Instructions:
● Answer the following questions by explaining the concepts and performing manual
calculations.
● Show your working steps clearly.
● Do not use Chatgpt - Write the answers in Pen and paper and upload as PDF
Part 1: Descriptive Statistics
1. Mean, Median, and Mode
You are given the following set of salaries (in thousands): 30, 40, 45, 50, 200.
○ a. Mean: Calculate the mean of the data.
○ b. Median: What is the median salary?
○ c. Mode: If you add the salary 40 to the list, what becomes the mode?
○ d. Interpretation: Which measure (mean, median, or mode) would you
recommend using to describe the central tendency of this data? Why?
2. Standard Deviation and Variance
You are given the following scores from a test: 5, 10, 10, 20, 30.
○ a. Calculate the variance and standard deviation for the data.
○ b. Interpret the result: What does the standard deviation say about the spread of
the data?
3. Box Plot and Outliers
Consider the following data representing the ages of a group of people: 10, 12, 13, 15,
16, 18, 25, 35, 80.
○ a. Manually calculate the first quartile (Q1), third quartile (Q3), and the
interquartile range (IQR).
○ b. Are there any outliers in the data? Use the IQR rule to identify potential outliers
(i.e., data points that lie beyond 1.5 * IQR from Q1 and Q3).
Part 2: Inferential Statistics
4. Simple Linear Regression
Imagine you are analyzing the relationship between the number of hours studied and
exam scores. Here’s the dataset:
○ Hours studied: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
○ Exam scores: 50, 55, 65, 70, 75
○ a. Without using tools, manually calculate the slope and intercept of the
regression line (you can use the formula for the least squares method).
○ b. Interpret the slope: What does the slope tell you about the relationship
between hours studied and exam scores?
5. Hypothesis Testing: T-Test
You are a data analyst working for a company that sells an online course. The average
completion rate of the course is 75%. The company claims that a new interactive feature
has increased the average completion rate to 80%. You collect a sample of 50 users,
and their average completion rate is 78%, with a standard deviation of 5%.
○ a. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
○ b. Calculate the test statistic for a one-sample t-test (manual calculation).
○ c. Based on your test statistic and a significance level of 0.05, would you reject or
fail to reject the null hypothesis?
6. Chi-Square Test
A company is interested in finding out if there is a relationship between gender (male/female)
and preference for a new product (like/dislike). The following table summarizes the survey
results:
Like Dislike
Male 40 60
Femal 50 50
e
○ a. State the null hypothesis.
○ b. Manually calculate the expected frequencies.
○ c. Calculate the chi-square statistic.
○ d. Interpret the result: Does gender influence product preference at a 5%
significance level?
7. ANOVA
A researcher wants to test whether three different teaching methods result in different
exam scores. Here are the results from three groups of students:
○ Group A: 70, 75, 80
○ Group B: 60, 65, 70
○ Group C: 85, 90, 95
○ a. State the null and alternative hypotheses for the one-way ANOVA test.
○ b. Manually calculate the sum of squares between (SSB) and sum of squares
within (SSW).
○ c. Calculate the F-ratio.
○ d. Based on the F-ratio, would you conclude that there is a significant difference
between the groups?
Part 3: Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Tests
8. Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Tests
○ a. Explain the difference between parametric and non-parametric tests.
○ b. Provide two examples of when you would use a parametric test and two
examples of when a non-parametric test is more appropriate.
○ c. If the data is not normally distributed, which type of test would you prefer to
use, and why?
Part 4: Test
9. Z-Test vs. T-Test
○ a. What is the difference between a Z-test and a T-test?
○ b. In what situations would you use a Z-test instead of a T-test?
10. P-Value Interpretation
● a. Explain what a p-value represents in hypothesis testing.
● b. If you conduct a test and obtain a p-value of 0.03, what does this tell you about your
null hypothesis at a significance level of 0.05?
