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Piadecs

2/24
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N C E FR T TEXTBOOK
Q U E S T I O N S A N D E X E R C I S E S

WITHANSWERS

NCERT OUESTIONS

accommodation of the eye?

0. 1, What is meant by power bethe type of corrective
distinctly. Whatshould
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.6. Page 2/4. beyond 1-2m
see objects
Q. 2. Aperson with a myopic eye cannot
lens torestore proper vision ?
1-2 m
Ans. Here, distance of far point, x 1:2m corrective lens,
f= - I = -
length of
For viewing distant objects, focal

Thus,
P---083 D
The lens must be concave. normal vision
?
with
point of the human eye at 25 cm from the eye.
Q. 3. What is the far point and near at infinity and near point is
with normal vision, far point is
last row. What could
be the defect the
Ans. For human eye blackboard while sitting in the
difficulty reading the
Q4. A student has corrected ?
child is suffering from ?
How can it be short sightedness. To
blackboard, he is suffering from myopia or
difficulty in reading the length.
Ans. As the child has use spectacles with concave lens of suitable focal
correct this defect, he has to
NCERT EKERCISES
adjusting the focal length of the
eye lens. This is
different distances by
Q. 1. The human eye can focus objects at
due to
(ii) near sightedness
()presbyopia
(iü)accommodation
(iv) far-sightedness
accommodation. Choice (iii) is correct.
focal length of eye lens is called
Ans. The propertyof the eye to adjust the
image of an object at its
0. 2. The human eye forms the
(i) cornea
(ii) pupil
(iiü) iris
(iv) retina
Choice (iv) is correct.
Ans. The human eye forms the image of an object at its retina.
o 3 The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is about
i) 25 m (ii)25 cm
(iii) 2-5 em (iv) 2:5 m
Ane The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is 25 cm. Choice (ii) is correct.
o.4 The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the
() pupil (iü) retina
(ii) iris (iv) ciliary muscles
Ans, The action of
ciliary muscles holding the eye lens changes the focal length of eye lens eye to
focus

the image of objects at varyng astances. Choice (iv) is correct. enabling the
-sS-5 Dfor he
needs alens of power correcting his distant vision, For correcting his near vision,
0. 5. A person +15 D, What is the focal vision
needs alens of
power length of the lens required for correcting ( ) distant
vision ?
tt) near
 THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 2/25

Ans. (i) For distance viewing, f= ?, P=-5-5 D

100 100
Clearly, f= P
=- 18"2 cm
-55

(i) For near vision correction P = + 1:5 D

100 100
Therefore, f= = 667 cm
P 15

o6 The far point ofa myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens
required to correct the problem ?
Ans. Distance of far point, X= 80 cm, P= ?
Eor viewing distant objects, focal length of corrective lens, f= -X=- 80 cm
100 100
Thus, P= =-1-25 D. The lens is concave.
-80

0.7. Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is 1
metre. What is the power of the lens required to correct this defect ? Assume that the near point of the
normal eye is 25 cm.
Ans. For diagram, refer to Fig. 2.4, Page 2/7.
Here, x = lm= 100 cm, d= 25 cm, f= ?
x'd 100 × 25
From f = f= =33-3cm
100 -25

100 100
P= =3D
33-3

Q. 8. Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm?
limit.
Ans. This is because the focal length of eye lens cannot be decreased below a certain minimum
the eye ?
Q.9. What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an object from
When we increase the
Ans. Fora normal eye, image distance in the eye is fixed = distance of retinafrom the eye lens.
the
distance of the object from the eye, focal length of eye lens is changed on account of accomodating power of
eye so as to keep image distance constant.
(CBSE 2018)
2 10. Why do stars twinkle ?
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.15 (d), Page 2/17.
1, Explain why the planets do not twinkle.
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.15 (d). Page 2/17.
(CBSE 2018)
12. Why does the sun appear reddish early in the morning ?
Ans, Refer to Art. 2.20, Page 2/20.
0. 13. Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut ?
scatter the sunlight. Therefore, the sky
9 1his is because at such huge heights of the astronaut, there is nothing to
appears dark.
 ( L L I O W J H A P h a h e

226 WITH
ANSWERS,
N C
C E R T
HINTS AND
SOLUTIONS
E X E M P L A R P R O B L E M S

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

scattered the most

colour is
(d) red phenomena of light are
following
object kept beyond 5. Which
of the a rainbow ?
l. A person cannot see distinctly by using a lens of
formation of
involved inthe
2m. This defect Can be corrected refractionand
dispersion
Reflection,
power (a) dispersion andtotal|internal reflection
(a) + 0-5 D (b) 0-5 D Refraction,
(b) reflection
(c) + 0-2 D (d) -0-2D dispersion and internal
(c) Refraction, reflectiom
2. A student sitting on the last
bench can read the scattering and total internal
but is not able to (d) Dispersion, atmospherie
letters written on the blackboard stars is due to
read the letters written in his
text book. Which of 6. Twinkling of
by water droplets
the following statements is correct ? (a) dispersion of light different layers of varying
(a)The near point of his eyes has
receded away (b) refraction of light by
refractive indices
has come closer to him
(b) The near point of his eyes dust particles
(c) The far point of his eyes has
come closer to him (c) scattering of light by
by clouds
The far point of his eyes has receded away (d) internal reflection of light
(d) blue because
3. A prism ABC (with BC as
base) placed in 7. The clear sky appears
atmosphere
different orientations. A narrow beam
of white light (a) blue light gets absorbed in the
Figure 2.20. absorbed in the
is incident on the prism as
shown in
(b) ultraviolet radiations are
dispersion,
In which of the following cases, after atmosphere
to the
the third colour from the top corresponds (c) violet and blue lights get scattered more
than lights
colour of the sky ? of allother colours by the atmosphere
(d) light of all other colours is scattered more than
B

the violet and blue colour lights by the atmosphere

8. Which of the following statements is correct
regarding the propagation of light of different
colours of white light in air ?
B C A (a) Red light moves fastest
(ü)
() (6) Blue light moves faster than green light
C
(c) All the colours of the white light move with ue
same speed
that
(d) Yellow light moves with the mean speed as
of the red and the violet light
9. The danger signals installed at the top of a tall
B
building are red in colour. These can be easilyseen
B (iv) from a distance because among other colours,
(ii)
the red light
EIGURE2.20
(a) is scattered the most by smoke or fog
(a) ()
(b)(i) (b) is scattered the least by smoke or fog
(d) (iv)
(c) (ii) (c) is absorbed the most by smoke or fog
appears white as
4. Atnoon, the sun (d) moves fastest in air
scattered 10, Which of the following phhenomena contributes
(a)light is least
are scattered away of the sun
(b) all the colours of white light significantly to the reddish appearance
(c) blue colour
Scattered the most at sunrise or sunset ?
 EHUMAN EEAND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 227

(a) Dispersion of light 13. The focal length of the eye lens increases when
(b) Scattering of light eye muscles
(c) Total internal reflection of light (a) are relaxed and lens becomes thinner
(a) Reflection of light from the earth (b) contract and lens becomes thicker
11. The bluish colour of water in deep sea is due to (c) are relaxed and lens becomes thicker
(a) the presence of algae and other plants found in water (d) contract and lens becomes thinner
(b)reflection of sky in water 14. Which of the following statements is correct ?
(c) scattering of light (a) A person with myopia can see distant objects
(d) absorption of light by the sea clearly
12, When light rays enter the eye, most of the refraction (b) A person with hypermetropia can see nearby
0ccurs at the objects clearly
(a) crystalline lens (c) A person with myopia can see nearby objects
(b) outer surface of the cornea clearly
(d) A person with hypermetropia cannot see distant
(c) iris (d) pupil objects clearly

ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (5) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c)

HINTS FOR DIFFICULT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. As the person can not see distinctly beyond 2 m, he is suffering from myopia. To remove this defect, he has to
use a concave lens of f=-2m
1
P= -0-5D
f -2
2. As the student can not read the letters written in his text book, the near point of his eyes has receded away.
3. In position (ii), the dispersed beam is as shown in Fig. 2.21. The third colour from the top is blue, which is the
colour of the sky.

FLGURE2.21
4. At noon, the light is least scattered. That is why the sun appears white.
5. Inthe formation of a rainbow, sun rays through rain drops, undergo first refraction, then dispersion and finally
internal reflection before coming out of the drops.
6. Twinkling of stars is due to refraction of light by different layers of atmosphere having varying refractive
indices.
7. The clear sky appears blue because violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights of all other colours by
the atmosphere. This is primarily because the wavelengths of these colours are smaller than those of other
Skcolours.
2/28
speed.

with the
same
scattered
theleast by smoke or fog.
move colour is
vacuum/air red
8. Different colours of white light in all other
colours,

among largest. light.

9. The danger signals are red because
colour is the of red
of red scattering
for blue colour.
This is primarily because wavelength
due to least which is
maximum

sunset is
Reddish appearance of sun at sunrise or
light,
10. scattering of
cornea.
to surface of
is due outer
11. The bluish colour of water in deep sea occurs at
the
lens
becomes thinner.
relaxed and
refraction
the
12. When light rays enter the eye. most of when eve muscles are
increases
13. The focal length of the eye lens
objects clearly.
14. Aperson with myopia can see nearby
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

hypermnetropic eye.
eye and (it) (b), Page 2/7
15. Draw ray diagrams each showing () myopic For hypermetropic eye, refer to Fig. 2.4
26. written on the blackboard,
Ans. For myopic eye, refer to Fig. 2.3(b), Page the letters
cannot read clearly
16. Astudent sitting at the back of the classroom for the correction of this defect.
rav diagram
giveto her ? Draw myopia (shor
Whar advice willa doctor letters written on blackboard is suffereing trom
read clearly the suitable power.
Ans, The student who can not advise hber to wear spectacles with a concave lens of
SIghtedness). A doctor will
For ray diagram, refer to Fig. 2.3 (c), Page 2/6.
the distant objects clearly ?
17. How are we able to see nearby and also changing the focal length/power
Human eye can see clearly the nearby objects as well as the distant objects by of the eyes.
Ans. muscles. This property is the power of
accommodation
of the eye lens with the help of ciliary
correction of her vision.
15. A person needs a lens of power 4-5 D for
(a) What kind of defect in vision is she suffering from?
(6) What is the focal length of the corrective lens ?
(c) What is the nature of the corrective lens ?
Ans. (1) As power of lens is negative, she must be suffering fromn myopia
100 100 -100× 2
(ii)As f= =-22-2 cm.
P -4-5 9
(iiül) The corrective lens must be concave.
19. How willyou use two identical prisms so that anarrow beam of white light incident on one prism emerges
out of the second prism as white light ? Draw the diagram.
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.13, Page 2/14, and draw Fig. 2.9, Page 2/15.
20. Drawa ray diagram showing the dispersion through a prism when a narrow beam of white light is
on one of its refracting surfaces. Also indicate the order of the incienl
colours of the spectrum obtained.
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.9, Page 2/13, and draw Fig. 2.8, Page 2/13.
21. Is the position of a star as seen by us its true position ? Justify (CBSE 2019)
Aan No what is seen by us is not the true your answer.
position of the star. Infact, stars seem higher than
account of atmospheric refraction, they acually a
22, Why do we see a rainbow in the sky only after rainfall ?
Ans, A rainbow is seen when sunlight is refracted and dispered
suspended in air after rainfall. on passing through rain which remain
droplets,
23. Why is the colour of the clear sky blue ?
The hlue colour of clear sky is due to
Kayleigh elastic scattering of sunlight
24. What is the difference in colours of the Sun
for each. observed during sunrise/sunset and noon ? Give(CBSE 2018) explanation
 2/29
HUMAN
EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD
THE
have to travela
During sunrise/sunset, the sun looks reddish. This is because at this stage, rays from the sun
Ans.
much larger part of atmosphere. The red colour having largest wavelength is scattered the least.
portion of earth's atmosphere.
At noon, the sun 1s nearly overhead. The sunlight has to pass through much smaller
The scattering is much less and hence the sun looks white.
the blackhoard placed at a distance or
25, Astudent is unable to see clearly the words written on bov is sufferíng from. State the possible
approximately 3 metre from him. Name the defect of vision the (CBSE 2018)
causes of this defect and explain the method of correcting it.
black board placed at a distance
of about 3
Ans, When a student is unable to see clearly the words written on the
metre from him, the boy is suffering from myopia i.e., short sightedness.
Two possible causes of this defect are :
lens has increased,
() increase in length of eye ball, as if distance of retina from the eye
(i) decrease in focal length of eye lens when the eye is fully relaxed. to distance
spectacles with aconcave lens of focal length equal
The correct this defect, the student has to wear
of far point of the myopic eye.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
eye :
26. Write the function of each of the following parts of human (CBSE 2018)
() Cornea (ü) Iris (iü) Crystalline lens (iv) Ciliary muscles.
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.2., Page 2/2. observed by an
appear reddish early in the morning ? Will this phenomenon be
27. Why does the sun (CBSE 2018)
moon ? Give reason to justify your answer.
astronaut on the
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.20., Page 2/20. astronaut on the moon. This is
time of sunrise cannot be observed by an
The reddish colour of the sun at the reaches the eyes of an astronaut, the
moon has no atmosphere to scatter sunlight. As no scattered light
because
sky looks dark/black.
nearby as well as distant
structure and functioning of Human eye. How are we able to see
28. Explain the
objects ?
Page 2/3 and Art. 2.6, Page 2/4.
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.2, Page 2/2; Art. 2.3, diagrams how the defects
myopic or hypermetropic? Explain using
29. When do we consider a person to be eye can be corrected ?
(CBSE 2019)
associated with myopic and hypermetropic
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.7, Page 2/5.
define
triangular glass prism using a labelled ray diagram. Hence
30. Explain the refraction of light through a
the angle of deviation.
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.8, page 2/12.
appearance of sun at sunrise or sunset ? Why
does it not appear red at
31. How can we explain the reddish
noon ?
Ans, Refer to Art 2.20, Page 2/20.
phenomenon of dispersion of white light through a glass prism, using suitable ray diagram.
32. Explain the
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.9, Page 2/13. planets?
atmosphere ? Why do stars twinkle but not the
33, How does refraction take place in the
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.15 (d), Page 2/17.
 2/30 dtisPrateep sCIENGE PHYSICSo

ADDITIONAL OUESTIONS
Based on NCERTBook
A.OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
12. In the vistble spectrum of sunlight through a prlsm
I. Multiple Choice Questions the lower end of the
spectrum is
(b) green
1. Which colour has largest wavelength ? (a)red
(c) violet (d) yellow
(a) Red (b) Blue scatterne
(c) Yellow () Green
13. Intensity of scattered ight in Rayleigh
1) varies as
2. For a normal human eve, the least distance of (6) « 12
distinct vision is (a) 24
(d) « 1-2
(c) « 14
(a) 10 cm (b) 25 cm must he
(c) 50 cm 14. For Rayleigh scattering, size of scatterer
(d) 100 cm
3. The far point of a normal human eye is (a) far less than the wavelength of light
light
(a) 1m (b)far greater than the wavelength of
(b) 2 m
(c) 10 m (c) equal to wavelength of light
(a) infinity (d) None of the above
4. The nature of eye lens is
15. Blue colour of clear sky is due to
(a) convex (6) concave (a) Rayleigh scattering
(C) Concavo convex (d) convexo concave
(b) dispersion
5. Which colour suffers least deviation on passing (d) reflection
(c) refraction
through a prism ?
16. In a primary rainbow, which colour is on the
(a) Violet (b) Red outside of the arc ?
(c) Green (d) Yellow (a) Blue (b) Violet
6. The phenomenon responsible for increasing the (c) Red (d) None of these
apparent length of the day by 4 minutes is
17. The order of wavelength of visible light is
(a) atmospheric Refraction (a) 105 m (b) 10-7m
(b) reflection (c) 105 m (d) 10 m
(c) scattering (d) none of these
7. Which defect of vision can be rectified using a T Paragraph based
Convex lens ? Multiple Choice Questions
(a) Hypermetropia (b) Myopia
(c) Astigmatism (d) None of these Answer Question Numbers 18 to 21 on the basis
of your understanding of the following paragraph and
8. Whích lens is used for correcting a myopic eye ? the related studied concepts :
(a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens
Paragraph 1. Atmospheric refraction is the
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b) phenomenon of bending of light on passing through earth's
9. The size of an air molecule is of the order of atmosphere. As we move above the surface of earth, density
(a) 1010 m (b) 10!" m of air goes on decreasing. Local conditions like temperature
(c) 10-10m (d) 10-11 m etc. also affect the optical density of earth's atmosphere.
10. What controls the amount of light entering the On account of atmospheric refraction, stars seen appear
higher than they actual are ; advanced sunrise ; delayed
eye ? sunset, oval appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset ;
(a) Ratina (b) Iris stars twinkle, planets do not.
(c) Pupil (a) Ciliary muscles 18. Due to atmospherie relraction, apparent length of
11, To an astronaut, sky looks the day
(a) blue (b) red (a) increases (b) decreases
(c)white (a) dark black (c) remains the same (a) any one of the above
 EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 231
HUMAN
1HE,

Apparent position of the star appears raised due 25. Rayleigh scattering accounts for
19.
to (ay blue colour of sky
(a) atmospheric refraction
(b) white colour of clouds
(b) total internal reflection of light (c) red hues of sunrise and sunset
(c) scattering of light (d) all the above
() None of the above II Fill in the Blanks
0 The sun appears oval shaped or flattened due to
atmospheric refraction only 26. The closest distance at which the eye can focus clearly
is called
(a) true always (b) false always
(c) true sometimes (d) cannot say 27. For a normal eye, the range of vision is from
21. Twinkling of stars and non-twinkling of planets is 28. regulates the amount of light entering the
accounted for by eye.
normal eye
(a) scattering of light 29. The least distance of distinct vision for a
(b) total internal reflection
(c) atmospheric refraction 30. The corrective lens a myopic person has to use 1s
(d) None of the above
31. The corrective lens a hypermetropic person has to
Answer Question Numbers 22 to 25 on the basis use is
of your understanding of the following paragraph and 32. The splitting of white light into its constituent
colours
the related studied concepts : is called
Paragraph 2. The scattering involves bouncing off
33. Different colours of light have different
of light by atoms/molecules of the medium through which
they are travelling. Most of the beautiful phenomena like 34. The ability of the eye tofocus both the near and distant
objects is called
blue colour of sky, white colour of clouds, red hues of
sunrise and sunset have been explained in terms of 35. Increase in apparent length of the day is due to
scattering of light. Lord Rayleigh studied elastic scattering
and established that intensity of scattered light (I) varies
inversely as the fourth power of wavelength () of incident VTrue/False Statements
light. The only condition for Rayleigh scattering to be valid
is that size of scatterer () must be mnuch less than the 36. A person suffering from myopia cannot see clearly
wavelength (à) of light. the distant objects.
22. Scattering of light involves 37. A person suffering from Hypemetropia cannot see
(a) reflection of light clearly the nearby objects.
(b) refraction of light 38. The least distance of distinct vision for a normal eye
(c) dispersion of light is 25 cm.

(d) None of these 39. The angle of deviation through a prism is angle
23. The essential condition for Rayleigh's scattering between incident ray and emergent ray.
is that size (r) of scatterer must be 40. To correct a myopic eye, we need to use a convex
(a) much smaller than the wavelength (2) of light lens.

.(b) much greater than the wavelength () of light 41. Danger signals are red.
(c) equal to wavelength of light 42. To an astronaut, sky looks blue.
(d) cannot say 43. The apparent length of a day increases due to
scattering of light.
24. In Rayleigh scattering, intensity of scattered light
oh varies inversely as power (n) of wavelength (^) 44. Colour blindness is a genetic disorder which occurs
of light, where n is equal to by inheritance.
(a) 6 (b) 8 45. An observer must stand with his face towards the sun
(c) 4 (d) 2 to observe a rainbow.
 Pradees soIENCE PHYSICS
2/32

Questions
Matching Type
V.
Column II
46. ColumnI (p) shutter
A. Front transparent part of eye (q) cornea
screen called
B In eye, images are formed on a (r) iris
C. Eye lidin front of human eye is (s) ratina
by
D Amount of right entering the eye is controlled Column II
47. Column l Power of accommodation
(p)
A Rod shaped cells (g) of vision
Persistence
B. Cone shaped cells
(r) brightness or intensity
C. Ability to observe objects at all distances (s) colour
D. Property used in cinematography
Column II
48. ColumnI
(p) Decrease in Focal length of eye lens.
A. Myopia
(q) Inability to see for off object
B. Hypermetropia
C. Main cause of myopia
(r) Inability to see near by objects
(s) Increase in focal length of eye lens
D. Main cause of hypermetropia
Column II
49. ColumnI
(p) 7900 ¢
A. Wavelength of violet col.
(q) 4000 ¢
B. Wavelength of red col.
(r) Primnary and Secondary
C. Cause of dispersion
(s) Difference in wavelength of colours
D. Two kinds of rainbows
Column II
50. Column I
A. Stars twinkle, planets do not (p) Scattering of right
B. Blue colour of clear sky (q) Atmospheric refraction
1
C. Sky appears dark to passengers flying at high attitudes (r) I,«
D. Rayleigh's Law of scattering (s) Due to absence of scattering

ARortion Re
VI. SOn

Type Questions
For question numbers 51 to57, two statements are given - one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c), (d) as given below :
(a)Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c)A is true, but R is false
(d)A is false, but R is true.
51. Assertion. Clear sky is blue.
Reason. Blue colour has shortest wavelength and it is scattered most.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
52. Assertion. Danger signals are red.
Reason. Red colour has smallest wavelength.
(a) A (b) B (c) C
53. Assertion. The sun looks reddish at the time of sunrise and (d) D
sunset.
Reason. Sun rays have to travel a much larger part of the
atmosphere.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
 THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 2/33

54. Assertion, White light on passing through a prism, splits into seven constituent colours.
Reason. The different colours have different wavelengths.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
of Assertion. A hypermetropic person needs lenses for driving a car.
Reason. Because focal length of eye lens increases.
(a) A (6) B (c)C (d) D
c6 Assertion. Amyopic person needs lenses for reading a book.
Reason. Because focal length of eye lens decreases.
(b) B (c) C (d) D
(a) A
S7. Assertion. Stars twinkle, planets do not.
Reason. It is accounted for by atmospheric refraction.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

ANSWERS

I. Multiple Choice Questions 8.(b)9c)10. (b)

3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) i 7(a)
1. (a)2. (6)
12. (c) 13. (c)o 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (6)
11. (d)
I. Paragraph based Multiple Choice Questions
21. (c) 22. (d)S 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (d)
18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a)
II. Fill in the Blanks
28. Iris
26. Near point of the eye. A 27, 25 cmto infinity.
31. convex lens
lens
29. 25 cm t s d t a n 3 0 . concave
GtAnRin
kg 33. Wavelengths 34. power of accommodation
32. Dispersion of light2s,
35. Atmospheric r e f r a c t i o n 8 3 6 3 8 Su
3
IV True/False Statements
40. False 41. True
38. True1 39. True
36. True 37. True
44. True 45. False
42. False 43. False

V Matching Type Questions D-(awRA

-();B-(s):C-p):
b46. A -();B-(5);C-):D-) 47. A
49. A-(); B-(p) ;C-(s);D-()i
48. A-(g); B- ):C-P);D-(s)
s50, A-();B P):C- (s) ;D )
VI. Assertion Reason Type Questions
(a)54, (a) 55. (d)56. (d)
51. (a)y 52. (c)st 53.
HINTS/SOLUTIONS

5. (b) : Red colour is at the top of visible spectrum.

I. Multiple Choice Questions Therefore, it suffers least deviation.

1. (a) : Knowledge based question. of distinct vision 6. (a): Knowledge based question.
convex
2. (6): For a normal eye, least
distance 7, (a) : Hypermetropia can be corrected using a
is 25 cm. lens.
a concave lens.
3. (d) : For a normal eye, far point is at infinity. 8. (b) : A myopiceye is corrected using
m
4. (a) : Knowledge based question. 9. (c) : Size of air molecule is 10-1
 PHYSICSa
2/34 GH DLadéep s sIENCE
Questions
10. (b) : Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye. VMatching Type
transparent part of eye
is called cormea, Ag).
11.(d) : To an astronaut, sky looks dark black. This 46. Front
formed on a screen called retina,
happens due to absence of scattering. In eye,images are
12. (c): Knowledge based question. B-(s).
shutter, C
13. (c) : I,«À Eve lid in front of human eye serves as a
controlled hu
The amount of light entering the eye is
14. (a): The size of scatterer must be far less than iris, D-{r).
wavelength of light for Rayleigh scattering. 47. Rod shaped cells respond to brightness
or intensity
17. (b): Wavelength of visible light is 10- m. of light, A-r). Cone shaped cells respond tocolour
of light, B-(s). Ability to observe objects at all
II. Paragraph based Multiple Choice Questions distances refers to power of accommodation
of eve
18. (a) : Due to atmospheric refraction, apparent length CAp). Persistence of vision is the property used in
of the day increases by 4 minutes. cinematography, D-{q).
19. (a) : Apparent position of the star appears raised due 48. Myopia is inability to see far
off objects
to atmospheric refraction. Hypermetropia is inability to see nearby objects. Main
20. (a) : The statement is always true. cause of myopia decrease in focal length of eye
21. (c): Twinkling of stars and non-twinkling of planets lens. Maincause of hypermetropia is increase in focal
is on account of atmospheric refraction. length of eye lens.
22. (d) : Scattering of light involves none of the options Hence A- (g); B-(); C-(p): D-(s)
4000 ¢
given, as per our knowledge of theory. 49. Wavelength of violet colour =
23. (a) : Size of scatterer (x) must be much smaller than Wavelength of red colour = 7900
wavelength (2) of light. Cause of dispersion is difference in wavelength of
24. (c) : As I, o« 1/04 : n=4 colours.
25. (d) : Rayleigh scattering accounts for all the three Two kinds of rainbow are primary rainbow and
phenomena, as per our knowledge of theory. secondary rainbow.
Hence A -(g); B- (p); C- (s) ; D- ()
II. Fill in the Blanks
50. Stars twinkle and planets do not. This happens due to
26. The closest distance at which the eye can focus is of atmospheric refraction. Blue colour of clear sky is
Near Point of the eye. due to scattering of light. Sky appears dark to
27. For a normal eye, distance of distinct vision is 25 cm passengers flying at high altitudes, due to absence of
and it can see as far as infinity. scattering there. According to Rayleigh's law of
30. Knowledge based question. 1
scattering. I, «
31. Knowledge based question.
33. Different wavelengths produce different sensation of Hence A-(g); B-(p); C-(s) ;D-()
colours.
35. Knowledge based question. VI. Assertion Reason Type Questions
51. (a) : Both, the Assertion and Reason are true and
IV True/False Statements Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
36. Myopia is short sightedness i.e., person can see clearly 52. (c) : Assertion is true, but the Reason is false. Red
objects at short distances only. colour has longest wavelength
37. Hypermetropia is long sightedness i.e., the person can 53. (a) : Both, the Assertion and Reason are true and
see clearly objects at large distances only. Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
38. For a normal eye, d = 25 cm. In travelling a much larger part of atmospbere,
40. A concave lens is required to correct a myopic eye. red colour is scattered the least.
41. Danger signals are red because red colour having 54. (a) : Both, the Assertion and Reason are true, and
largest wavelength is scattered the least. Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
42. To an astronaut, sky looks dark. This is due to absence 55. (d) : Assertion is false, and Reason is true. A
of scattering. hypermetropic person needs lenses for reading.
43. The apparent length of a day increases due to 56. (d) : Assertion is false, and Reason is true. A myopic
person needs lenses for driving a car.
atmospheric refraction, from our knowledge of theory.
45. To observe a rainbow, the observer must stand with his 57. (a) : Both, the Assertion and Reason are true, and
Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
back towards the sun as per our knowledge of theory.
 UL WORLD
2/35
3.VERY SHORT ANSWER
4 What is far
QUESTIONS
point of a normal human eye ?
Carrying 1 mark each
Ans. The far point of a normal
human eye is at
What is the least distance of distinct infinity.
vision ?
Ane. For a normal eye, least distance of
distinct vision is 25 cm.
3. What kind of lens is there in
human eye ?
Ans. Eye lens is a double convex lens.
4, Name the screen on which eye forms the image.
Ans. It is retina of the eye.
5. Is cornea transparent to light ?
Ans. Yes.
6. What is the range of vision of a
normal human eye ?
Ans. From 25 cm to infinity.
7. Which phenomenon of vision is used in
cinematography ?
Ans. Property of persistence of vision is used in cinematography.
8. What type of cells are lacking in a person who is
colour blind ?
Ans. Cone shaped cells in retina are lacking.
9. Which type of retinal cells respond to brightness of light ?
Ans. The rod shaped cells respond to brightness/intensity of light.
10. Which defect of vision can be rectified usinga convex lens ?
Ans. Hypermetropia or long sightedness.
11. Which defect of vision can be rectified usinga concave lens ?
Ans. Myopia or short sightedness.
12. How is the vision ofa person having cataract restored ?
Ans. By cataract surgery.
13. Which defect of the eye can be corrected using a cylindrical lens ?
Ans. Astigmatism.
14. Which colour has largest wavelength ?
Ans. Red colour has the longest wavelength.
15. Which colour suffers least deviation on passing through a prism ?
Ans. Red colour deviates through minimum angle.
16. What phenomenon causes twinkling of stars on a clear night ?
Ans, Stars twinkle on account of atmospheric refraction.
17. Which phenomenon is responsible for increasing the apparent length of the day by 4minutes ?
Ans, Atmospheric refraction.
18. Why do stars appear higher than they actually are ?
Ans. It is on account of atmospheric refraction from upper rarer layers to lower denser layers of atmosphere.
19, What is meant by persistence of vision ?
Ans, The impression of an object seen by the eye persists on the retina for 16 th of a second, even after the object
1
in removed. If another object is seen before 16 sec, the impressions of the two merge to give us the sensation
u of continuity. This property of eye is called persistence of vision.
20, Why does the sun appear reddish at sunrise ? [CBSE 2018 (C)]
Ans. At sunrise, the light from the sun has to pass maximum distance through the earth's atmosphere. Red light
being of largest wavelength is scattered the least. That is why the sun appears red.
2/36 akiUNPradeep'o sCIENCÂ PHYSICS
21. (a) Is eye lens
made of glass ?
(6) Is focal length of eye lens
fixed?
Ans. (a) No, eye lens is not made ofolass It is made of fibrous jelly like maternal
(6) No, focal length of eye lens is adjustable.
22. (a) What is aqueous
humour ?
(6)What is vitreous humour ?
yhqueOus humour is a transparent viscous liauid in the space between cornea and eye lens.
(0) Vitreous humnour is a transparent jellyin the space between eye lens and reina.
23. (a) What is meant by far point of human eye ?
(6)What is meant by near point of human eye ?
Ans. (a)Far point of a human eve is a noint at farthest distance from the eye, at which an object can be seen clearly
by the eye.
() Near point of human eye is a point at shortest distance from the eye at which an object can be seen clearly
by the eye.
24. (a) For a normal eye, what is the least distance of distinct vision ?
(6)What is the maximum power of accomodation of anormal eye ?
Ans. (a) d= 25 cm.

100 100
(b) P= =4 dioptre.
d 25
25. (a) Which lens is used for correcting a mypoic eye ?
(6) Which lens is used for correcting a hypermetropic eye ?
Ans. (a) For correcting a myopic eye, we use a concave lens of suitable focal length.
(b) For correcting a hypermetropic eye. We use a convex lens of suitable focal length.
26. Why is red colour selected for danger signal lights ?
Ans. Red colour has largest wavelength. Therefore, it is scattered the least by fog or smoke. Hence it can be seen
from maximum distance. That is why red colour is selected for danger signal lights.
27. Why does sky look blue on a clear day ? i b (CBSE 2019)
Ans. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, it is scattered by molecules of air and other fine particles. As
their size is smaller than the wavelength of light, therefore, blue colour (of shorter wavelength) is scattered
more strongly than the red colour (of larger wavelength). The scattered blue light enters our eyes and the clear
sky looks blue.
28. Name the part of our eyes that helps us to focus near and distant objects in quick sucession.
Ans. Ciliary muscles holding the eye lens.
29. To an astronaut, why does the sky appear dark instead of blue ?
Ans. At such great heights of the astronaut, atmosphere of earth is missing. Therefore, no colour of sunlight is
scattered and the sky appears dark instead of blue.

Answer questions 30 to 33 on the basis of your understanding of the following paragraph and
the related studied material.
Paragraph 1. Figure 2.22 shows a narrow beam of white
light passing through a triangular glass prism. After passing
through the prism, it produces a spectrum XY on a screen.
Answer the following questions : W h i t e
l i g h t

30. What is this spectrum called ?

Ans. This spectrum is called visible spectrum.
31. Which colour is represented at X and which one at Y ?
Ans. X represents violet colour and Yrepresents red colour. FIGURE2,22
THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 2/37

32. Due to which phenomenon do we get the spectrum ?

Ans. The phenomenon involved is called dispersion of light.
23. What is the cause of this phenomenon ?
they deviate
Ans. The cause of the phenomenon is that diffetent colours have different wavelengths. Therefore,
through diferent angles on passing through the prism.
Answer questions 34 to 37 on the basis of your understanding of the following paragraph and
the related studied material.
Hypermetropia. In myopia, the person can
Paragraph 2. Two major defects of human eye are: Myopia and
the person can see clearly the distant
see clearly the objects at short distances from the eye. In hypermetropia,
lens of suitable focal length. Hypermetropia can be
objects. Myopia can be corrected by using a concave
corrected by using a convex lens of suitable focal length.
Answer the following questions :
defect called ?
defects of human eve. What is the other
34. Myopia is one of the two major
Ans. The other defect is called Hypermetropia.
sightedness ?
35. Why is myopia called short distances from the eye only.
is because a myopic person can see clearly the objects at short
Ans. This
long sightedness ?
36. Why is hypermetropia called from the eye.
hypermetropic person can see clearly objects lying at large distances
Ans. This is because a ?
for correcting these defects
37. Which lenses can be used correcting hypermetropia,
use a concave lens of suitable focal length. And for
need to
Ans. For correcting myopia, we length.
lens of suitable focal
we need to use a convex we just enter the hall?
somne time to see objects in a cinema hall, when
38. Why does it take light to enter the eye.
the eye takes some time to expand and allow more
Ans. This is because pupil of
length fixed ?
of eye lens ? Is its focal curvature can be
39. What is the nature is not fixed, but adËustable, because its
focal length
double convex lens. Its
Ans. Eye lens is a the lens.
modified to some extent by
the ciliary muscles holding lens, acertain defect
muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye
weakening of ciliary persons to improve
40. Due to gradual defect. Name the type of lens required by such (CBSE (D). 2017
name of this
of vision arises. Write the and function of such a
lens.
structure
the vision. Explain the Art. 2.7, Page 2/5.
or short sightedness. For details, refer to
defect is Myopia
Ans. The name of this controlled ?
light entering the eye
41. How is the amount of by adjusting the size of the pupil of
the eye.
amount of light entering the eye
Ans. The irisregulates the passing through a prism ?
colours deviate through different angles on refractive
42. Why do different different speeds, and glass has different
different colours travel through glass with
Ans. This is because colours.
index for different |CBSE 2017 (C)]
scattering of light ?
43. What is meant by light onstriking ascatterer.
phenomenon of change in the direction of
Ans, It is the
Rayleigh scattering ?
44. What is the condition for wavelength of incident light.
scatterer must be much smaller than
Ans, Size of atmosphere?
by atoms/molecules in earth's
light be scattered
45. Can visible
molecule/atom ismuch less
than wavelength of light. (CBSE 2019)
Ans, Yes, as size of
?
What is the basic cause
of atmospheric refraction earth's atmosphere.
46.
is variation in optical density of different layers of
refraction
Ans. The basic cause of atmospheric
286 IULPadeep sSCIENCE: PHYSCS ()
boli Carrying 3 marks each
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
parts.
Draw a block iagram of buman eve and name all its important
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.2, Page 2/2.
HoW does eye view diferent colours 2 WWhat is colour blindness ?
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.5, Page 2/3.
3. Stars twinkle but planets do not. Why ?
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.15 (d), Page 2/17.
4. Draw a labelled diagram of human eye.
What is power of accomodation of eve ? Define colour blindness.
Ans. Refer to Arts. 2.2. 2.6 and 2.5, Pages 2/2, 2/4, 2/3.
of a distant object by a myopic eye. How can such am
S (a)Draw a diagram to show the formation of image
eye defect be remedied ?
(6) State two reasons due to which this eye defect may be caused.
distance of 1:5 m. What would be the power of
(C)A person with myopic eye cannot see objects beyond a
the corrective lens used to restore proper vision ?
Ans. (a) Refer to Fig. 2.3, Page 2/6.
eye lens when the eye is fully
(6) (i) increase in the length of the eye ball, (ii) decrease in focal length of the
relaxed.
(c) Here, x =15 m.
For proper vision, f= -x=-15m.

P=f-1.5 =-0-67 dioptre

Negative sign is for concave lens.
6. What is presbyopia ? State its cause. How is it corrected ? {CBSE 2018 (C))
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.7 (3), Page 2/8.
7. Draw the path of light ray passing through a prism. Label angle of incidence and angle of deviation in
the ray diagram. (CBSE Sample Paper 2017)
Ans. In Fig. 2.23, ABC is a prism. PO is incident ray on face AB. NON is normal to AB.
A

P N
B

FIGURE 2.23
ZPON = i, is the angle of incidence.
At 2, the ray is refracted along QR and at R, it is refracted second time, and goes along RS.
LPOR = , the angle of deviation.
8. The far point of a myopic person is 6 metre. Calculate the power of the lens he requires for distant VIS0
Ans. Focal length of lens required for distant vision =distance of far point of myopic eye -f= 6m.
 HUMAN EYE
THE H AND THE
COLOURFUL WORLD 2/30

P
Negative sign indicates that the lens must
=-0-17 D.
be concave.
0. The near point of a defective eye is 25
to read a book placed at 20 cm. cm from the eve, Calculatefocal length of the lens required by her
Ans. Here, u=-20 cm, v=-25 cm, f= ?
From 1_1_1,1-4+5 1
f - 25 20 100 : f= 100 em.
100
The lens must be convex, as focal
length is positive,
10. In Fig. 2.24 given here, a narrow
beam of white light is
shown to pass through a.triangular glass prism. After
Dassing through the prism, it pfoduces spectrum XY on
the screen.
() Name the phenomenon.
(ü) State the colours seen at X and Y.
() Why do different colours of white light bend at
angles through a prism ?
different FIGURE, 2.24
(CBSE Sample Paper, 2019-20)
Ans. () This is the phenomenon of dispersion of light
(ii) The
through the prism.
colour seen at X is violet and the colour seen at Y is red.
(iüi) Different colours of white light bend through different angles
on passing through a prism, because their
wavelengths are different.
11. (i) What is visible spectrum?
(ü) Why is red used as stopping light at traffic signals ?
(iü) Two triangular glass prisms are kept together connected through their rectangular side. A
light beam is
passed through one side of the combination. Will there be any dispersion ? Justify your
answer.
(CBSE Sample Paper, 2019-20)
Ans, (i) Visible spectrum is the pattern of seven colours obtained when white light is passed through a glass
prism.
(ii) Red colour is used as stopping light at traffic signals. This is because red colour has largest wavelength
and mininmum scattering so that it can be seen from the largest distance.
(üi) When two triangular glass prisms are kept together connected through their rectangular side as shown in
Fig. 2.25, the combination behaves as aglass slab. There is no dispersion. nfact, the dispersion produced
by one prism is equal and opposite to the dispersion produced by other prism, as shown in Fig. 2.25.

R
R

FIGURE 2.25
2

12. Calculate maximum power of accommodatlon of a person having normal vision.

For a person having normal vision, least distance of distinct vision is d= 25 cm.
100 100 100
Therefore, maximum power of accommodation, P= 25
=4 dioptre
2/40 Pradee's soIENCE PHYSICS O
13. Why cannot we reada close to our eyes ?
printed page by holding it verydistances less than 25 cm ; wnich 1s least distance or
(at
eves
a: nold a printed page very close to our image and also feel strain in the eyes. This
is becanee
may see a blurred
C VIsion of normal eve). we
below a certain minimum limit.
0cal iength of eye lens cannot be decreased constituernts of the eye.
important
1 Draw a simple sketch of bumean eve endlabel any five
Ans. In Fig. 2.26, we have labelled six constituents of human eye.
Ciliary
Muscles
Iris

Retina
Pupil Eye Lens

Cornea

FIGURE,2.26
15. Draw the course of rays for correcting a myopic eye. (CBSE 2019)
Ans. Refer to Fig. 2.3, Page 2/6.
16. Draw the course of rays for correcting a hypermetropic eye. (CBSE 2019)
Ans. Refer to Fig. 2.4, Page 2/7.
17. Why has nature provided us with two eyes instead of one ?
Ans. Refer to Note 4, page 2/8.
18. We can seea rainbow on a sunny day by looking at the sky through a water fountain. Why ?
Ans. The rainbow is seen on account of dispersion of sunlight through water droplets of the fountain. For details,
refer to Art. 2.14, Page 2/15.
19. (a) Why do spectrum colours recombine on passing through twoprisms oriented duly ?
(6) What is the essential condition for observing a rainbow ?
Ans. (a) The spectrum colours recombine when (angular) dispersion produced by one prismn is equal and opposite
to (angular) dispersion produced by the other prism.
(b)The back of the observer of rainbow must be towards the sun.
20. (a) What is the essential condition for Rayleigh scattering ?
(b) In Rayleigh scattering, how is intensity of scattered light related towavelength of light ?
Ans. (a) The essential condition for Rayleigh scattering is that size of scatterer () must be far less than the wavelength
of light.
(b) The intensity of scattered light () varies inversely as the fourth power of wavelength (2) i.e. I, 4
21. In the following diagram, the correctly marked angles are :
A

GURE, 2.27
(a) LA and Le (6)Zi, Aand ZD (c) LA, Lr and Ze (d) LA, & and ZD
(CBSE (D), 2017)

Ans. (a) In the given diagram, ZA and Ze are correctly marked.

THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 2/41

D. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS Carrying5 marks each

1. Give briefly the construction and working of human eye.
Ans. Refer to Arts. 2.2 and 2.3, Pages 2/2 and 2/3.
2, Explain the properties of persistence of vision and accommodation of human eye.
Ans. Refer to Arts. 2.4 and 2.6, Pages 2/3, 2/4.
3. Namne the two major defects of vision. Explain their cause and discuss their removal. [CBSE 2017 (COJ
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.7, pages 2/5.
4. With the help of ciliary muscles, the human eye can change its curvature and thus alter the focal length
of its lens. State the changes that occur in the curvature and focal length of the eye lens while viewing a)
a distant objects (b)nearby objects.
Explain, why a normal eye is not able to see distinctly the objects placed closer than 25 cm, without
(CBSE (D), 2017)
putting any strain on the eye.
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.7, Page 2/5.
in the eye does not
5. Write about power of accommodation of human eye. Explain why image distance
change when we change the distance of an object from the eye ?
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.6, Page 2/4.
6. Explain : ()) Why stars seem higher than they actually are.
minutes later.
(ü) Sun appears to rise 2 minutes before and set 2
(ii) Sun appears oval (or flattened) at sunrise and sunset.
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.15, Pages 2/16.
relation to defects of vision and corrections provided
for them :
7. (a) Explain the following terms used in
sightedness.
() Myopia (iü) Astigmatism (ii) Bifocal lenses (iv) Far
myopia can be helped by spectacles.
(b) Describe with a ray diagram how a person with
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.7, Pages 2/5.
questions written on blackboard placed at a distance
8. A 14 year old student is not able to see clearly the
of 5 m from him.
suffering from.
(a) Name the defect of vision he is
this defect can be corrected. (c) Name the type of
(b)With the help of labelled ray diagrams, show how
lens used to correct the defect.
Ans, Refer to Art. 2.7, Pages 2/5.
Describe the formation of rainbow in the sky with the
9. (a)What is mneant by dispersion of white light ? (CBSE Sample Paper 2016)
help of a diagram.
show the image formation of an object by
(6) What is hypermetropia? Draw ray diagrams to
() bypermetropic eye
hypermetropic eye.
(t) correction made with a suitable lens for seven colours on
Dispersion of white light is the phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent
Ans. (a)
rainbow in the sky, refer to Art. 2.14, Page 2/15.
passing through a glass prism. For formation of large
virtue of which, it can see clearly the objects lying at
(b) Hypermetropia is that defect of human eye, by
distances from the eye. But the nearby objects cannot be
seen clearly by the hypermetropiceye.
Page 2/7.
For image formation, see Figs. 2.4(6) and (c),
the term angle of deviation.
10. (a) Draw a ray diagram to explain
split intoa spectrum while passing through a
(b) Why do the conponent colours of incident white light
glass prism, explain. (CBSE (D), 2017)
ray diagram to show the formation of arainbow.
(c) Drawa labelled 2/15.
At. 2.12, Page 2/14. (c) Refer to Art. 2.14, Page
Ans. (a) Refer to Art. 2.8. Page 2/12. (b) Refer to
242 SeIENCEPHYSICS (X
LIAOW IUDateet's
labelled ray diagrans, saow
(4) What is myopia ? State the two causes of nvopta. With the help of
() the eye defect myopiae
() correction to myopia using a lens. (CBSE 2019)
cm from the eye ?
(0) Why is normaleye unable to focus on object placed within 10
Ans. (a) Refer to Art. 2.7 (1), Pages 2/5. the near point of
obiect placed within 10cm from the eye, because
(0) A normal eye is unable to focus on an
a normal human eye is 25 cm. identical glass
bya glass prisrm. How did Newton using two
12. State the cause of dispersion of white light colours ? Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a
prisms, show that white light is made of seven together in inverted
combination of two indentical prisms arranged
narrow beam of white light, througha the first prism of the
position w.rt. eachother, when it is allowed to
fall obliguely on one of the faces of
combination.
Ans. Refer to Arts. 2.12 and 2.13, Page 2/14.
diagram to show the
What is dispersion of white light ? What is the cause of such dispersion ? Draw a
13. (@)
dispersion of white light by a glass prism.
spectrum when white light passes through it, but
a glass slab does
(6)A glass prism is able to produce a (CBSE (OD), 2017)
not produce any spectrum. Explain why is it so ?
"
Ans. (a) Refer to Art. 2.9, Page 2/13 and Art. 2.12, Page 2/14. joined in
slab does not produce any spectrum because it is equivalent to two identical prisms
(6) A glass
annulled by the dispersion produced by the other prism.
opposition. The dispersion produced by one prism is

DO YOU KNOW ?
DEATH
OUREYES CAN LIVE EVEN AFTER OUR
eyes can give vision to two corneal blind people.
" By donating our eyes after we die, one pair of our
" Eye donors may belong to any sex and any age group.
diabetes, asthma, hypertension etc. can also donate eyes.
" People suffering from non-communicable diseases like eyes.
lenses or those operated for cataract can also donate
" People who have been using spectacles or contact
Banks.
" Eye Banks have been set up as are the Blood
eye donors explaining tothem the details
Groups of students may undertake the survey to contact perspective
and collecting their pledge cards' for the same.
religious taboos involved in the pledge to
Help from prominent religious leaderS may be taken to overcome theconsultation with the Eye Bank.
donate eyes after the death. Other formalities may be completed in

B a s e d o n P r a c t i c a l Skills
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Experiment. To trace the path of rays of light through a glass prism. (Expt. No. 7 of NCERT List)

1, How many surfaces does a glass prism have ?

Ans. A glass prism has five surfaces, three are rectangular and two are triangular.
2, What is angle of prism ? What is its value in an equilateral prism ?
For an equilateral
Ans. Angle of prism is the angle between any two adjoining rectangular surfaces of the prism.
prism, angle of prism is 60°.
3. How many refractions does a ray of light suffer on passing through a glass prism ?
Ans. On passing through a glass prism, a ray of light undergoes two refractions. At one rectangular surface o
prism, light suffers refraction in going from rarer to denser medium and on other rectangular surface, iga
undergoes refraction from denser medium to rarer medium.
THEEHUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL
WORLD 2143
A Which phenomena can you study using aglass
Ans.
prims?
Using a glasS prism, we can study two phenomena : Refraction
S. of Light;and Disparsion of Light.
Draw the course of rays through a glass prism
Ans. ABC.
The course of rays through a glass prism ABC is
shown in Fig. 2.28.

E/ Ng

FIGURE,2,28
6. In Fig, 2.28, name the incident ray, refracted ray and
emergent ray.
Ans. In Fig. 2.28, POE is incident ray; EF is refracted ray and FRS is the
emergent ray.
7. In Fig. 2.28, locate the angle of prism and angle of deviation.
Ans. In Fig. 2.28, ZBAC is the angle of prism, and ZHGF is the angle of deviation.
8. If A is angle of prism, D is angle of deviation, iis angle of incidence and e is angle of emergence, then
what is the correct relation between them ?
Ans. The correct relation is
A+ D=i+e
9. What is the condition for minimum deviation through the prism ?What is prism formula ?
Ans. The condition for minimum deviation through a prism is that angle of incidence (i) is equal to angle of
emergence (e). In that case, the refracted ray EF becomes parallel to the base BC of the prism.
IfD, is the angle of minimun deviation, then the prism formula is
sin (A + D, )/2
=
sin A/2
Here, u is refractive index of the material of the prism.
10. What is meant bydispersion of light through a prism ? What is its cause ?
Ans. Dispersion of light through a prism is the phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours
on passing through the prism. The cause of dispersion is that different colours have different wavelengths.
Therefore, they bend through different angles on passing through the prism.
11. Which colour has longest wavelength and which one has shortest wavelength ? Which colour deviates
most and which colour deviates least on passing through prism ?
Ans, Red colour has longest wavelength and violet colour has smallest wavelength. Therefore, red colour suffers
least deviation and violet colour suffers maximum deviation on passing through the prism. That is why lower
end of the visible spectrum is violet and upper end of visible spectrum is red suffering minimum deviation.
 HIGHER ORDER THINKINGSKILLSB
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q. 1. Does myopia or hypermetropia imply necessarily that the eye has partially lost itsability of accomodation ?
If not, what might cause these defects of vision ?
of accommodation and yet he may be myopic or nypermetropic. Infact
NO, a person
myopia arise have
may may length ability
when nomal of eye ball gets elongated and hypermetropia may arise when length of eye ball
gets shortened.
A man withnormal near point (25 cm) reads abook with small printdistances using a magniying glass -a thin
farthest at which he can read h
ovex lens of focal length 5 cm. What are the closest and
book, when viewing through the magnifying glass ?
Ans. Here, f= 5 cm, u = ?
() For the closest distance, v = - 25 cm.

From 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 -25 cm =-4-25 cm

W
=
u f 25 25 6

This is the closest distance at which he can read the book.

(ü) For the farthest distance, v'= o, u'=?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Again, from w=-5 cm.
yf u' f 5
This is the farthest distance at which he can read the book.
Q. 3. For anormal eye, the far point is at infinity and near point is at 25 cm in front of the eye. The cornea of
the eye provides a converging power of about 40 Dand the least converging power of eye lens behind the
cornea is about 20D. Estimate the range of accomodation of normal eye.
Ans. Toobserve objects at infinity, the eye uses its least converging power, P =40 +20 =60 D
100 100 100 5
.. Distance between cornea/eye lens and retina =f= cm cm = Cm =
3
Cm.
P P 60
5
To focus an object at near point u = - 25 cm, V= cm ;f=?
1 1 1 25
From
3, 1 16 ; f= 16-Cm, Power P'= 100 100
=64 D
5 25 25/16
Power of eye lens, P = 64 40 = 24 D
Hence range of accomodation of eye lens is roughly 20 D to 24 D.
Q. 4. What happens to the image distance in the eye, when we increase thedistance of an object from the eye ?
Ans. For anormal eye, image distance in the eye is fixed, being equal to distance of retina from the eye lens. When
we increase the distance of an object from the eye, the focal length of eye lens is changed on account
accommodating power of the eye, so as to keep the image distance constant.
Q. 5. A person has normal vision, but he cannot distinguish between red-green colours. Why ?
Ans. A person who is blind to red-green colours may be deficient in cone shaped çells having red and greeu
pigment in the retinaof hiseyes. It is a genetic disorder and not a refractive defect of vision. That is why, s
a person may have normal vision.
Q. 6. What are the important features of visual system of a person ?
vitreous
() The structures of the eye such as cornea, pupil, ciliary muscles, eye lens, aqueous humour and
Ans.
humour etc.
(ii) The retina of eye which converts light signals toelectrical impulses, and
(iii) Optic nerve that transmits electrical impulses to brain.
 HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 2/45
THE

7. What is meant by accommodation of human eye ? How is it achieved ?

ns. Accommodation or power of accommodation of human eye is the abilityof the eye to observe distinctly the
objects situated at widely different distances from the eye.
This property is due to the action of ciliary muscles holding the eye lens.
For observing distant objects,eye is in relaxed state, i.e., unaccommodated.The eye lens is thin and image of
distant object is formed on the retina.
For observing nearby objects, the ciliary muscles contract, the eye is in a state of tension. It is said to be
accommnodated.

0.8. What is meant by range of vision ? What is its value for a person with normal vision ?
Ans. The range of vision of a person is the distance between near point (N) and far point (F) of his eyes.
The point at closest distance, at which an object can be seen clearly by the eye is called near point (N) of the
crsi eye.
The most distant point at which an object can be seen clearly is called far point (F) of the eye. For a normal
eye, far point lies at infinity. Therefore, for aperson with normal vision, the range of vision is infinite.
Q.9. (a) Name the factors on which deviation of a ray of light through a prism depends.
(6) Name the factors on which (angular) dispersion of light through a prism depends.
Ans. (a) The deviation of aray of light passing through a prism depends on angle of prism, nature of material of the
prism and angle of incidence of the ray.
(b) (Angular) dispersion of light through a prismn depends on angle of prism and nature of material of the
prism.
Q. 10. (a) Which phenomenon accounts for advanced sunrise and delayed sunset ?
(6) Which phenomenon accounts for blue colour of clear sky ?
Ans. (a) Atmospheric refraction is responsible for advanced sunrise and delayed sunset.
(b) Blue colour of clear sky is on account of scattering of sunlight.
Q. 11. How do we see colours ?
Ans. The retina of our eye contains numerous cells, which are light sensitive. These cells are of two types : rod
shaped cells respond to brightness/intensity of light and cone shaped cells respond to colour of light. When
light falls on the retina, these cells get activated. They send electrical signals to the brain through the optic
nerve. The brain processes this information and we see objects as they are. Thus colours are seen due to
activation of cone shaped cells.
Q. 12. Study the following ray diagram :

FIGURE 2.29

In this diagram, the angle of incidence, the angle of emergence and the angle of deviation
0respectively have been represented by
(a) y, p, z (6) *, 4, z
(C) P, 9, z (CBSE (OD),2017)
 Pradeeps soIENCE PHYSICS
2/46
refracted ray and CD is the emergent ray through the prism. By
Ans. In Fig. 2.29, AB is incident roy BCis
definition,
P represents the angle of incidence,
y represents the angle of emergence, and
Z2 represents the angle of deviation.
Q. 13. (a) Give reasons for the following (CBSE 2019)
() Colour of the clear sky is blue.
before actual sunrise.
(@)The sun can be seen about two minutes
close to the eyes.
() We cannot see an object clearly if it is placed very
(6) What is presbyopia ? Write two causes of this defect.
scattering of sunlight. Light from the sun, while traveling
Ans. (a) () Blue colour of sky is due to Rayleigh elastic
number of air molecules in the atmosphere. As size of
through earth's atmosphere, gets scattered from large therefore Rayleigh scattering occurs. As
molecules is = 10-lO m, which is much less than wavelength of light,
is why sky looks blue.
blue colour has the smallest wavelength, it is scattered the most. That
(ü) Refer to Art. 2.15(b), Figs. 2.13 and 2.14, Pages 2/16 and 2/17.
distinctly without any strain
(üi)Fora normal eye, the minimum distance at which an object can be seen most
feel a lot strain and the image of the
of
1s 25 cm. If we try to see an object at distances less than 25 cm, we minimum.
object is also blurred. This is because focal length of eye lens cannot be reduced below a certain
(6) Presbyopia is that defect of human eye due to which an old person cannot read and write comfortably.
The main cause of this defect is increase in focal length of eye lens.