Int. J. Elec&Elecn.Eng&Telcomm.
2016 Prabhdeep Singh and Ankita Bajaj, 2016
ISSN 2319 – 2518 www.ijeetc.com
Vol. 5, No. 4, October 2016
© 2016 IJEETC. All Rights Reserved
Review Article
ACCIDENT WARNING SYSTEM BASED ON
VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK (VANET): A REVIEW
Prabhdeep Singh1* and Ankita Bajaj2
*Corresponding Author: Prabhdeep Singh, [email protected]
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are new paradigm of wireless communications that aim
to exploit the recent advances in wireless devices technology to enable intelligent inter-vehicle
communication. There are lots of studies about preventing or detecting the car accidents. Most
of them include sensing objects which might cause accident or statistics about accidents. In
this study, a system which detects happening accidents will be studied. The system will collect
necessary information from neighbor vehicles and process that information using machine
learning tools to detect possible accidents. This study aims to analyses traffic behavior and
consider vehicles which move different than current traffic behavior as a possible accident. The
goal of this system is to detect and warn the driver of potential hazard conditions.
Keywords: VANETs, Wireless communication, Traffic behavior
INTRODUCTION Dedicated Short Range (LDSR)
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are communication in the United States and the
considered suitable for AWS deployment European Telecommunications Standards
mainly because of their infrastructure-less Institute allocated for Intelligent Transportation
decentralized nature and dedicated car-to car System in Europe. The p version of the 802.11
communication spectrum. A VANET is a type MAC is particularly designed with a view to
of wireless network that is specially designed reduce latency and enhance bandwidth of
for intelligent transportation system. It uses networks operating in a vehicularenvironment
short-range wireless communication protocol compared to other versions of the protocol.
IEEE 802.11p and operates in the 5.9 GHz Unlike IEEE infrastructure based networks,
band that the Federal Communication such as cellular networks, a VANET is very
Commission (FCC) allocated for Licensed flexible and can be formed on-the-fly. It also
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication, RPIIIT, Bastara, Karnal.
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, RPIIT, Bastara, Haryana, Karnal, Bastara.
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Int. J. Elec&Elecn.Eng&Telcomm. 2016 Prabhdeep Singh and Ankita Bajaj, 2016
does not require expensive equipment apart presented various existing routing protocols
from the wireless connectivity that is likely to with their merits and demerits. The research
be standard in next generation vehicles. AWSs presented several routing protocols in
and VANETs have a complex relationship that VANET that may be a promising technology
varies depending on the architecture of the for intelligent transportation (ITS). It also
system. presented some applications of VANET.
The next generation of vehicles will be The merits and demerits of the studied
equipped with automated Accident Warning protocols were also described. By learning
Systems (AW Ss) capable of warning various routing protocols in VANET
neighboring vehicles about hazards that might supported numerous traffic situations, it was
lead to accidents. The key enabling technology analyzed that more analysis was needed to
for these systems is the Vehicular Ad-hoc verify the numerous characteristics of a
Networks (VANET) but the dynamics of such routing protocols.
networks make the crucial timely delivery of 3. Barba et al., Author aimed to transmit
warning messages challenging. While most information about the traffic conditions to
previously attempted implementations have help the driver take adequate decisions. In
used broadcast-based data dissemination this work, the development of a warning
schemes, these do not cope well as data traffic system composed of Intelligent Traffic Lights
load or network density increases. (ITLs) that provided information to drivers
about traffic density and weather conditions
RELATED WORK in the streets of a city was proposed. In this
1. Chowdhury et al., In this paper the author work the authors designed a smart city
presented a practical model of an accident framework for VANETs that included
warning system by stipulating the intelligent traffic lights (ITLs) that transmitted
requirements in a realistic manner and warning messages and traffic statistics.
thoroughly reviewing previous proposals They explained how the ITLs gather traffic
with a view to identify gaps in this area. and weather conditions of the roads.
According to author an Accident Warning
4. Karagiannis et al., in this paper the author
System (AWS) was a safety application that
introduced the basic characteristics of
provided collision avoidance notifications
vehicular networks, provided an overview
for next generation vehicles whilst Vehicular
of applications and associated
Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) and provided
requirements, along with challenges and
the communication functionality to exchange
their proposed solutions. In addition, the
these notifications. The main contribution of
author provided an overview of the current
this paper was summarized as: identifying
and past major ITS programs and projects
preliminaries and key requirements that
in USA, Japan and Europe. The ITS
were necessary to build an AWS and having
architectures and protocol suites used in the
reviewed existing proposals.
different parts of the world were introduced
2. Surmukh et al., In this paper the author and discussed. Finally the recent main
54
Int. J. Elec&Elecn.Eng&Telcomm. 2016 Prabhdeep Singh and Ankita Bajaj, 2016
research challenges associated with that the broadcast message was
vehicular networking were introduced and disseminated efficiently.
several solutions for these research 7. Lin Yang et al., Author proposed a channel
challenges were described adaptive broadcasting method. It relied
5. Kim et al., Author proposed a security solely on channel condition information
model for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks to available at each vehicle by employing
distinguish spurious messages from standard supported sequence number
legitimate messages. In this paper, they mechanisms. The proposed method was
explored the information available in a fully compatible with 802.11 and introduces
VANET environment to enable vehicles to no communication overhead. Simulation
filter out malicious messages which were studies showed that it outperformed
transmitted by a minority of misbehaving standard broadcasting in term of reception
vehicles. More specifically, they introduced rate and channel utilization. The proposed
a message filtering model that leveraged one-hop broadcasting protocol increased
multiple complementary sources of the reception rate at closer distances and
information to construct a multi-source alleviates collision possibility at further
distances. It was fully compatible with
detection model such that drivers were only
802.11 standards, consumed no extra
alerted after some fraction of sources
network resource, and had little additional
agree.
complexity. In the paper, the idea of
6. Tonguz et al., Author reported the first sequence number based channel
complete version of a multi-hop broadcast monitoring was verified by means of the
protocol for (VANET). The results clearly analytical modeling and simulation study,
showed that broadcasting in VANET was and showed significant promise.
very different from routing in mobile ad hoc Compared with the existing work, this
networks (MANET) due to several reasons method achieved the similar performance
such as network topology, mobility patterns, while having the merit of standard
demographics, traffic patterns at different compatibility and low overhead.
times of the day, etc. These differences 8. Haerri et al., In this paper author evaluated
implied that conventional ad hoc routing AODV and OLSR performance in realistic
protocols such as DSR and AODV were not urban scenarios. They studied those
appropriate in VANETs for most vehicular protocols under varying metrics such as
broadcast applications. They identified node mobility and vehicle density, and with
three very different regimes that a vehicular varying traffic rates. They showed that
broadcast protocol needed to work in: i) clustering effects created by cars
dense traffic regime; ii) sparse traffic aggregating at intersections had
regime; and iii) regular traffic regime. They remarkable impacts on evaluation and
built upon their previously proposed routing performance metrics. The main objective
solutions for each regime and they showed was to provide qualitative assessment of
55
Int. J. Elec&Elecn.Eng&Telcomm. 2016 Prabhdeep Singh and Ankita Bajaj, 2016
the applicability of the protocols indifferent Hop count Message detail priority
vehicular scenarios. This effect had a
Current speed Breaking level
remarkable impact on standard
performance evaluations of ad hoc
The increase in hop count means to
protocols. The first one was that neither the
broadcast a message which it receives from
initial nor the maximum velocity had any
another nearby vehicle. Then priority signifies
influence on routing protocols in urbane
the importance of message whether it’s a
environments.
normal or an urgent message. The vehicle
ANALYSIS OF THE VARIOUS sends its own current speed and braking level
RESEARCHES which has to be characterized with every
vehicle quality by some external agency. This
While going through a couple of research
will help in better detection and prevention of
papers we have come across various works
accident messages thereby providing
which have got some weakness. The problem
improved security.
of designing efficient and effective warning
systems has been widely studied by the author. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
This involves design of warning systems that WORK
are capable of acting proactively before an
The past decade has witnessed the confluence
accident takes place, or spreading post-crash
of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and
messages for avoiding further collisions, or
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) that
both. The author present a practical AWS
promises to revolutionize incident detection
model based on a detailed requirements
and the timely dissemination of traffic-related
analysis and a comprehensive survey of
information to the various interested parties.
previous proposals The method proposed here
One of the key components is expected to be
in base research is a very robust method to
a Accident Warning System (AWS). In this work
flood different category of warning messages
we have framed a methodology based on
in the surroundings. But it has certain
inter-vehicular interactions and interactions
drawbacks like it doesn’t use a hop count to
between vehicles and RSUs, which can be
reduce relevance of messages with increasing
used for collision prediction. This paper follows
distance. Next, it doesn’t give a priority range
a statistical approach to characterize the
to messages so that the vehicle can selectively
conditional probability of a collision given
display message to driver thereby avoiding
certain mobility parameters and states a
flooding of broadcast messages.
mobility analysis to uncover the expressions
PROPOSED WORK of driver reaction time.
Here, we propose a method, to generate In the future, we plan to supplement our
warning messages, which can effectively analytical results by extensive simulation such
control flooding of push messages but still not as importing real traffic data and simulating
compromise with the relevance of messages. the performance of collision prediction. In
The message header looks like below addition, the cooperative collision warning can
56
Int. J. Elec&Elecn.Eng&Telcomm. 2016 Prabhdeep Singh and Ankita Bajaj, 2016
integrate the sensor-based methods to 4. Kim, Tiffany Hyun-Jin, AhrenStuder,
enhance the robustness and correctness of RituikDubey, Xin Zhang, Adrian Perrig,
prediction. Fan Bai, Bhargav Bellur and AravindIyer
(2010), “Vanet Alert Endorsement Using
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