Antenna
Advisor :林丁丙 教授
Student :張曼麗
1
Outline
✓Antenna Theory
✓Type of Antenna
✓Fundamental Parameters of Antenna
✓Patch Antenna Design
✓Measurement
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2
Outline
✓Antenna Theory
✓Type of Antenna
✓Fundamental Parameters of Antenna
✓Patch Antenna Design
✓Measurement
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3
What is Antenna ??
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4
What is Antenna ??
• An antenna is a component that radiates and receives the RF or microwave power. it is a
reciprocal device, and the same antenna can serve as a receiving or transmitting device.
• Antennas are structures that provide transitions between guided and free-space waves.
guided waves are confined to the boundaries of a transmission line to transport signals
from one point to another, while free-space waves radiate unbounded.
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Regions of Radiation
• An antenna can be treated as a matching network to transfer the energy
from 50Ω transmission line to 377Ω free-space.
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6
Regions of Radiation
Near-Field Region Far-field Region
• Energy is stored in vicinity of antenna • All power is radiated out
• Near-field antenna Issues • Radiated wave is a plane wave
➢Input impedance • Far-field EM wave properties
➢Mutual coupling ➢Polarization
➢Antenna Gain (Directivity)
➢Antenna Pattern
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7
Far-field Regions
• In the far-field, a spherical wave can be approximated by a plane wave
• There are no radial field components in the far field
• The electric and magnetic fields are given by:
Where
𝑢0
𝜂≡ = 377𝛺 is the intrinsic impedance of free space
𝜀0
𝑘 = 2𝜋/𝜆 is the wave propagation constant
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Outline
✓Antenna Theory
✓Type of Antenna
✓Fundamental Parameters of Antenna
✓Patch Antenna Design
✓Measurement
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9
Tree type of Antenna
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10
Wire Antenna
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11
Aperture Antenna
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12
Microstrip Antenna
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13
Reflector Antenna
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14
Outline
✓Antenna Theory
✓Type of Antenna
✓Fundamental Parameters of Antenna
1. Isotropic Antenna
2. Power Radiation Pattern
3. Radiation Power Density and Intensity
4. Directivity, Efficiency and Gain
5. Input impendence, Reflection Coefficient, Bandwidth
6. Polarization
✓Patch Antenna Design
✓Measurement
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15
Isotropic Antenna
An isotropic radiator is a theoretical point antenna that cannot be realized in practice. it
radiates energy equally well in all directions. it is commonly used as a reference with which
to compare other antennas.
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Power Radiation Pattern
The power radiated (or received) by an antenna is a function of angular position and radial
distance from the antenna. at electrically large distances (> far-field region), the power
density drops as in 1/𝑟 2 any direction. the variation of power density with angular position
can be plotted by radiation pattern. at electrically large distance (i.e. far-field or plane-wave
regions), the patterns are independent of distance.
The antenna has E- and H-plane patterns with co-
and cross-polarization components in each.
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Power Radiation Pattern
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Power Radiation Pattern
• The Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) is the range in degrees such that the radiation
drops to one-half (or 3dB below) its maximum.
• The First-Null Beamwidth (FNBW) is the range in degrees between the first pattern
nulls adjacent to the main lobe.
3dB(0.7)
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Power Radiation Pattern
• The Sidelobe levels (SSLs) are normally given as the number of decibels below the main-
lobe peak.
• The back radiation is directed to the backside of an antenna. Normally it is given as the
Back Lobe Level.
3dB(0.7)
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Radiation Power Density and Intensity
Power density 𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑
sin𝜃
𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎ො𝑟 𝑊𝑟 = 𝑎ො𝑟 𝐴0 2
𝑟
Radiation intensity U is defined as the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle.
U = 𝑟 2 𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑
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Directivity, Efficiency and Gain
• Directivity 𝐃𝟎 is defined as the value of the directive gain D(𝜃, 𝜙) . The directive gain is
the ratio of Poynting power density over the power density radiated by an isotropic source.
• Efficiency E 1. Total efficiency 𝑒0
2. Reflection (mismatch) efficiency 𝑒r
𝑃rad 𝑃rad 3. Conduction efficiency 𝑒𝑐
E= = 4. Dielectric efficiency 𝑒d
𝑃in 𝑃rad + 𝑃loss
𝑒0 =𝑒𝑟 𝑒c 𝑒d = (1 − 𝛤 2 )𝑒c 𝑒d
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Directivity, Efficiency and Gain
• Gain the gain of an antenna is the directivity multiplied by the efficiency of the antenna to
radiate the energy presented to its termina.
• Radiation intensity of antenna in given direction over that of isotropic source.
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Input impendence, Reflection Coefficient, Bandwidth
In general, bandwidth is specified as the ratio of the upper frequency to the lower frequency
or as a percentage of the center frequency. Two most commonly used definitions are pattern
bandwidth and impedance bandwidth.
Bandwidth ranges from 28.6GHz to 29.5GHz(3%)
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Polarization(Linear)
• Defined by behavior of the electric field vector as it propagates in time as observed along
the direction of radiation
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Polarization (Circular)
• Circular used for weather mitigation
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Polarization
• For linear polarization, the cross-polarization level (CPL) determines the amount of
polarization impurity.
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Outline
✓Antenna Theory
✓Type of Antenna
✓Fundamental Parameters of Antenna
✓Antenna Design
✓Dipole Antenna Simulation
✓Patch Antenna Simulation
✓Measurement
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28
Dipole Antenna Simulation
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29
Dipole and Monopole
• monopole and dipole antennas are commonly used for broadcasting, cellular phones, and
wireless communications due to their omnidirective property.
𝐸
Broadcast
Monopole station
𝜃
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Dipole Antenna
𝑙ൗ
2
𝑙ൗ
2
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Dipole Antenna
• radiation pattern of the dipole
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Dipole Antenna
• radiation pattern of the dipole
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LAB1-1 Half Wavelength Dipole
◼ Frequency = 3GHz, Please simulate Half Wavelength Dipole and observe the current density and antenna
field pattern.
➢ STEP1: Layout symmetrical metal and
space it 2mm apart
𝜆 𝑐 3×108
Length is ( 20)/2， 𝜆0 = 𝑓 = 3×109 (𝑚)
Width = 15mm
➢ STEP2 : Add port at the end
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LAB1-1 Half Wavelength Dipole
◼ Frequency = 3GHz, Please simulate Half Wavelength Dipole and observe the current density and antenna
field pattern
➢ STEP 3 : Set the Substrate
➢ STEP 3 : Set the Frequency
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Half Wavelength Dipole
◼ 範例一:Frequency = 3GHz,請模擬Half Wavelength Dipole。
➢ 步驟十四:接下來點選「Frequency plan」，我們
使用Single，並設置頻率為3GHz
➢ 步驟十五:點選「Output plan」，將「All
generated frequencies」打勾。
一定要記得打勾，否則會
看不到表面電流的結果。
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LAB1-1 Half Wavelength Dipole
◼ Frequency = 3GHz, Please simulate Half Wavelength Dipole and observe the current density and antenna
field pattern
➢ STEP 4 : Simulation IT!
➢ STEP5 : Click Far field
E
D
G C
F
Far-field
A
B
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LAB1-1 Half Wavelength Dipole
➢ STEP6 : Click the Properties menu to check the radiator and medium.
Dielectric Library Conductor Library
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LAB1-1 Half Wavelength Dipole
➢ STEP7 : Click Solution Setup menu，setting the Amp and Phase
Step 1
Following User Defined
Step 2
Same amplitude, Opposite phase
Step 3
Select frequency
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LAB1-1 Half Wavelength Dipole
➢ STEP7 : Click Plot Properties menu，setting the Amp and Phase
Step 1
Select Far Fields Cut menu
Step 2
Check Enable
Step3
Select the observed Cut (green line)
Step4
Click Display Cut in Data Display
Step5
Plot!
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LAB1-1 Half Wavelength Dipole
PHI=90°
PHI=0°
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LAB1-1 Half Wavelength Dipole
◼ Please Check：
➢ 3D pattern
➢ 2D E plane (PHI=0°)
➢ 2D H plane (PHI=90°)
LAB1-2 SINGLE BAND ANTENNA
◼ Frequency = 3GHz, Please simulate a Dipole and observe the Bandwidth
L=60mm L
𝜆 𝑐 3×108
L is ( 20)， 𝜆0 = 𝑓 = 3×109 (𝑚)
Width = 15mm
LAB1-2 SINGLE BAND ANTENNA
◼ Frequency = 3GHz, Please simulate Half Wavelength Dipole and observe the current density and antenna
field pattern
➢ STEP 3 : Setup the Substrate
➢ STEP 3 : Setup the Frequency
LAB1-2 MULTIBAND ANTENNA
◼ Frequency = 2 & 3GHz, Please simulate a Dipole and observe the Bandwidth
L2
L1
L1=60mm
LAB1-2 SINGLE BAND ANTENNA
◼ Frequency = 3GHz, Please simulate Half Wavelength Dipole and observe the current density and antenna
field pattern
➢ STEP 3 : Setup the Substrate
➢ STEP 3 : Setup the Frequency
LAB1-1 Half Wavelength Dipole
◼ Please Check：
➢ Lab1-2 Bandwidth
➢ Lab1-3 Bandwidth
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
