ECEN 5053-002
Developing the Industrial Internet of Things
Week 3 - Lecture
Market Application Areas, Operating Systems
Dave Sluiter - Spring 2018
Credits
• If not otherwise indicated, market data by Markets and
Markets, “IOT Technology Market Forecast till 2022”
• Used with permission
• [Link]
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Learning Outcomes
• Gain an understanding of the 5 largest IIoT market
application areas
• Identify the key operating systems currently in use and
those that have the potential to trend upwards
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Material
• 5 Markets by Application:
• 1 - Automotive and Transportation
• 2 - Industrial / Manufacturing
• 3 - Building Automation
• 4 - Oil and Gas, Energy
• 5 - Agriculture
• Operating Systems
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Automotive and Transportation
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Automotive and Transportation (con’t)
• “The automotive and transportation segment covers connected
cars and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). ITS includes
sensors, communication, and traffic control technologies.
These technologies assist states, cities, and towns across the
globe to meet the increasing demand for surface transportation
systems. Vehicle detection and surveillance technologies are an
integral part of ITS as they gather all or part of the data used in
intelligent transportation systems and are being improved
continuously to provide enhanced speed monitoring, traffic
counting, presence detection, headway measurement, and
vehicle classification.”
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Automotive and Transportation (con’t)
• “Connected cars are equipped with devices that enable Internet access inside
a car and allow it to communicate with other cars on a road, infrastructure
that includes traffic stop signals, satellites, cloud- based services, and road-
side antennas among others are likely to witness greater adoption in the near
future. The market for connected cars is expected to grow exponentially in
the near future, which can be gauged from the fact that tech giants from
Apple to Google as well as big automotive players such as Volkswagen, Nissan,
and Mercedes have already launched their connected car prototypes in the
market.”
• “In 2014, AT&T introduced a connected car service in partnership with a
number of automobile manufacturers including Audi, GM, and Volvo that offer
high-speed 3G or 4G connections for a monthly subscription fee of just 10
USD.”
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Automotive and Transportation (con’t)
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Automotive and Transportation (con’t)
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Automotive and Transportation (con’t)
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Automotive and Transportation Example
Source: IBM: [Link]
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Industrial / Manufacturing
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Industrial / Manufacturing (con’t)
• “Internet of Things (IoT) in the industrial sector has given rise to a new concept
known as Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), also known as Industrial Internet and
Industry 4.0. IIoT refers to the devices, sensors, actuators, and software that
enable connectivity between machines. Industrial Internet of Things consists of a
large number of components ranging from sensors to micro-controllers and
networking devices. These components are now being manufactured using advanced
technologies allowing them to be continuously (and wirelessly) connected to the
Internet. The Internet of Things market in the industrial sector is expected to grow
at an exponential rate and this can be gauged from the fact that many industry
leaders such as GE, AT&T, Cisco, Intel, and IBM collectively formed the Industrial
Internet Consortium in 2014. According to each of these previously mentioned
companies, IoT in the industrial sector presents an even bigger market growth
opportunity than that in the consumer sector.”
• [Link] (remember we saw OIC last week)
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Industrial / Manufacturing (con’t)
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Industrial / Manufacturing (con’t)
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
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Industrial / Manufacturing (con’t)
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Manufacturing Example
• Source: [Link]
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Manufacturing Example
• What did we learn?
• 1/2 trillion $US in savings
• Split between consumers and equipment manufacturers
• 3 characteristics
• Virtualization of a product/process
• More human to machine collaboration (Co-bots)
• Real-time communications between enterprise systems and the
factory floor (IT merged with OT)
• Impacts to labor: Location agnostic, demand and supply chain, rather
than labor costs
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Building Automation
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Building Automation (con’t)
• “The demand for energy-efficient solutions, enhanced security,
increased venture capital funding, and the constant need for
improving the standards of the individuals has led to the development
of the building automation market. Building automation, which
started with wired technology, has now entered the era of wireless
technology with technologies such as ZigBee, Z-wave, EnOcean, Wi-Fi,
and Bluetooth Smart revolutionizing the market. The growing
awareness toward energy conservation, stringent legislations, and
building directives, promotion of numerous smart grid technologies,
and the availability of a number of open protocols are further driving
the growth of the building automation market.”
Footnote/Reference 22
Building Automation (con’t)
• Device types:
• Occupancy sensors
• Daylight sensors
• Thermostats
• Cameras
• Power meters
• Locks
• Smoke / gas detectors
• Lighting control actuators
Footnote/Reference 23
Building Automation (con’t)
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Building Automation (con’t)
Wow
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Building Automation (con’t)
Connectivity
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Building Automation (con’t)
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Building Automation (con’t)
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Building Automation Example
Source: [Link]
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Oil and Gas
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Oil and Gas (con’t)
• “IoT-based technology solutions and related services are being
increasingly implemented in the oil & gas application. The solutions are
primarily aimed at achieving convergence of machines and intelligent
data to enhance the operational efficiency targets being set by the
energy companies. The solutions also improve the analytics-based
decision making by diminishing the threats and vulnerabilities of the
market (oil and gas market) by the use of efficient tools and
techniques. Benefits include an increase in overall operational
efficiency, cost-cutting, optimization of supply chain, diminishing the
energy trading risk factors, and data privacy and security of all the
affiliated industries spanning across the entire energy industry value
chain.”
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Oil and Gas (con’t)
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Oil and Gas (con’t)
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Oil and Gas (con’t)
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Oil and Gas Example
Source: GE: [Link]
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Oil and Gas (con’t)
• GE - What did we learn?
• Centered around customer intimacy, driving outcomes
• 3 pillars
• Smart sensors
• Big data analytics
• Deep domain knowledge
• Combine these 3 => production optimization, more up-time
• Prediction
• Iterating with customers, not just a single point (end) solution, building integrated systems
where all data can be shared and analyzed.
• Help customers get better at what they do.
• Help customers improve revenue and cash flow.
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Agriculture
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Agriculture (con’t)
• “IoT technology can assist farmers by performing important tasks such as
analyzing the water consumption level, providing animal alerting service,
analyzing soil conditions based on fertilizers, and monitoring crop status.
The increasing adoption of technology in agriculture and global rise in the
demand for food are the major drivers for the growth of smart farming.
IoT also helps to enhance the production and yield, by providing real-
time data of the farm land to assist in planning, purchasing, inventory
control, planting, and harvesting. Sensors, irrigation control, variable
rate technology (VRT), and other technologies help to reduce the
wastage of input and enhance the productivity of land.”
• VRT see: [Link]
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Agriculture (con’t)
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Agriculture (con’t)
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Agriculture (con’t)
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Agriculture (con’t)
GNSS = Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou
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Agriculture (con’t)
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Agriculture Example
Source: [Link]
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Operating Systems
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Operating Systems (con’t)
• Their are many contenders, where to start?
• [Link] list of top-8:
• RIOT
• Windows 10
• VxWorks
• Google Brillo
• ARM Mbed
• Apple iOS and Mac OS X
• Mentor Graphics Nucleus RTOS
• Greenhills Integrity
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Operating Systems (con’t)
• Arrow Electronics 2016 survey list:
Source: [Link]
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Operating Systems (con’t)
Source: [Link]
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Operating Systems (con’t)
• [Link] list:
• Nano-RK
• LiteOS
• Nimbits
• OpenAlerts
• Thingssquare Mist
• Thingsspeak (Arduino, Raspberry Pi)
• IoT Toolkit
• Nitrogen
• Argot
• dat
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Operating Systems (con’t)
• Embedded OS Considerations
• Is real-time performance required?
• Available hardware resources?: memory size, MMU, CPU
capability
• Security requirements ?
• How is the device powered?
• Communication and network requirements?
• Ability to interface to an enterprise-wide system?
Source: [Link]
Footnote/Reference 50
To RTOS or Not?
Often in the embedded world the question of using a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) or not, is the big question amongst engineers. The answers found
on-line are usually biased opinions without metrics or scientific support of the argument. They usually state the advantages or disadvantages over the classic
round-robin systems. The truth is that engineers, prefer and like evidence instead of heuristics. I will try to answer this, as I did for myself. I believe this small
guide will help decide if an RTOS is worth the effort or not.
Seems that there is no specific engineering parameter that would pin-point if we really need an RTOS or not. But let’s go back to the principles of decision.
What all systems try to do? Share the CPU time resource. Is RTOS better in schedulability in respect to the other non pre-emptive systems? Actually real-time
systems do not care of better or faster. They care of deterministic responses.
There is a very good principle that helps us in general with schedulability. This is called Rate-Monotonic Approach (RMA). This method analyses a system to
check if it is possible to schedule its tasks. The inputs are various parameters like period of events, sporadic events, deadlines, etc. that helps derive
mathematically if the system is schedulable. This approach works with fixed-priority schemes and with either pre- emptive or non pre-emptive systems.
Thus the methodology would be to estimate each tasks worst execution time, gather all the deadlines, fill in the matrices and get a result if the specific system is
schedulable. Analyzing the round-robin systems first, you get the idea if this will work or you stress the system.
The question to place an RTOS or not can be greatly answered depending on schedulability. If the system can be scheduled without an RTOS safely then you
do not need an RTOS. If not, then RTOS is the way to go. Of course there can be other reasons for the decision, like future expansion, ready stacks to use etc.
but these goes beyond the basic principles of decision. You may use the RMA method to provide the criteria for your decision.
Source: Ilias Alexopoulos on LinkedIn
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End
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