BASIC MATHS 2

CONTENT
a) Vector Basics ...................................... 10 i) Cross Product .................................... 16
b) Component of Vector ........................... 10 j) Projection of Vector on another Vector
c) Angle between two vectors ................... 11 ......................................................... 16
d) Addition and Subtraction of Vectors...... 11 k) Answer Key for Vectors..................... 17
e) Direction of Vector .............................. 13 l) Differentiation ................................... 18
f) Force Vector ........................................ 13 m) Maxima & Minima ............................ 20
g) Vector Application in Physics .............. 14 n) Integration......................................... 22
h) Dot Product ......................................... 15
 PROBLEMS
Vectors Basics:
1. Which among the following are vectors?
(A) Tension (B) Current
(C) Angular velocity (D) Moment of inertia
2. Read each statement below carefully and choose the correct option(s). A
scalar quantity is one that:
(A) is constant always
(B) adds like real numbers
(C) must be dimensionless
(D) does not vary from one point to another in space.

3. The vector  A is:
 
(A) greater than A in magnitude (B) less than A in magnitude
 
(C) in the same direction as A (D) in the direction opposite to A
     
4. The vectors a , b & c are related by c  a  b . Which diagram below
illustrates this relationship?
 
c  c 
(A) b (B) b
 
a a

   
(C) b c (D) b c
 
a a
Components of vectors:

5. Find the components of a  3iˆ  2 ˆj vectors along X-axis and Y- axis.
(A) 2, 3 (B) 3iˆ (C) 3, 2 (D) 2 ĵ

6. Find the components of b  iˆ  ˆj vectors along X-axis and Y- axis.
(A) 1, – 1 (B) 1, 1 (C) î (D) ĵ

7. Find vector component of A along X axis and Y axis.
Y
30o X
15 
A
3 15 3 15 15 3 15 3
(A) 15 , (B) 15 , (C)  , 15 (D) , 15
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8. Component of weight along horizontal is
(A) zero (B) infinity (C) 1 (D) W
9. A boy is pulling a block by a force of 10 N at an angle of 37° to the
horizontal. The component of force in:

10
 10N
o
37

(A) horizontal direction is 6N (B) horizontal direction is 8N

(C) vertical direction is 6N (D) vertical direction is 8N

10. A vector a with magnitude 15 m is directed 60o Y
counter clockwise from +X axis as shown in the Y’
figure. (a) What are the components ax & a y of
60o o X’
the vector. (b) A second co-ordinate system is
inclined by 15o with respect to the first. What are 15 X
the components ax ' & a y ' of the vector in this new co-ordinate system?
Angle between two vectors:
11. In the given figure the angle between
  
(A) A & C is 110° C
  o o
(B) C & D is 60°  120 70
  D 
(C) B & C is 110° o o
B
  60 110
(D) Angle between B & C is 70° 
A
     
12. If v1  v2  v1  v2 , then find the angle between v1 & v2 .
(A) 0o (B) 90o (C) 45o (D) 60o
 
13. A & B are two unit vectors and  is the angle between them. Then find the
 
value of  such that A  B is a unit vector.
(A) 0o (B) 90o (C) 60o (D) 120o
Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
     
14. Find the vector R such that R  a  b if a  3iˆ  2 ˆj & b  iˆ  ˆj .
(A) 17 (B) 4 iˆ  ˆj (C) 14 (D) iˆ  4 ˆj
  
15. a  4 iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ & b  iˆ  jˆ  4kˆ are two vectors. Find vector c such that
   
ab c 0 .
(A) 5 iˆ  ˆj  3 kˆ (B)  iˆ  4 ˆj  3 kˆ (C) 5 iˆ  4 ˆj  3 kˆ (D) 5 iˆ  4 jˆ  kˆ

16. A vector A is represented by a straight line of length 2 cm, making 30° with

positive X-axis in anticlockwise direction. Another vector B is also
represented by a straight line of length
 
2 cm making 30° with negative X-axis
in clockwise direction. Then find A  B .
(A)  2 ĵ (B) 2 iˆ (C) 2 iˆ  2 jˆ (D) 2 ĵ
 
17. A particle makes three-displacements S1  2 iˆ  x ˆj ; S 2  ( x  y )iˆ  2 ˆj ; &

S3  x iˆ  4 ˆj . If net displacement is zero find value of x and y.
(A) 2, – 6 (B) 2, 6 (C)– 2, 6 (D) – 2, – 6
18. What vector must be added to the two vectors iˆ  2 jˆ  kˆ & iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ so that
11
 the resultant may be unit vector along Y-axis
(A) 2 iˆ  kˆ (B) 2 iˆ  kˆ (C) 2 iˆ  kˆ (D) 2 iˆ  kˆ
19. A person moves 10 m southward, 5m westward then 102 m in the north east
direction. Then find the resultant displacement.
(A) 5 m West (B) 5 m North (C) 5 m East (D) 5 m South
20. If a particle move 2 m east, 3 m north & 6 m west then find the magnitude of
resultant displacement?
(A) 4 m (B) 5 m (C) 3 m (D) none
 
21. Two vectors are shown in the diagram. Obtain a  b .
Y 
16 62 16 62
(A)  iˆ  jˆ (B)  iˆ  ˆj a
5 5 5 5 10
37o
16 ˆ 62 ˆ 16 ˆ 62 ˆ X
(C) i j (D) i j 37
o
8 
5 5 5 5
b
22. A scooterist follows a track on a ground that turns to his left by an angle 60°
after every 400 m. Starting from the given point, find the magnitude of
displacements of the scooterist at the third turn and eighth turn.
(A) 800 m, 4003 m (B) 400 m, 4003 m
(C) 4003 m , 800 m (D) 800 m, 8003 m
23. A particle undergoes three successive displacements in a plane. The first time
it moves 42 m South-west, the second time, 5 m east and third time, 10 m in
a direction 53o north of east. Determine the distance from the starting point.
(A) 55 m (B) 65 m (C) 75 m (D) 85 m
24. A car is driven eastward for a distance of 50 km, then north ward for 30 km
and then in a direction 37o east of north for 25 km. Determine the magnitude
of total displacement of the car from the starting point.
(A) 5 259 km (B) 5 279 km (C) 5 289 km (D) 5 269 km
25. A golfer takes his ball into the hole in three strokes. The first stroke displaces
the ball 4 m north, the second stroke 22 m south-east, the third stroke 1 m
south-west. What magnitude of displacement would have been needed to get
the ball into the hole in the first stroke?
(A) 2 m (B) 2 2 m (C) 3 2 m (D) 2 m
  
26. If resultant of a & b lie along y-axis. Find the magnitude of b .
 Y
b

37o 4 a X
(A) 10/3 (B) 20/3 (C) 10 (D) 5/3
27. Two vectors each of magnitude 5 units have an angle 60° between them.
Find the magnitude of (i) sum of the vectors (ii) difference of the vectors

12
Direction of vector
 
28. We have two vectors a  5 iˆ  3 jˆ & b  3 iˆ  2 jˆ . What are the magnitude and
 
direction of a  b .
(A) 30 , tan 1( 2.5) (B) 29 , tan1(0.4 )
(C) 29 , tan1( 2.5) (D) 30 , tan 1(0.4)
29. Given two vectors:
 
a  4 iˆ  3 jˆ & b  6iˆ  8 ˆj .

a) Find the magnitude and direction of a
(A) 10, tan-1(4/3) (B) 5, – tan-1(3/4)
(C) 55, tan-1(0.5) (D) none

b) Find the magnitude and direction of b
(A) 10, tan-1(4/3) (B) 5, – tan-1(3/4)
(C) 55, tan-1(0.5) (D) none
 
c) Find the magnitude and direction of a  b
(A) 10, tan-1(4/3) (B) 5, – tan-1(3/4)
(C) 55, tan-1(0.5) (D) none
 
d) Find the magnitude and direction of a  b
(A) 2 iˆ  11 ˆj , tan 1(5.5) (B) 2 iˆ  11 ˆj ,   tan 1(5.5)
(C) 2 iˆ  11 ˆj ,   tan1(5.5) (D) none
 
e) Find the magnitude and direction of b  a
(A) 2 iˆ  11 ˆj , tan 1(5.5) (B) 2 iˆ  11 ˆj ,   tan 1(5.5)
(C) 2 iˆ  11 ˆj ,   tan1(5.5) (D) None

30. The X and Y components of vector A are 4 and 6 m respectively. The X and
 
Y components of vector  A  B  are 10 and 9 m respectively. Then find the

angle made by B with X-axis.
(A) tan-1(2) (B) tan-1(0.6) (C) tan-1(3/2) (D) tan-1(0.5)
Force Vector:
31. Resultant of two forces of magnitude P and 2P is 1 along Y axis. Find the
angle  as shown between the two forces.
(A) 30o  Y
(B) 60 o 2P
(C) 90o 37o 
o
 P X
(D) 45
32. The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting on a particle is 18 N and the
magnitude of their resultant is 12 N. If the resultant is at 90° with the force of
smaller magnitude, then magnitudes of those forces will be:
(A) 5, 13 (B) 13, 5 (C) 5, 5 (D) 13, 13
o
33. Two forces 4 N and F act at 120 with each other. If their resultant is at right
13
 angles to 4 N, then find the value of F.
(A) 8 N (B) 6 N (C) 4 N (D) 2 N
34. If 11 forces each equal to 10 N acts on a particle and each force makes 30°
with the next one, the resultant of all the forces is
(A) 10 N (B) 5 N (C) 2N (D) 4 N
35. Four forces of magnitude P, 2P, 3P and 4P act along the four sides of a
square ABCD in cyclic order. Find the resultant force using vector method.
(A) 22P (B) 2P (C)2P (D) none
36. Forces of magnitudes 6N and 4N are acting on the body. Which of the
following cannot be the resultant of the two?
(A) 11 N (B) 2 N (C) 10 N (D) 1 N
Vector application in physics
37. Find the value of P in the unit vector Piˆ  0.8 ˆj  0.6kˆ .
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
38. If the position of a particle changes from (1, 2, 3) m to (5, 4, 2) m, then find
the displacement vector.
(A) 4iˆ  2 jˆ  kˆ (B) 4iˆ  2 jˆ  kˆ
(C)  4iˆ  2 jˆ  kˆ (D) 4iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ
39. A particle moves from (–1, –2) to (–9, 4) in 5 sec. Find its velocity.
(A) 8 iˆ  6 ˆj m/s (B) 8 iˆ  6 ˆj m/s
8 iˆ  6 ˆj 8 iˆ  6 ˆj
(C) m/s (D) m/s
5 5
40. Point A is given as (2, 1) m and point B is given as (1, 2) m. Find a force

vector of magnitude 100 N in direction of AB .
(A) 50 2(iˆ  ˆj ) (B) 100 (iˆ  ˆj )
(C) 50 2( iˆ  jˆ ) (D) 50 2( iˆ  ˆj )
41. A particle of mass 1 kg is located at (1, 0, –1) at t = 0. It moves with a
velocity  2iˆ  3 ˆj and acceleration 2iˆ  4 jˆ  2kˆ . It reaches point B in 1 sec.
(a) Find Co-ordinate of B
(A) (4, 5, 2) (B) (4, – 5, 2) (C) (– 4, 5, 2) (D) (4, 5, – 2)
(b) Find Velocity of particle at B.
(A) 4 iˆ  7 jˆ  2 kˆ (B) 4 iˆ  7 ˆj  2 kˆ
(C)  4 iˆ  7 ˆj  2 kˆ (D) 4 iˆ  7 jˆ  2 kˆ
(c) Find magnitude of total displacement
(A) 37 m (B) 34 m (C) 35 m (D) 33 m
(d) Find Power at t = 2 s.
(A) 0 W (B) 36 W (C) 64 W (D) 66 W
42. Three forces are acting on a body under equilibrium.

14
 
F2 Y

F1
o
53 37
o

X
 8
F3
(A) F1 = 4.8 N (B) F1 = 6.4 N (C) F2 = 6.4 N (D) F2 = 4.8 N
43. Under the action of two forces F1 and F2. A particle of mass 5 kg moves with
an acceleration of 10 m/s2 at 37° North of East. Find F2.

(A) 40 iˆ  ˆj   Y
F1 2
/s a



(B) 40 iˆ  ˆj  70N 1037o
m
X

(C)  40 iˆ  ˆj  
F2
(D) none
Dot product
 
44. Find the dot product of vectors a  2 iˆ  3 jˆ  kˆ , b  iˆ  3 jˆ  kˆ .
(A) 10  (B) – 10 (C) 4 (D) 6
 
45. Find a (b + c ) if the three vectors are given by
  
a  3 iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ , b  iˆ  4 jˆ  2kˆ c  2 iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ .
(A) 4 (B) 15 (C) 10 (D) 21
46. If iˆ  2 ˆj  nk is perpendicular to 4 iˆ  2 jˆ  2 kˆ then n =
ˆ
(A) – 10 (B) – 4 (C) 10 (D) 4
   
47. If A  iˆ  ˆj & B  iˆ  ˆj . Then find A  B .
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none
48. Find the angle between the vectors:
 
a  2 iˆ  3 ˆj & b  6iˆ  4 jˆ .
(A) 0o (B) 30° (C) 90o (D) none
 
49. Find angle between two vectors A  2 iˆ  jˆ  kˆ & B  iˆ  kˆ .
(A) 0o (B) 30° (C) 90o (D) none
  ˆ ˆ ˆ
50. Find the angle between a & +Z axis if a  3i  4 j 12k .
 12   12   13 
(A) cos1    (B) cos1   (C) cos1    (D) none
 13   13   12 
51. Find the angle made by the given vector with the positive direction of X-axis

a  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ .
(A) cos1( 2 / 3 ) (B) cos1(  2 / 3 ) (C) sin 1( 2 / 3 ) (D) sin 1(  2 / 3 )
52. At an instant, when a force of (3iˆ  ˆj ) N is acting on a particle, its velocity is
(2 iˆ  ˆj )m/s . Find the power developed by this force.
(A) 7 W (B) 6 W (C) 5 W (D) 4 W
15
 
53. A particle is moving under the influence of force F  [ iˆ  2 jˆ ] N, is now
moved from the point (2, 1, 3) m to the point (3, 2, 4) m. How much work is
done by the force during this period?
(A) 0 J (B) – 1 J (C) 1 J (D) None of these
54. A(1, 2, 0) m, B(1, 6, 3) m and P(8, 26, 0) m. A body is displaced from A to
B. During the displacement from A to B; a force of 50 N acts on the body in
direction AP. Find the work done by the force when the body moves from A
to B in a straight line.
(A) 182 J (B) 192 J (C) 202 J (D) none
Cross Product  
55. A vector P points vertically downwards and another vector Q points
 
towards north. Then find the direction in which the vector P x Q points.
(A) West (B) East (C) South (D) Up
56. The possible vector parallel to the vector 2 iˆ  3 ˆj  8kˆ ?
(A) 3(2 iˆ  3 ˆj  8kˆ ) (B) 4( 2 iˆ  3 jˆ  8kˆ )
(C) 2( 2 iˆ  3 jˆ  8kˆ ) (D) 2( 2 iˆ  3 jˆ  8kˆ )
 
57. If a  3iˆ  ˆj  2 kˆ and b  2 iˆ  2 ˆj  4 kˆ then find a unit vector perpendicular to
 
the plane containing a & b .
iˆ  ˆj  kˆ iˆ  ˆj  kˆ iˆ  ˆj  kˆ iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
3 25
58. If 3iˆ  2m jˆ  5kˆ and 5iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , are parallel then ‘m is:
m 3
(A) 3/10 (B) 3/10 (C) ±3/10 (D) none

59. A particle of mass m = 2 kg moves with a velocity v  2iˆ  2 jˆ  kˆ . Find its

angular momentum about the origin when its position vector is r  iˆ  ˆj .
(A) 2iˆ  2 jˆ (B) 2iˆ  2 jˆ (C) 2iˆ  2 ˆj (D) 2iˆ  2 ˆj
 
60. Find the moment of force, F  3iˆ  2 jˆ acting at a point r  iˆ  2kˆ about a
point having position vector (iˆ  jˆ ) .
(A) 7.8 units (B) 8.8 units (C) 6.8 units (D) 5.8 units
Projection of vectors on other vector
 
61. Given A  2 iˆ  3 ˆj and B  iˆ  ˆj . Then find the magnitude of component of
 
vector A along B .
(A) 5/2 (B) 5/2 (C) 2/5 (D) 2/5
 ˆ ˆ
62. The velocity of a particle is v  3i  2 ˆj  3k . Find the vector component of the
velocity along the line iˆ  ˆj  kˆ .
4 ˆ ˆ ˆ 4 ˆ ˆ ˆ 4 ˆ ˆ ˆ 4 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(A) (i  j  k ) (B) (i  j  k ) (C) (i  j  k ) (D) (i  j  k )
3 3 3 3
16
 ANSWER KEYS – VECTORS
1. AC 32. A
2. B 33. A
3. D 34. A
4. B 35. A
5. C 36. A
6. A 37. A
7. B 38. B
8. A 39. C
9. BC 40. C
10. (a) 7.5, 153/2 (b) 15/2, 15/2 41. (a) D (b) D (c) C (d) C
11. C 42. A
12. B 43. A
13. D 44. B
14. B 45. B
15. C 46. B
16. D 47. A
17. A 48. C
18. C 49. B
19. C 50. A
20. B 51. A
21. C 52. A
22. A 53. B
23. B 54. B
24. D 55. B
25. A 56. A
26. B 57. B
27. (a) 53 units (b) 5 units 58. A
28. C 59. C
29. (a) B (b) A (c) C (d) B (e) A 60. A
30. D 61. A
31. B 62. C

17
 DIFFERENTIATION
Formulas
d n d
1. ( x )  nx n 1 10. (cos ecx)   cos ecx cot x
dx dx
d d x
2. ( x)  1 11. (e )  e x
dx dx
d 1 1 d 1
3.   2 12. (loge x) 
dx  x  x dx x
d  1  n d 1
4.  n    n 1 , x  0 13. (sin 1 x) 
dx  x  x dx 1  x2
d d 1
5. (sin x )  cos x 14. (cos 1 x) 
dx dx 1 x2
d 1
6. (cos x )   sin x 15.
d
(tan 1 x) 
dx dx 1  x2
d 1
7. (tan x)  sec 2 x 16.
d
(cot 1 x) 
dx dx 1  x2
d 1
8. (cot x)   cosec 2 x 17.
d
(sec 1 x ) 
dx dx | x | x2 1
d
9. (sec x )  sec x tan x d 1
dx 18. (cos ec 1 x ) 
dx | x | x2 1
Rules for Differentiation
d ( c) d du dv d dv du
1. 0 3. (u  v )   5. (uv)  u  v
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
du dv
d du d du dv v u
2. (cu )  c 4. (u  v )   d u  dx dx
dx dx dx dx dx 6.   2
dx  v  v

dy
(I) Find if
dx
1. y = x2 9. y = x5 17. y = 3x + 2/x
2. y=x 10. y = 2x2 18. y = x sinx
3. y = 1/x 11. y = 2x2 19. y = x2sinx
4. y = x 12. y = 5000 20. y = x sinx
5. y = 1/x 13. y = x2 + x + 5 21. y = sinx2
6. y = x3/2 14. y = 3x2 + 2x + 1 22. y = sinx3
7. y = x5/2 15. y = 4x3 + 4 23. y = (sinx)2 = sin2x
8. y = x4 16. y = x + 1/x 24. y = sin2x2 = (sinx2)2

18
Part-(I) ANSWER
1. 2x 9. 5x4 17. 3 – 2/x2
2. 1 10. 4x 18. sinx + xcosx
2
3. –1/x 11. 22x 19. 2x sinx + x2cosx
4. 1/2x 12. 0 20. xcosx + sinx/2x
5. – 1/2x3/2 13. 2x + 1 21. (cosx2)(2x)
6. 3x1/2/2 14. 6x +2 22. (cosx3)(3x2)
3/2 2
7. 5x /2 15. 12x 23. 2sinxcosx
8. 4x3 16. 1 – 1/x2 24. (2sinx2)(cosx2)(2x)
dy
(II) Find if
dx
1. y = 3x5+3x3–5 sin x e x  sin x
9. y 15. y
5x  6x  x  1
4 2
x 1  ln x
2. y
x ln x
10. y x cos x
 1 
2
x 16. y
3. y x  1  x2
 x 1  cos x
11. y x sin x
e x tan x  1 1  cos x 17. y
4. y 1  tan x sin x  cos x
tan x 12. y
1  tan x x 2 sin x
5. y = x3cosx 18. y
sin x  cos x 1  tan x
6. y  x 4 ln x 13. y
sin x  cos x x ln x
7. 2
y = (x + 1) sinx x 2  sec x 19. y x
14. y e tan x
8. y = ex sinx lnx 1  tan x
Part – (II) ANSWER
1. 15x4+9x2 2. 15x2+6 – 1/x2
3. 1 – 1/x2 4. ex – cosec2x
5. 3x2cosx–x3sinx 6. 4x3 lnx+x3
7. 2x sinx + (x2+1) cosx 8. e x (sin x  cos x )ln x  e x sin x /x
9. x cos x  sin x 10. 1  log x
x2 x2
2sin x 2sec 2 x
11. 12.
(1  cosx) 2 (1  tanx)2
2 (1  tan x) (2 x  sec x tan x )  sec 2 x( x 2  sec x )
13.  14.
(sin x  cos x) 2 (1  tan x) 2
(1  ln x) x (e x  cos x)  e x  sin x (1  x 2 ) cos x  x (1  x 2 ) sin x
15. 16.
x (1  ln x ) 2 (1  x 2 ) 2
x  sin x(sin x  cos x ) (1  tan x )( x 2 cos x  2 x sin x)  x 2 sec x tan x
17. 18.
(sin x  cos x )2 (1  tan x ) 2

e x [tan x(ln x  1)  x ln x(tan x  sec 2 x)]

19.
e 2 x tan 2 x

19
 MAXIMA & MINIMA
Working Rule:
Let x  f (t )
dx
Find  0  Solve it to get values of 't'
dt
Case 1: ‘t’ has real values (viz. t = )
d2x d 2x
Find 2 i.e. find 2 at t  
dt t  dt
d2x
If 2 > 0  ‘x’ is minimum at t = 
dt
d2x
If 2 < 0  ‘x’ is maxima at t = 
dt
d2x
If 2 = 0  will be discussed later
dt
Case 2: ‘t’ has no real values
Thus, no maxima or minima exist.
Note: Maxima and minima doesn’t refer to the greatest & least value.
It is possible to have maxima less than minima

Problems:
1. x  2t 3  15t 2  36t  11
t 2  7t  6
2. x 
t  10
1
3. x  t 
t
4. x  t  5t 4  5t 3  1
5

5. x  t 3  3t 2  6t  4
6. x  t 3  2t 2  t  6
x   t  1 t  2 
2
7.
8. x  2t 3  15t 2  36t  10
9. x  3t 4  10t 3  6t 2  5
10. x   t  1 t  2  t  3
t3 t2
11. x    6t  8
3 2
t 2  t  11
12. x 
t 5
t 3  3t  4
13. x 
t 8

20
Ans:
1. maxima = 39, minima = 38
2. maxima = 1, minima = 25
3. maxima = –2, minima = 2
4. maxima = 0, minima = – 28
5. no maxima and no minima
6. maxima = 166/27, minima = 6
7. maxima = 4/27, minima = 0
8. maxima = 38, minima = 37
9. maxima = 87/16, minima = – 3, 5
10. maxima = 2/33, minima = – 2/33
11. maxima = 46/3, minima = –11/2
12. maxima = 3, minima = 15
13. maxima = 1, minima = 25

Application of maxima and minima

1. Find two numbers whose sum is 15 and the square of one multiplied by the
cube of the other is maximum.
2. Divide 15 into two parts such that the sum of their squares is minimum.
3. A square metal sheet of side 48 cm. has four equal squares removed from the
corners and the sides are then turned up so as to form an open box.
Determine the size of the square cut so that volume of the box is maximum.
4. A body is moving vertically upwards under gravity such that its position
1
from ground is given as y  u t  gt 2 . Find the maximum height reached by
2
body.
5. Find the maximum value of p  sin    cos  .

6. Find the maximum value of p  2sec   tan  .

Answer Key:
1. 9, 6
2. 7.5, 7.5
3. 8 cm
u2
4.
2g
5. 2 1
6. 3

21
 INTEGRATION
Trigonometric Formulas
1. sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 4. sin 2 x  2sin x cos x
2. sec 2 x  tan 2 x  1 5. sin( x )   sin x
3. cos ec 2 x  cot 2 x  1 6. cos( x )  cos x
7. cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1  1  2 sin 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x

Integration Formulas
x n 1
8.  x dx 
n

n 1
 c [n  1] 14.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c
1  a x  b
n 1 15.  cos ecx cot x dx   cos ecx  c
     c
n
9. a x b dx 1
n 1
a 16.  cos(ax  b) dx  a sin(ax  b)  c
10.  cos x dx  sin x  c 1
11.  sin x dx   cos x  c 17.  sin(ax  b) dx   a cos(ax  b)+c
 sec x dx  tan x  c
2
12. 1
 sec (ax  b) dx  tan(ax  b)  c
2
18.
a
 cos ec x dx   cot x  c
2
13.

1
 cos ec (ax  b) dx   cot(ax  b)  c
2
19.
a
1
20.  sec(ax  b) tan(ax  b) dx  a sec(ax  b)  c
1
21.  cos ec(ax  b) cot(ax  b) dx   a cos ec(ax  b)  c
1
 1  x2 dx  sin x  c 26.  e x dx  e x  c
1
22.
1
dx 27.  dx  ln | x | c
 1  x 2  tan x + c
1
23. x
dx 1 ax
dx 1  x  28.  2  ln c
24.  a2  x2  sin 
a
 + c a  x 2
2 a a  x
dx 1 xa
dx 1 1  x 
29.  2  ln c
a x a    
2
25. 2 2
tan   c x a 2 a x a
a

30. 
dx
x a
2 2 
 ln x  x 2  a 2 
31.  x  a dx 
2 x 2
2

2
a2
x  a  ln x  x 2  a 2
2

2
 
a2 x x a2  x2
32.  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
sin 1 
a 2

22
Rules for integration: 3 
 k u dx  k  u dx k : constant
19.   2 x  dx

 1 
 (u  v)dx   u dx   v dx 20.   2 x  dx
 uv dx  v  u dx   dx   u dx  dx
dv
4 3 
21.   3 x  dx
PROBLEMS  1 
x n 1
22.   33 x  dx
 x dx  n  1  c [n  1]
n

 2 1/3 
1.  dx  ? 23.   3 x  dx
2.  x dx  ? 24.
 1 2/3 
  3 x  dx
 1 
3.   x
2 
dx
 1 1/2 
 25.   2 x  dx
4.  x dx  ?  1 3/ 2 
5.  x dx  ?
5/ 2 26.    2 x  dx
 x dx  ?  1 4/3 
3 2
6.
27.    3 x  dx
  x  dx
2
7.
 3 5/ 2 
8.   x  dx
4 28.    2 x  dx
  6x  dx   x  dx
1/3
9. 29.

  x  dx   x  dx
7 5/ 4
10. 30.

11.   2x  dx
12.   2x  dx
3  (u  v)dx   u dx   v dx
dx
 5 
13.   2  dx
31.  xa  xb
?
x 
x  2 x  1 dx
2
32.
14.   3x 4  dx
x  6 x  8  dx
7
33.
3 5/3
15.  5 x dx  ? 34. x
4
 2 x  3 dx
 2  x 3 
16.    x3  dx 35.    x 2  dx
 2 
 1 
  2 x3  dx  x  x  1 dx
17. 3
36.

x2  5 
18.  2 dx  ? 37.   2  x 2 

dx

23
  1  x 2 
  x 
3
38.  dx
x3 
57.   2 x  dx
 

  x x2   2 
39.   2  2  dx  ?

58.   8y  1/ 4  dy
 y 
 3/ 2 5  1 1 
40.   4 x  x  dx  ? 59.    5/ 4  dy
7 y 
8 
 2 x 1  x  dx
3
41.   x 3  18 x 2  54 x  4  dx  ? 60.
3 
 x  x  1 dx
3
61.
  3x  4 x  dx  ?
2
42.
t t t

2
 1 62. dt
43.   x   dx  ? t2
 x
4 t
44. 
(2 x  3)2
dx  ?
63.  t3
dt
x
1  a x  b
n 1

  a x  b  dx  a n  1 c
n
(2 x  1)2 ( x  3)
45.  x
dx  ?
1
 1  64.  dx
   x  1
2
46. x  dx
x
3 1 
65.  x  1 dx  ?
47.   x  3  dx
 (2 x  1) dx  ?
2
 x 66.

  x  1 dx  (5  7 x) dx  ?
3/2
48. 67.

49.   5  6x  dx 68. 
dx
=?
 t 3  5x
  3t
  dt
2
50. dx
2 69.  2 ?
4 x  12 x  9
 t2 
51.    4t 3  dt
 ( x  3) dx  ?
2
70.
2 
52.   2 x  5 x  7  dx
3 71.  2 x  1 dx  ?
53.  1  x  3 x  dx
2 5 72.  3x  2 dx  ?
  7 x  2  dx
3
 1 1 73.
54.   2  x   dx
2

3
  3x  5 dx
2
x 74.
1 2 
55.    3  2 x  dx
5 x  Trigonometric functions
56.  x  3 x dx   cos x dx  sin x  c &
 sin x dx   cos x  c
24
75.  (2 sin x  3cos x) dx  ? 100.
dx
 1  cos x  ?
76.   x  cos x  dx  ?
77.    sin  x  dx Substitution:
x = atan, x = asec
78.   3sin x  dx
79.   2 cos t  dt 101. 
dx
x  a2 
2 3/ 2

80.   5sin t  dt
 x dx

81.   7 sin d 
 102. 
x  a2 
2 3/ 2
 3 
82.   3cos 5 d   dx
1  cos 4t
103. x 2
1  x2
83.  dt
2  sec x tan x dx
n
104.
1  cos 6t
84.  dt
2 x = asin, x = acos
85.   2cos 2 x  3sin 3x  dx

86.   sin  x  3sin 3 x  dx

105.  tan x dx
106.  sin x cos x dx
2
87.   cos  x  dx
sin x
 x 107.  cos dx
88.   cos  dx 2
x
2 2 
 x 
89.   cos   cos x  dx
 2 
90.  1  sin 2 x dx  ?
91.  1  cos 2 x dx  ?
92.  sin(3  4 x) dx  ?
93.  cos(2 x  3) dx  ?
  sin x  cos x  dx
2
94.

 1  2cos x  dx
2
95.

 4sin y dy
2
96.

cos 2 y
97.  dy
7
98.  cos  tan   sec  d
 tan x dx  ?
2
99.

25
Answers 28. x-3/2 + c
1. x+c 3 2/3
29. x c
x2 2
2. c
2 30. -4x-1/4 + c
1
3. c
2  x  a    x  b  
3/ 2 3/2
x  
2 3/ 2 31.
4. x c 3a  b
3
x3
2 7/ 2 32.  x2  x  c
5. x c 3
7
x8
3 5/3 33.  3 x2  8 x  c
6. x c 8
5
x 3
x3 34.   x2  3x  c
7. c 3
3
x 2 x 3
x 3 35.   c
8.  c 4 3
3 2 2
9. 3x2 + c x x
36.  xc
x8 2 2
10. c 37. 2x + 5/x + c
8
11. x2 + c x4 1
38.  2 c
12. –x -2 +c 4 2x
5  x 2 x3
13.  c 39.  c
x 4 6
-3
14. x +c 8x 5/ 2

9 x8/3 40.  10 x  c
15. c 5
40 2x4
16. –x -2 + c 41.  6 x3  27 x 2  4 x  c
3
x 2
17.  c 3x 2 4 x 3
4 42.  c
2 3
x3
18. c x3 1
6 43.  2x   c
19. x3/2 + c 3 x
20. x1/2 + c 8 5/2
44. x  4 x 3/ 2  18 x1/ 2  c
21. x4/3 + c 5
22. x 2/3 /2  c 45.
8 7 /2 16 5/ 2 22 3/ 2
x  x  x 6 x c
23. x2/3 + c 7 5 3
24. x1/3 + c 2 3/ 2
25. x1/2 + c 46. x 2 x c
3
26. x-1/2 + c
27. x-1/3 + c 3 4/3 3 2/3
47. x  x c
4 2
26
 x2 2
5  7 x   c
5/ 2
48.  xc 67.
2 35
49. 5x – 3x2 + c 2 3  5 x
t2 68. c
50. t3   c 5
4 1
3 69. c
51.
t
 t4  c 2  2 x  3
6
 x  3
3

x4 5 x2 70. c
52.   7x  c 3
2 2
 2 x  1
3/ 2
x3 x6 71. c
53. x  c
3 2 3
2  3x  2 
3/ 2
1 x3 x
54.    c 72. c
x 3 3 9
7 x  2
4
x 1
55.  2  x2  c 73. c
5 x 28
2 3/ 2 3 4/3 1
56. x  x c 74. c
3 4 3  3x  5
3/ 2
x 75. -2cosx + 3sinx + c
57. 4 x c
3 x2
3/ 4 76.  sin x  c
8y 2
58. 4 y2  c
3 77. cos  x  c
y 78. -3cosx+c
59.  4 y 1/ 4  c 79. -2sin t + c
7
80. 5cos t + c
2
60. x2   c 
x 81. 21cos c
3
1 1 3
61.   2 c 82. sin 5  c
x 2x 5
2 t 1
62. 2 t c 83.  sin 4t  c
t 2 8
2 2t 3/2 t sin 6t
63.  2 c 84.  c
t 3 2 12
1 85. sin 2x + cos 3x + c
64. c
x 1 1
86.  cos  x  cos3 x  c
2 
 x  1  c
3/2
65.
3 87. sin  x  c
 2 x  1
3 
66. c 88. sin xc
6 2

27
 2 x
89. sin   sin x  c
 2
90. sin x – cos x + c
91. 2 sin x  c
1
92. cos  3  4 x   c
4
1
93. sin  2 x  3  c
2
1
94. x  cos 2 x  c
2
95. 3x + 4 sin x + sin 2x
96. 2y + cos 2y + c
y 1
97.  sin 2 y  c
7 14
98.  cos     c
99. tan x – x + c
100.  cot x  cos ecx  c
1 x
101. 2
c
a x2  a2
102. 1
c
x 2  a2
103.  x2  1
c
x
sec n x
104. c
n
105. ln | sec x | c
sin 3 x
106. c
3
1
107. c
cos x

28