Block -1- INTRODUCTION OF IOT AND ITS DOMAIN

SECTION TITLE
UNIT 1
1.1 Introduction of IoT

1.2 Characteristics of IoT

1.3 Physical Design of IoT

1.4 Logical Design of IoT

UNIT 2
2.1 IoT Enabling technologies

2.2 IoT levels

UNIT 3
3.1 Domain specific IoTs

3.2 IoT vs M2M

UNIT 1:
Objective

The main objective of the unit is to learn the fundamentals concepts of Internet of Things,
characteristics and its different domain.

1.1 Introduction of IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics
embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions
amongst each other or with respect to the external environment

A. Definition:

A dynamic global n/w infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ―things‖ have
identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are
seamlessly integrated into information n/w, often communicate data associated with users and
their environments.

If there is a common platform where all these things can connect to each other would be great
because based on my preference, I can set the room temperature. For example, if I love the room
temperature to to be set at 25 or 26-degree Celsius when I reach back home from my office, then
according to my car location, my AC would start before 10 minutes I arrive at home. This can be
done through the Internet of Things (IoT).

B. There are four main components used in IoT:

1. Low-power embedded systems: Less battery consumption, high performance is the inverse
factors play a significant role during the design of electronic systems.

2. Cloud computing: Data collected through IoT devices is massive and this data has to be
stored on a reliable storage server. This is where cloud computing comes into play. The data is
processed and learned, giving more room for us to discover where things like electrical
faults/errors are within the system.
3. Availability of big data: We know that IoT relies heavily on sensors, especially real-time. As
these electronic devices spread throughout every field, their usage is going to trigger a massive
flux of big data.

4. Networking connection: In order to communicate, internet connectivity is a must where each

physical object is represented by an IP address. However, there are only a limited number of
addresses available according to the IP naming. Due to the growing number of devices, this
naming system will not be feasible anymore. Therefore, researchers are looking for another
alternative naming system to represent each physical object.
C. How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?

The Internet of things consists of a large network of interconnected devices. These devices
transfer and collect huge amounts of data about how they operate and details about the
information they store. This data is sent to large cloud servers located across the globe. The
cloud sends relevant instructions based on the information received.

As mentioned before, IoT is a giant network consisting of interconnected devices.

IoT devices have sensors embedded into them. These sensors are capable of sensing their
surroundings. The devices store the information in some form of data. These devices include
appliances such as mobile phones, coffee machines, microwaves, geysers, fire alarms, Air
conditioners, cars and so on.

The sensors embedded in these devices constantly emit data about the surrounding and on the
working information of these devices. IoT serves as a platform to dump all the data collected
by these devices.

IoT platform includes cloud servers and large databases. The IoT platform acts on the data. It
integrates and processes the information. Further, the platform analyses the data thoroughly to
gather important details. The platform then sends back instructions based on the data provided.
Finally, the data aggregation is shared with other devices for better performance in the future.
It is also done for improved user experience.

The future of IoT is bright and massive. According to a report generated by Business Insider, 24
billion IoT devices were installed in the year 2020. ITC predicts that IoT revenue will reach 300
billion dollars in the coming years. This generates large amounts of job opportunities in the
technological industry and various other industries.

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture). However, the key
concept of there working are similar. The entire working process of IoT starts with the device
themselves, such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which securely
communicate with the IoT platform. The platforms collect and analyze the data from all multiple
devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications to devices.

IoT Enablers:

1. RFIDs: uses radio waves in order to electronically track the tags attached to each physical
object.

2. Sensors: devices that are able to detect changes in an environment (ex: motion detectors).

3. Nanotechnology: as the name suggests, these are extremely small devices with dimensions
usually less than a hundred nanometers.

4. Smart networks: (ex: mesh topology).

1.2 Characteristics of IoT

1. Interconnectivity: With regard to the IoT, anything can be interconnected with the global
information and communication infrastructure.

2. Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the
constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical
things and their associated virtual things. In order to provide thing-related services within the
constraints of things, both the technologies in physical world and information world will change.

3. Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware
platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through
different networks.

4. Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up,
connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed.
Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.

5. Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with
each other will be at least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the current
Internet. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation
for application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.

6. Safety: As we gain benefits from the IoT, we must not forget about safety. As both the
creators and recipients of the IoT, we must design for safety. This includes the safety of our
personal data and the safety of our physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the networks,
and the data moving across all of it means creating a security paradigm that will scale.

7. Connectivity: Connectivity enables network accessibility and compatibility. Accessibility is

getting on a network while compatibility provides the common ability to consume and produce
data.

Applications of IoT:
 1) Home
2) Cities
3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health & LifeStyle

Physical Design of IoT

1. Things in IoT
2. IoT Protocols

A. Things in IoT:

IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices or collect data from other devices
and process the data either locally or send the data to centralized servers or cloud – based
application back-ends for processing the data.
Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device

• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices, both
wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for internet connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces

B. IoT Protocols

IoT Protocols-Link Layer-Ethernet

a) Link Layer: Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network‘s physical layer
or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on the same link exchange
data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols. Link layer determines how packets are
coded and signaled by the h/w device over the medium to which the host isattached.
Protocols:

802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer. Eg: 802.3
uses co-axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses fiber optic
connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet overfiber.

802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication standards

including extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in 5GHz band, 802.11b and
802.11g operates in 2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz band, 802.11ac operates in
5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.

802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards including exclusive

description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.

802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless personal

area network(LR-WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols such as ZigBee.
Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.

2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G).

B) Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to

destination n/w. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains source and
destinationaddress.

Protocols:

• IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w using a
hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of 2**32addresses.
• IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows 2**128
addresses.
• 6LOWPAN:(IPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork)operatesin 2.4 GHz
frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.
C) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP.
Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control.

Protocols:

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with HTTP and HTTPS),
email(along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol. IP Protocol deals with
sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of protocols in order. Avoids n/w congestion
and congestioncollapse.

UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time sensitive applications,
very small data units to exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless protocol. Does not provide
guaranteeddelivery.

D)Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocols to send
data over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication usingports.

Protocols:

HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow request- response
model Statelessprotocol.

CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M) applications with

constrained devices, constrained environment and constrained n/w. Uses client- server
architecture.

WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socketconnection.

MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol based on
publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for constrained
environment.

XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time communication and streaming
XML data between network entities. Support client-server and server-server communication.
DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for device-to-device or
machine-to-machine communication. Uses publish-subscribemodel.

AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol for business
messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribemodel.

1.4 Logical Design of IoT

In this section we discuss Logical design of Internet of things. Logical design of IoT system
refers to an abstract representation of the entities & processes without going into the low-level
specifies of the implementation. For understanding Logical Design of IoT, we describes given
below terms.

1. IoT Functional Blocks

2. IoT Communication Models

3. IoT Communication APIs

1. IoT Functional Blocks

An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management.

Functional blocks are:

• Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, and
monitoring and control functions.
• Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
• Services: services for device monitoring, device control service, data publishing services
and services for device discovery.
• Management: This block provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
• Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such as
authentication, authorization, message and content integrity, and data security.
 • Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various
aspects of the IoT system. Application also allows users to view the system status and
view or analyze the processed data.

2. IoT Communication Models:

Request-Response Model

Request-response model is communication model in which the client sends requests to the server
and the server responds to the requests. When the server receives a request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource representation, prepares the response, and then sends
the response to the client. Request-response is a stateless communication model and each request-
response pair is independent of others.

HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server. A web browser may be
the client, and an application on a computer that hosts a web site may be the server.

Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server; then the server returns a
response to the client. The response contains status information about the request and may also
contain the requested content.
Publish-Subscribe Model

Publish-Subscribe are a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and consumers.
Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed by the
broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers. Consumers subscribe to the topics which are
managed by the broker. When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the
data to all the subscribed consumers.

Push-Pull Model
Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to queues and the
consumers pull the data from the Queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers.
Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the Producers and Consumers. Queues also
act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the rate at which the
producers push data and the rate at which the consumer pull data.

Exclusive Pair Model

Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent
connection between the client and server. Connection is setup it remains open until the client
sends a request to close the connection. Client and server can send messages to each other after
connection setup. Exclusive pair is state full communication model and the server is aware of all
the open connections.
IoT Communication APIs:

Generally we used Two APIs for IoT Communication. These IoT Communication APIs are:

• REST-based Communication APIs

• Web Socket-based Communication APIs

REST-based Communication APIs

Representational state transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can
design Web services the Web APIs that focus on systems resources and how resource states are
addressed and transferred. REST APIs that follow the request response communication model,

the rest architectural constraint apply to the components, connector and data elements, within a
distributed hypermedia system. The rest architectural constraint is as follows:
1. Client-server: The principle behind the client-server constraint is the separation of concerns.
For example clients should not be concerned with the storage of data which is concern of the
serve. Similarly the server should not be concerned about the user interface, which is concern of
the client. Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.

2. Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to
understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server. The
session state is kept entirely on the client.

3. Cache-able: Cache constraints requires that the data within a response to a request be
implicitly or explicitly leveled as cache-able or non cache-able. If a response is cache- able, then
a client cache is given the right to reuse that response data for later, equivalent requests. Caching
can partially or completely eliminate some instructions and improve efficiency and scalability.

4. Layered system: layered system constraints, constrains the behavior of components such that
each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with they are interacting. For example,
the client cannot tell whether it is connected directly to the end server or two an intermediary
along the way. System scalability can be improved by allowing intermediaries to respond to
requests instead of the end server, without the client having to do anything different.
5. Uniform interface: uniform interface constraints require that the method of communication
between client and server must be uniform. Resources are identified in the requests (by URIs in
web based systems) and are themselves is separate from the representations of the resources data
returned to the client. When a client holds a representation of resources it has all the information
required to update or delete the resource you (provided the client has required permissions). Each
message includes enough information to describe how to process the message.

6. Code on demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their
context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.

A Restful web service is a” Web API” implemented using HTTP and REST principles. REST is
most popular IoT Communication APIs.

Web Socket based communication API

Web socket APIs allows bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers.
Web socket APIs follows the exclusive pair communication model. Unlike request-response
model such as REST, the Web Socket APIs allow full duplex communication and do not require
new connection to be setup for each message to be sent. Web socket communication begins with
a connection setup request sent by the client to the server.

The request (called web socket handshake) is sent over HTTP and the server interprets it is an
upgrade request. If the server supports web socket protocol, the server responds to the web socket
handshake response. After the connection setup client and server can send data/messages to each
other in full duplex mode. Web socket API reduces the network traffic and latency as there is no
overhead for connection setup and termination requests for each message. Web socket suitable
for IoT applications that have low latency or high throughput requirements. So Web socket is
most suitable IoT Communication APIs for IoT System.
 UNIT 2: Enabling Technologies and Different Levels of IoT

Objective

The main objective of the unit is to learn the Enabling Technologies of Internet of Things and its
different Levels.

2.1 IoT Enabling Technologies

A. Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network comprises of distributed device with sensor which are used to monitor
the environmental and physical conditions. A WSN consists of a number of end-nodes and
routers and a coordinator. End Nodes have several sensors attached to them in node can also act
as routers. Routers are responsible for routing the data packets from end-nodes to the coordinator.
The coordinator collects the data from all the nodes. Coordinator also acts as a gateway that
connects the WSN to the internet. Some examples of WSNs used in IoT systems are described as
follows:

• Weather monitoring system use WSNs in which the nodes collect temperature humidity
and other data which is aggregated and analyzed.
• Indoor air quality monitoring systems use WSNs to collect data on the indoor air quality
and concentration of various gases
• Soil moisture monitoring system use WSNs to monitor soil moisture at various locations.
• Surveillance system use WSNs for collecting Surveillance data (such as motion detection
data)
• Smart grid use WSNs for monitoring the grid at various points.
• Structural health monitoring system use WSNs to monitor the health of structures
(buildings, bridges) by collecting vibration data from sensor nodes de deployed at various
points in the structure.

You may like also:

1. LiteOS: an IoT operating system and middleware

2. Contiki OS: The Open Source OS for IoT

B. Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a trans-formative computing paradigm that involves delivering applications

and services over the Internet Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing, networking
and storage resources on demand and providing these resources as metered services to the users,
in a “pay as you go” model. C loud computing resources can be provisioned on demand by the
users, without requiring interactions with the cloud service Provider. The process of provisioning
resources is automated. Cloud computing resources can be accessed over the network using
standard access mechanisms that provide platform independent access through the use of
heterogeneous client platforms such as the workstations, laptops, tablets and smart phones.

Cloud computing services are offered to users in different forms:

 • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): hardware is provided by an external provider and
managed for you
• Platform as a Service (PaaS): in addition to hardware, your operating system layer is
managed for you
• Software as a Service (SaaS): further to the above, an application layer is provided and
managed for you – you won’t see or have to worry about the first two layers.

C. Big Data Analytics

Big Data analytics is the process of collecting, organizing and analyzing large sets of data (called
Big Data) to discover patterns and other useful information. Big Data analytics can help
organizations to better understand the information contained within the data and will also help
identify the data that is most important to the business and future business decisions. Analysts
working with Big Data typically want the knowledge that comes from analyzing the data.

Some examples of big data generated by IoT systems are described as follows:

• Sensor data generated by IoT system such as weather monitoring stations.

• Machine sensor data collected from sensors embedded in industrial and energy systems
for monitoring their health and detecting Failures.
• Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable fitness bands
• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
• Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems
• Characteristics
• Big data can be described by the following characteristics:
• Volume: The quantity of generated and stored data. The size of the data determines the
value and potential insight and whether it can be considered big data or not.
• Variety: The type and nature of the data. This helps people who analyze it to effectively
use the resulting insight. Big data draws from text, images, audio, video; plus it completes
missing pieces through data fusion.
• Velocity: In this context, the speed at which the data is generated and processed to meet
the demands and challenges that lie in the path of growth and development. Big data is
often available in real-time. Compared to small data, big data are produced more
 continually. Two kinds of velocity related to Big Data are the frequency of generation and
the frequency of handling, recording, and publishing.
• Veracity: It is the extended definition for big data, which refers to the data quality and the
data value. The data quality of captured data can vary greatly, affecting the accurate
analysis.

D. Communication protocols

Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity
and coupling to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the
network. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication. A group
of protocols designed to work together are known as a protocol suite; when implemented in
software they are a protocol stack.

Internet communication protocols are published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
The IEEE handles wired and wireless networking, and the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) handles other types. The ITU-T handles telecommunication protocols and
formats for the public switched telephone network (PSTN). As the PSTN and Internet converge,
the standards are also being driven towards convergence.

In IoT we used MQTT, COAP, AMQP etc. protocols. You can read in detail by given below
links.

You may like also:

 IoT Data Protocols

 Wireless IoT Network Protocols
 IoT Open Source Development Tools

E. Embedded Systems:

As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to another thing. An
embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software embedded
in it. An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large system. An
embedded system is a controller programmed and controlled by a real-time operating system
(RTOS) with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with
real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including
hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured to serve as embedded system
component.

An embedded system has three components:

• It has hardware.
• It has application software.

It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application software and provide
mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling by following a plan to control the
latencies. RTOS defines the way the system works. It sets the rules during the execution of
application program. A small scale embedded system may not have RTOS.

2.2 IoT Levels

An IoT system comprises the following components: Device, Resource, Controller Service,
Database, and Web service, Analysis, Component and Application.

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, and remote monitoring
capabilities.
• Resource: Software components on the IoT device for accessing, processing and storing
sensor information, Controlling actuators connected to the device. Enabling network
access for the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the device and
interacts with the web services. It sends data from the device to the web service and
receives commands from the application (via web services) for controlling the device.
• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the
IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, and
database and analysis components. It can be implemented using HTTP and REST
principles (REST service) or using the Web Socket protocol (Web Socket service).
 • Analysis Component: Analysis Component is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and
generating results in a form that is easy for the user to understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow users to view the
system status and the processed data.

A. IoT Level-1

A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts the application.

Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low- cost and low-complexity solutions where the
data involved is not big and the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.

IoT – Level 1 Example : Home Automation System

B. IoT Level-2

A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud and the application is usually cloud-based.

Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big; however, the
primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally
• IoT – Level 2 Example: Smart Irrigation

C. IoT Level-3

A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and the
application is cloud based.

Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally intensive.
• IoT – Level 3 Example: Tracking Package Handling

Sensors used Accelerometer sense movement or

Gyroscope Gives orientation info vibrations

Web socket service is used because sensor data can be sent in real time.

D. IoT Level-4

A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud
and the application is cloud-based.

Level-4 contains local and cloud based observer nodes which can subscribe and receive
information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.

Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the data
involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
• IoT – Level 4 Example: Noise Monitoring
 Sound Sensors are used

E. IoT Level-5

• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node.
• The end nodes perform sensing and/or actuation.
• The coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends it to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and the application is cloud- based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in
which the data involved is brigand the analysis requirements are computationally
intensive.
• IoT – Level 5 Example: Forest Fire Detection
• Detect forest fire in early stages to take action while the fire is still controllable. Sensors
measure the temperature, smoke, weather, slope of the earth, wind speed, speed of fire
spread, flame length
F. IoT Level-6

• A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing and/or
actuation and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and the application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control
commands to the nodes.

IoT – Level 6 Example: Weather Monitoring System

Sensors used : Wind speed and direction, Solar radiation, Temperature (air, water, soil), Relative
humidity, Precipitation, Snow depth, Barometric pressure, Soil moisture
UNIT 3: Domain Specific IoT
Objective

The main objective of the unit is to learn the Domain Specific of Internet of Things and the basic
difference between M2M and IoT.

3.1 Domain Specific IoT

IoT Applications for:

1. Home

2. Cities

3. Environment

4. Energy Systems

5. Retail

6. Logistics

7. Industry

8. Agriculture

9. Health & Lifestyle

1. Home Automation

IoT applications for smart homes:

a). Smart Lighting

b). Smart Appliances

c). Intrusion Detection

d). Smoke / Gas Detectors

a). Smart Lighting

• Smart lighting achieves energy savings by sensing the human movements and their
environments and controlling the lights accordingly.
• Key enabling technologies for smart lighting include :
Solid state lighting (such as LED lights)
IP-enabled lights
• Wireless-enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT
applications such as a mobile or web application.
• Paper: Energy-aware wireless sensor network with ambient intelligence for smart LED
lighting system control [IECON, 2011] presented controllable LED lighting system that is
embedded with ambient intelligence gathered from a distributed smart WSN to optimize
and control the lighting system to be more efficient and user-oriented.

b). Smart Appliances

• Smart appliances make the management easier and provide status information of
appliances to the users remotely. E.g.: smart washer/dryer that can be controlled remotely
and notify when the washing/drying cycle is complete.
• Open Remote is an open source automation platform for smart home and building that
can control various appliances using mobile and web applications.
• It comprises of three components:
A Controller: manages scheduling and runtime integration between devices.
A Designer: allows creating both configurations for the controller and user interface
designs.
Control Panel: allows interacting with devices and controlling them.
• Paper: An IoT-based Appliance Control System for Smart Home [ICICIP, 2013]
implemented an IoT based appliance control system for smart homes that uses a smart-
central controller to set up a wireless sensor and actuator network and control modules for
appliances.
c). Intrusion Detection

• Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors to detect intrusions
and raise alerts.
• The form of the alerts can be in form:
SMS
Email
Image grab or a short video clip as an email attachment
• Papers :
Could controlled intrusion detection and burglary prevention stratagems in home
automation systems [BCFIC, 2012] present a controlled intrusion detection system that
uses location-aware services, where the geo-location of each node of a home automation
system is independently detected and stored in the cloud?
An Intelligent Intrusion Detection System Based on UPnP Technology for Smart Living
[ISDA, 2008] implement an intrusion detection system that uses image processing to
recognize the intrusion and extract the intrusion subject and generate Universal-Plug-and-
Play (UPnP-based) instant messaging for alerts.

d). Smoke / Gas Detectors

• Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is typically an
early sign of fire.
• It uses optical detection, ionization or air sampling techniques to detect smoke
• The form of the alert can be in form :
Signals that send to a fire alarm system
• Gas detector can detect the presence of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO),
liquid petroleum gas (LPG), etc.
• Paper: Development of Multipurpose Gas Leakage and Fire Detector with Alarm System
[TIIEC, 2013] designed a system that can detect gas leakage and smoke and gives visual
level indication.

2. Cities
IoT applications for smart cities:

a). Smart Parking

b). Smart Lighting for Road c). Smart Road

d). Structural Health Monitoring e). Surveillance

f). Emergency Response

a). Smart Parking

• Finding the parking space in the crowded city can be time consuming and frustrating
• Smart parking makes the search for parking space easier and convenient for driver.
• It can detect the number of empty parking slots and send the information over the Internet
to the smart parking applications which can be accessed by the drivers using their smart
phones, tablets, and in car navigation systems.
• Sensors are used for each parking slot to detect whether the slot is empty or not, and this
information is aggregated by local controller and then sent over the Internet to database.
• Paper :
Design and implementation of a prototype Smart Parking (SPARK) system using WSN
[International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications
Workshop, 2009] designed and implemented a prototype smart parking system based on
wireless sensor network technology with features like remote parking monitoring,
automate guidance, and parking reservation mechanism.

b). Smart Lighting for Roads

• It can help in saving energy

• Smart lighting for roads allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adaptive to
ambient conditions.
• Smart light connected to the Internet can be controlled remotely to configure lighting
schedules and lighting intensity.
• Custom lighting configurations can be set for different situations such as a foggy day, a
festival, etc.
 • Paper :
Smart Lighting solutions for Smart Cities [International Conference on Advance
Information Networking and Applications Workshop, 2013] described the need for smart
lighting system in smart cities, smart lighting features and how to develop interoperable
smart lighting solutions.

c). Smart Roads

• Smart Roads provides information on driving conditions, travel time estimates and alerts
in case of poor driving conditions, traffic congestions and accidents.
• Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in reducing traffic jams
• Information sensed from the roads can be communicated via internet to cloud-based
applications and social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such
applications.
• Paper:
Sensor networks for smart roads [PerCom Workshop, 2006] proposed a distributed and
autonomous system of sensor network nodes for improving driving safety on public
roads, the system can provide the driver and passengers with a consistent view of the road
situation a few hundred meters ahead of them or a few dozen miles away, so that they can
react to potential dangers early enough.

d). Structural Health Monitoring

• It uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the structures such as
bridges and buildings.
• The data collected from these sensors is analyzed to assess the health of the structures.
• By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdowns, locate
the damages to a structure and also calculate the remaining life of the structure.
• Using such systems, advance warnings can be given in the case of imminent failure of the
structure.
• Paper:
Environmental Effect Removal Based Structural Health Monitoring in the Internet of
Things [International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in
 Ubiquitous Computing, 2013] proposed an environmental effect removal based structural
health monitoring scheme in an IoT environment.
Energy harvesting technologies for structural health monitoring applications [IEEE
Conference on Technologies for Sustainability, 2013] Explored energy harvesting
technologies of harvesting ambient energy, such as mechanical vibrations, sunlight, and
wind.

e). Surveillance

• Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and events in cities is required to ensure

safety and security.
• City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large number of distributed and
Internet connected video surveillance cameras can be created.
• The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud-based scalable
storage solutions.
• Cloud-based video analytics applications can be developed to search for patterns of
specific events from the video feeds.

f). Emergency Response

• IoT systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure cities such as buildings,
gas, and water pipelines, public transport and power substations.
• IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregation and sharing of
information collected from lager number of sensors.
• Using cloud-based architectures, multi-modal information such as sensor data, audio,
video feeds can be analyzed I near real-time to detect adverse events.
• The alert can be in the form :
Alerts sent to the public
Re-rerouting of traffic
Evacuations of the affected areas

3. Environment

IoT applications for smart environments:

a). Weather Monitoring

b). Air Pollution Monitoring

c). Noise Pollution Monitoring

d). Forest Fire Detection

e). River Flood Detection

a). Weather Monitoring

• It collects data from a number of sensors attached such as temperature, humidity,

pressure, etc and sends the data to cloud-based applications and store back-ends.
• The data collected in the cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud-based
applications.
• Weather alert can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications.
• AirPi is a weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading
information about temperature, humidity, air pressure, light levels, UV levels, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and smoke level to the Internet.
• Paper:
PeWeMoS – Pervasive Weather Monitoring System [ICPCA, 2008] Presented a pervasive
weather monitoring system that is integrated with buses to measure weather variables like
humidity, temperature, and air quality during the bus path

b). Air Pollution Monitoring

• IoT based air pollution monitoring system can monitor emission of harmful gases by
factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological sensors.
• The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control
approaches.
• Paper:
Wireless sensor network for real-time air pollution monitoring [ICCSPA, 2013] Presented
a real time air quality monitoring system that comprises of several distributed monitoring
 stations that communicate via wireless with a backend server using machine-to machine
communication.

c). Noise Pollution Monitoring

• Noise pollution monitoring can help in generating noise maps for cities.
• It can help the policy maker in making policies to control noise levels near residential
areas, school and parks.
• It uses a number of noise monitoring stations that are deployed at different places in a
city.
• The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on servers or in the cloud and then
the collected data is aggregate to generate noise maps.
• Papers :
Noise mapping in urban environments: Applications at Suez city center [ICCIE, 2009]
presented a noise mapping study for a city which revealed that the city suffered from
serious noise pollution.
Sound Of City – Continuous noise monitoring for a health city [PerComW,2013]
Designed a Smartphone application that allows the users to continuously measure noise
levels and send to a central server here all generated information is aggregated and
mapped to a meaningful noise visualization map.

d). Forest Fire Detection

• IoT based forest fire detection system use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at
different location in a forest.
• Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient condition including
temperature, humidity, light levels, etc.
• Early detection of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage.
• Papers:
A novel accurate forest fire detection system using wireless sensor networks
[International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Networks, 2011] Presented
A forest fire detection system based on wireless sensor network. The system uses multi-
criteria detection which is implemented by the artificial neural network. The ANN fuses
 sensing data corresponding to, multiple attributes of a forest fire such as temperature,
humidity, infrared and visible light to detect forest fires.

e). River Flood Detection

• IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of sensor nodes that monitor the
water level using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using velocity sensors.
• Data from these sensors is aggregated in a server or in the cloud, monitoring applications
raise alerts when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is detected.
• Papers:
RFMS : Real time flood monitoring system with wireless sensor networks [MASS, 2008]
Described a river flood monitoring system that measures river and weather conditions
through wireless sensor nodes equipped with different sensors
Urban Flash Flood Monitoring, Mapping and Forecasting via a Tailored Sensor Network
System [ICNSC, 2006] Described a motes-based sensor network for river flood
monitoring that includes a water level monitoring module, network video recorder
module, and data processing module that provides floods information n the form of raw
data, predict data, and video feed.

4. Energy

IoT applications for smart energy systems:

a). Smart Grid

b). Renewable Energy Systems

c). Prognostics

a). Smart Grids

• Smart grid technology provides predictive information and recommendation s to utilize,

their suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage power.
• Smart grid collect the data regarding :
Electricity generation
 Electricity consumption
Storage
Distribution and equipment health data
• By analyzing the data on power generation, transmission and consumption of smart grids
can improve efficiency throughout the electric system. Storage collection and analysis of
smarts grids data in the cloud can help in dynamic optimization of system operations,
maintenance, and planning.
• Cloud-based monitoring of smart grids data can improve energy usage levels via energy
feedback to users coupled with real-time pricing information.
• Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and transmission systems can
help in detecting faults and predicting outages.

b). Renewable Energy System

• Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources (such as solar and
wind), integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problems.
• IoT based systems integrated with the transformer at the point of interconnection measure
the electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid
• To ensure the grid stability, one solution is to simply cut off the overproductions.
• Paper:
Communication systems for grid integration of renewable energy resources [IEEE
Network, 2011] -provided the closed-loop controls for wind energy system that can be
used to regulate the voltage at point of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine
outputs and provides reactive power support.

c). Prognostics

• IoT based prognostic real-time health management systems can predict performance of
machines of energy systems by analyzing the extent of deviation of a system from its
normal operating profiles.
 • In the system such as power grids, real time information is collected using specialized
electrical sensors called Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
• Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in energy
systems and equipment can provide predictions for impending failures.
• OpenPDC is a set of applications for processing of streaming time-series data collected
from Phasor Measurements Units (PMUs) in real-time.

5. Retail

IoT applications in smart retail systems:

a). Inventory Management

b). Smart Payments

c). Smart Vending Machines

a). Inventory Management

• IoT system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags can help inventory
management and maintaining the right inventory levels.
• RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in the real-time so that the
inventory levels can be determined accurately and products which are low on stock can be
replenished.
• Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves or in the
warehouse.
• Paper:
RFID data-based inventory management of time-sensitive materials [IECON, 2005]
described an RFID data-based inventory management system for time-sensitive materials

b). Smart Payments

• Smart payments solutions such as contact-less payments powered technologies such as

near field communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.
 • NFC is a set of standards for smart-phones and other devices to communicate with each
other by bringing them into proximity or by touching them
• Customer can store the credit card information in their NFC-enabled smart-phones and
make payments by bringing the smart-phone near the point of sale terminals.
• NFC maybe used in combination with Bluetooth, where NFC initiates initial pairing of
devices to establish a Bluetooth connection while the actual data transfer takes place over
Bluetooth.

c). Smart Vending Machines

• Smart vending machines connected to the Internet allow remote monitoring of inventory
levels, elastic pricing of products, promotions, and contact-less payments using NFC.
• Smart-phone applications that communicate with smart vending machines allow user
preferences to be remembered and learned with time. E.g.: when a user moves from one
vending machine to the other and pair the smart-phone, the user preference and favorite
product will be saved and then that data is used for predictive maintenance.
• Smart vending machines can communicated each others, so if a product out of stock in a
machine, the user can be routed to nearest machine
• For perishable items, the smart vending machines can reduce the price as the expiry date
nears.

6. Logistic

IoT applications for smart logistic systems:

a). Fleet Tracking

b). Shipment Monitoring

c). Remote Vehicle Diagnostics

a). Fleet Tracking

• Vehicle fleet tracking systems use GPS technology to track the locations of the vehicles
in the real-time.
 • Cloud-based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand to handle large number of
vehicles,
• The vehicle locations and routers data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting
bottlenecks the supply chain such as traffic congestions on routes, assignments and
generation of alternative routes, and supply chain optimization
• Paper:
A Fleet Monitoring System for Advanced Tracking of commercial Vehicles [IEEE
International Conference in Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006] provided a system that
can analyze messages sent from the vehicles to identify unexpected incidents and
discrepancies between actual and planned data, so that remedial actions can be taken.

b). Shipment Monitoring

• Shipment monitoring solutions for transportation systems allow monitoring the conditions
inside containers.
• E.g.: Containers carrying fresh food produce can be monitored to prevent spoilage of
food. IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as temperature, pressure,
humidity, for instance, to monitor the conditions inside the containers and send the data to
the cloud, where it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage.
• Paper:
On a Cloud-Based Information Technology Framework for Data Driven Intelligent
Transportation System [Journal of Transportation Technologies, 2013] -proposed a cloud
based framework for real time fresh food supply tracking and monitoring
Container Integrity and Condition Monitoring using RF Vibration Sensor Tags [IEEE
International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, 2007]- proposed a
system that can monitor the vibrations patterns of a container and its contents to reveal
information related to its operating environment and integrity during transport, handling,
and storage.

c). Remote Vehicle Diagnostics

• It can detect faults in the vehicles or warn of impending faults.

 • These diagnostic systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle
operation such as speed, engine RPM, coolest temperature, fault code number and status
of various vehicle subsystem.
• Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostic (OBD) standard such as OBD-
II
• OBD systems provide real-time data on the status of vehicle sub-systems and diagnostic
trouble codes which allow rapidly identifying the faults in the vehicle.
• IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data to centralize servers or the
cloud where it can be analyzed to generate alerts and suggest remedial actions.

7. Agriculture

IoT applications for smart agriculture:

a). Smart Irrigation

b). Green House Control

a). Smart Irrigation

• Smart irrigation system can improve crop yields while saving water.
• Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine the
amount of moisture on the soil and release the flow of the water through the irrigation
pipes only when the moisture levels go below a predefined threshold.
• It also collects moisture level measurements on the server on in the cloud where the
collected data can be analyzed to plan watering schedules.
• Cultivar’s Rain Could is a device for smart irrigation that uses water valves, soil sensors,
and a Wi-Fi enabled programmable computer. [http://ecultivar.com/rain-cloud-product-
project/]

b). Green House Control

 • It controls temperature, humidity, soil, moisture, light, and carbon dioxide level that are
monitored by sensors and climatologically conditions that are controlled automatically
using actuation devices.
• IoT systems play an importance role in green house control and help in improving
productivity.
• The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud
where analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies and also correlate the
productivity with different control strategies.
• Paper:
Wireless sensing and control for precision Green house management [ICST, 2012]
provided a system that uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the
agricultural parameters like temperature and humidity in the real time for better
management and maintenance of agricultural production.

8. Industry

IoT applications in smart industry:

a). Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis

b). Indoor Air Quality Monitoring

a). Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis

• Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of machine by analyzing the data
on the current operating conditions and how much deviations exist from the normal
operating condition.
• Machine diagnosis refers to determining the cause of a machine fault.
• Sensors in machine can monitor the operating conditions such as temperature and
vibration levels, sensor data measurements are done on timescales of few milliseconds to
few seconds which leads to generation of massive amount of data.
• Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that finds solutions to new
problems based on past experience.
 • CBR is an effective technique for problem solving in the fields in which it is hard to
establish a quantitative mathematical model, such as machine diagnosis and prognosis.

b). Indoor Air Quality Monitoring

• Harmful and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO),
Nitrogen Dioxide, etc can cause serious health problem of the workers.
• IoT based gas monitoring systems can help in monitoring the indoor air quality using
various gas sensors.
• The indoor air quality can be placed for different locations
• Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the hazardous zones, so that
corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper ventilation.
• Papers:
A hybrid sensor system for indoor air quality monitoring [IEEE International Conference
on Distributed Computing in Sensor System, 2013] presented a hybrid sensor system for
indoor air quality monitoring which contains both stationary sensor and mobile sensors.
Indoor air quality monitoring using wireless sensor network [International Conference on
Sensing Technology, 2012] provided a wireless solution for indoor air quality monitoring
that measures the environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, gaseous
pollutants, aerosol and particulate matter to determine the indoor air quality.

9. Health & Lifestyle

IoT applications in smart health & lifestyle:

a). Health & Fitness Monitoring

b). Wearable Electronics

a). Health & Fitness Monitoring

 • Wearable IoT devices allow to continuous monitoring of physiological parameters such as
blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, etc than can help in continuous health and
fitness monitoring.
• It can analyze the collected health-care data to determine any health conditions or
anomalies.
• The wearable devices may can be in various form such as:
Belts
Wrist-bands
• Papers:
Toward ubiquitous mobility solutions for body sensor network health care [IEEE
Communications Magazine, 2012] - Proposed an ubiquitous mobility approach for body
sensor network in health-care
A wireless sensor network compatible wearable u-healthcare monitoring system using
integrated ECG, accelerometer and SpO2 [International Conference of the IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2008]- Designed a wearable ubiquitous
health-care monitoring system that uses integrated electrocardiogram (ECG),
accelerometer and oxygen saturation (SpO2) sensors.

b). Wearable Electronics

• Wearable electronics such as wearable gadgets (smart watch, smart glasses, wristbands,
etc) provide various functions and features to assist us in our daily activities and making
us lead healthy lifestyles.
• Using the smart watch, the users can search the internet, play audio/video files, make
calls, play games, etc.
• Smart glasses allows users to tae photos and record videos, get map directions, check
flight status or search internet using voice commands
• Smart shoes can monitor the walking or running speeds and jumps with the help of
embedded sensors and be paired with smart-phone to visualize the data.
• Smart wristbands can tract the daily exercise and calories burnt.

IoT Vs M2M
This section explains the basic difference between M2M and IoT. It will start from M2M and IoT
basic principle along with its applications.

M2M, or machine-to-machine, is a direct communication between devices using wired or

wireless communication channels. M2M refers to the interaction of two or more
devices/machines that are connected to each other. These devices capture data and share with
other connected devices, creating an intelligent network of things or systems. Devices could be
sensors, actuators, embedded systems or other connected elements.

M2M technology could be present in our homes, offices, shopping malls and other places.
Controlling electrical appliances like bulbs and fans using RF or Bluetooth from your
Smartphone is a simple example of M2M applications at home. Here, the electrical appliance and
your Smartphone are the two machines interacting with each other.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software
and electronics, enabling these devices to communicate with each other and exchange data over a
computer network. The things in the IoT refer to hardware devices uniquely identifiable through
a network platform within the Internet infrastructure.

However, there is a lot of confusion between the IoT and M2M, as both refer to communicating
and sharing data. M2M is about machines, smart phones and appliances, whereas the IoT is
about sensors, cyber-based physical systems, Internet and so on. Some of the differences
between M2M and the IoT are listed in the table.