres Theorem
3) Using De-Moivres Theorem find the value of
(cos 3 + i sin 3)4 (cos 4 − i sin 4)5
(cos 4 + i sin 4)3 (cos 5 + i sin 5)−4
(cos 3 + i sin 3)4 (cos 4−i sin 4)5
Solution: Given
(cos 4 + i sin 4)3 (cos 5 + i sin 5)−4
By using De-Moivres Theorem first we convert each brackets as
power of (cos + i sin )
(cos 3 + i sin 3)4 = (cos + i sin )3×4 = (cos + i sin )12
(cos 4 − i sin 4)5 = (cos + i sin )−4×5 = (cos + i sin )−20
(cos 4 + i sin 4)3 = (cos + i sin )4×3 = (cos + i sin )12
(cos 5 + i sin 5)−4 = (cos + i sin ) 5×−4 = (cos + i sin )−20
• Now given expression is
(cos + i sin )12 (cos + i sin )−20
=
(cos + i sin )12 (cos + i sin )−20
Use 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
(cos + i sin )12−20
=
(cos + i sin )12−20
(cos + i sin )−8
= (cos
+ i sin )−8
𝑎𝑚
Use = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛
= (cos + i sin )−8+8
= (cos + i sin )0
=1
4) Using De-Moivres Theorem find the value of
(cos 3 + i sin 3)4 (cos 4 − i sin 4)5
(cos 4 + i sin 4)3 (cos 5 + i sin 5)4
Solution:
(cos 3 + i sin 3)4 (cos 4−i sin 4)5
Given
(cos 4 + i sin 4)3 (cos 5 + i sin 5)4
By using De-Moivres Theorem first we convert each brackets as
power of (cos + i sin )
(cos 3 + i sin 3)4 = (cos + i sin )3×4 = (cos + i sin )12
(cos 4 − i sin 4)5 = (cos + i sin )−4×5 = (cos + i sin )−20
(cos 4 + i sin 4)3 = (cos + i sin )4×3 = (cos + i sin )12
(cos 5 + i sin 5)4 = (cos + i sin )5×4 = (cos + i sin )20
• Now given expression is
(cos + i sin )12 (cos + i sin )−20
= (cos + i sin )12 (cos + i sin )20
Use 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
(cos + i sin )12−20
= (cos + i sin )12+20
(cos + i sin )−8
= (cos
+ i sin )−32
𝑎𝑚
Use = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛
= (cos + i sin )−8−32
= (cos + i sin )−40
= cos 40 − i sin 40 ….By De-Moivres Theorem
