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Network Fundamentals CCNA Exploration Companion
Guide 4th Edition Mark Dye Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Mark Dye
ISBN(s): 9781587132087, 1587132087
Edition: 4
File Details: PDF, 8.99 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
01_20870fm.qxd 10/11/07 10:11 AM Page i

Network Fundamentals
CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Mark A. Dye
Rick McDonald
Antoon W. Rufi

Cisco Press
800 East 96th Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA
01_20870fm.qxd 10/11/07 10:11 AM Page ii

ii Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Publisher
Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Paul Boger
Companion Guide Associate Publisher
Dave Dusthimer
Mark A. Dye • Rick McDonald • Antoon W. Rufi Cisco Representative
Copyright© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. Anthony Wolfenden

Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Press

Program Manager
Published by: Jeff Brady
Cisco Press
800 East 96th Street Executive Editor
Mary Beth Ray
Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA
Managing Editor
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any
Patrick Kanouse
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from Development Editor
the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Dayna Isley

Printed in the United States of America Project Editor

Tonya Simpson
First Printing November 2007
Copy Editor
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Written Elegance, Inc.
Dye, Mark A. Technical Editors
Martin S. Anderson,
Network fundamentals : CCNA exploration companion guide/Mark A. Dye, Rick
Gerlinde Brady
McDonald, Antoon W. Rufi.
Editorial Assistant
p. cm. Vanessa Evans
ISBN-13: 978-1-58713-208-7 (hbk. : CD-ROM)
Book Designer
ISBN-10: 1-58713-208-7 (hbk. : CD-ROM) 1. Electronic data processing personnel— Louisa Adair
Certification. 2. Computer networks—Examinations—Study guides. I. McDonald, Composition
Rick. II. Rufi, Antoon W. III. Title. IV. Title: CCNA exploration companion guide. Mark Shirar
QA76.3.D94 2007 Indexer
Tim Wright
004.6—dc22
2007038852 Proofreader
Gill Editorial Services
ISBN-13: 978-1-58713-208-7
ISBN-10: 1-58713-208-7

Trademark Acknowledgments
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks
have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attest
to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded
as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
01_20870fm.qxd 10/11/07 10:11 AM Page iii

iii

Warning and Disclaimer

This book is designed to provide information about the Cisco Network Fundamentals CCNA Exploration course.
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness
is implied.
The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc., shall have
neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the
information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it.
The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc.

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01_20870fm.qxd 10/11/07 10:11 AM Page iv

iv Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

About the Authors

Mark A. Dye was the technology manager and training manager for the Bevill Center at
Gadsden State Community College, where he also managed and taught in the Cisco
Academy program. He now works full time as an assessment and curriculum developer
with Cisco. Mark also has maintained a private information technology consulting business
since 1985. Mark’s 30+-year career has included roles as biomedical instrumentation tech-
nician, field service engineer, customer service supervisor, network engineer, and instructor.
Rick McDonald teaches computer and networking courses at the University of Alaska
Southeast in Ketchikan, Alaska. He is developing methods for delivering hands-on training
via distance in Alaska using web-conferencing and NETLAB tools. Rick worked in the air-
line industry for several years before returning to full-time teaching. He taught CCNA and
CCNP courses in the Cisco Networking Academy in North Carolina and was a CCNA
instructor trainer.
Antoon “Tony” W. Rufi currently is the associate dean of computer and information
science for all the ECPI College of Technology campuses. He also teaches the Cisco
Networking Academy CCNA, CCNP, Network Security, Fundamentals of Wireless LAN,
and IP Telephony curricula. Before becoming an instructor for ECPI, he spent almost 30
years in the United States Air Force, working on numerous electronic projects and computer
programs.

About the Technical Reviewers

Martin S. Anderson is an instructor and program director for computer science technology
at BGSU Firelands. BGSU Firelands, located in Huron, Ohio, is a regional branch college
of Bowling Green State University. He has more than 30 years of experience in network
computers, beginning with his family’s small business in the mid-1970s. He has taught the
CCNA curriculum at BGSU Firelands since 2002.
Gerlinde Brady has been teaching Cisco CCNA and CCNP courses at Cabrillo College, a
Cisco Regional Networking Academy, since 1999. She holds a masters degree in education
from the University of Hannover, Germany, and a masters degree in translation
(English/German) from the Monterey Institute of International Studies. Her IT industry
experience includes LAN design, network administration, technical support, and training.
01_20870fm.qxd 10/11/07 10:11 AM Page v

Dedications
To my wonderful wife of more than 30 years. Frances, your zeal for life and compassion for
people put a spark in this nerd’s life. To my children, Jacob, Jonathan, Joseph, Jordan,
Julianna, and Johannah, who share the many adventures of our lives. Also, to the young
ladies that my sons have chosen to be my daughters, Barbie and Morgan. Finally, to my
grandson Jacob Aiden; there truly is a reason why they are called grand. —Mark Dye
To my mother, Fran McDonald, who is an inspirational life-long learner. —Rick McDonald
To my wife, Linda. Without her understanding and support, I would not have been able to
spend the amount of time required to produce something like this. —Tony Rufi
01_20870fm.qxd 10/11/07 10:11 AM Page vi

vi Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Acknowledgments
From Mark Dye:
I want to thank Mary Beth Ray and Dayna Isley with Cisco Press, whose unending patience
made this book possible. I also want to thank the technical editors, Marty Anderson and
Gerlinde Brady, for their insight. Additionally, I want to thank the other authors, Rick
McDonald and Tony Rufi, who quietly and professionally made their portions of the book
come together.
I want to say a special thanks to Telethia Wills with Cisco, who I have worked with for a
number of years. Telethia has guided me through many different projects and allowed me to
work with so many wonderful people.
From Rick McDonald:
I wish to thank my two talented coauthors, Mark and Tony, who were generous with their
time and knowledge. They were under heavy workloads when the project began and held up
throughout. Mary Beth did me a great kindness in bringing me to the table with you.
Gerlinde Brady and Marty Anderson did an excellent job as technical editors for my contri-
butions. I am aware of the time and effort it took to cover so much so thoroughly, and your
suggestions and corrections have had a direct impact on the quality of the content.
Mary Beth Ray has been the calming and guiding force behind the publication of this book.
I wish to thank her for her vision and for her encouragement when I lost sight of it. Mary
Beth’s ability to guide the project and adapt to the ever-changing needs of students is to be
loudly applauded. Mary Beth, thank you for your confidence and patience. You had to use
both quite generously, and I appreciate it.
Dayna Isley once again amazed me with her ability to spot errors and clarify the unneces-
sarily complex sentences I would submit to her. There were times on the phone I was sure I
could hear her eyes rolling, but she kept patiently guiding me through the processes of pub-
lishing with humor and kindness.
I wish to also thank Sarah Strickling at the University of Alaska Southeast for her helpful
feedback and suggestions. Thanks also to Chris Lott and Christen Bouffard of the Center
for Distance Education at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks for helping me understand
some of the many ways imagination and technology are changing the way people think,
learn, and work. I have tried to pass some of those ideas on within this book.
From Tony Rufi:
I would like to thank my coauthors, Mark Dye and Rick McDonald, for helping make writ-
ing this book such a joy. I would also like to thank ECPI College of Technology for all the
support through the years, especially in reference to my quest for Cisco knowledge.
01_20870fm.qxd 10/11/07 10:11 AM Page vii

vii

Contents at a Glance
Introduction xx

Chapter 1 Living in a Network-Centric World 1

Chapter 2 Communicating over the Network 33
Chapter 3 Application Layer Functionality and Protocols 63
Chapter 4 OSI Transport Layer 99
Chapter 5 OSI Network Layer 135
Chapter 6 Addressing the Network: IPv4 171
Chapter 7 OSI Data Link Layer 243
Chapter 8 OSI Physical Layer 279
Chapter 9 Ethernet 313
Chapter 10 Planning and Cabling Networks 367
Chapter 11 Configuring and Testing Your Network 409
Appendix Check Your Understanding and Challenge Questions
Answer Key 471

Glossary 495

Index 515
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viii Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Contents
Introduction xx

Chapter 1 Living in a Network-Centric World 1

Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Communicating in a Network-Centric World 2
Networks Supporting the Way We Live 2
Examples of Today’s Popular Communication Tools 4
Networks Supporting the Way We Learn 5
Networks Supporting the Way We Work 7
Networks Supporting the Way We Play 8
Communication: An Essential Part of Our Lives 8
What Is Communication? 8
Quality of Communication 9
The Network as a Platform 10
Communicating over Networks 10
Elements of a Network 10
Converged Networks 15
The Architecture of the Internet 16
The Network Architecture 17
Fault-Tolerant Network Architecture 19
Scalable Network Architecture 20
Providing Quality of Service 21
Providing Network Security 23
Trends in Networking 25
Where Is It All Going? 25
Networking Career Opportunities 27
Summary 28
Activities and Labs 28
Check Your Understanding 29
Challenge Questions and Activities 32
To Learn More 32

Chapter 2 Communicating over the Network 33

Objectives 33
Key Terms 33
The Platform for Communications 34
The Elements of Communication 35
Communicating the Messages 35
Components of the Network 37
End Devices and Their Role on the Network 37
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ix

Intermediary Devices and Their Role on the Network 38

Network Media 39
LANs, WANs, and Internetworks 41
Local-Area Networks 41
Wide-Area Networks 41
The Internet: A Network of Networks 42
Network Representations 43
Protocols 44
Rules That Govern Communications 44
Network Protocols 45
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards 46
Interaction of Protocols 46
Technology-Independent Protocols 47
Using Layered Models 47
The Benefits of a Layered Model 48
Protocol and Reference Models 48
TCP/IP Model 49
Communication Process 50
Protocol Data Units and Encapsulation 51
Sending and Receiving Process 52
OSI Model 53
Comparing the OSI Model to the TCP/IP Model 54
Network Addressing 55
Addressing in the Network 55
Getting Data to the End Device 55
Getting Data Through the Internetwork 56
Getting Data to the Right Application 57
Summary 58
Activities and Labs 58
Check Your Understanding 59
Challenge Questions and Activities 61
To Learn More 62

Chapter 3 Application Layer Functionality and Protocols 63

Objectives 63
Key Terms 63
Applications: The Interface Between the Networks 65
OSI and TCP/IP Model 66
Application Layer Software 69
User Applications, Services, and Application Layer Protocols 70
Application Layer Protocol Functions 71
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x Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Making Provisions for Applications and Services 71

Client/Server Model 72
Servers 72
Application Layer Services and Protocols 73
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking and Applications 74
Application Layer Protocols and Services Examples 76
DNS Services and Protocol 77
WWW Service and HTTP 81
E-Mail Services and SMTP/POP Protocols 83
E-Mail Server Processes: MTA and MDA 84
FTP 86
DHCP 87
File-Sharing Services and SMB Protocol 89
P2P Services and Gnutella Protocol 90
Telnet Services and Protocol 91
Summary 93
Activities and Labs 93
Check Your Understanding 94
Challenge Questions and Activities 96
To Learn More 97

Chapter 4 OSI Transport Layer 99

Objectives 99
Key Terms 99
Roles of the Transport Layer 101
Purpose of the Transport Layer 101
Supporting Reliable Communication 105
TCP and UDP 107
Port Addressing 108
Segmentation and Reassembly: Divide and Conquer 112
TCP: Communicating with Reliability 114
Making Conversations Reliable 114
TCP Server Processes 115
TCP Connection Establishment and Termination 116
TCP Three-Way Handshake 116
TCP Session Termination 118
TCP Acknowledgment with Windowing 120
TCP Retransmission 121
TCP Congestion Control: Minimizing Segment Loss 122
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xi

UDP: Communicating with Low Overhead 124

UDP: Low Overhead Versus Reliability 124
UDP Datagram Reassembly 125
UDP Server Processes and Requests 126
UDP Client Processes 126
Summary 128
Labs 129
Check Your Understanding 130
Challenge Questions and Activities 132
To Learn More 133

Chapter 5 OSI Network Layer 135

Objectives 135
Key Terms 135
IPv4 136
Network Layer: Communication from Host to Host 136
IPv4: Example Network Layer Protocol 140
IPv4 Packet: Packaging the Transport Layer PDU 142
IPv4 Packet Header 143
Networks: Dividing Hosts into Groups 144
Creating Common Groups 145
Why Separate Hosts into Networks? 148
Dividing Networks from Networks 152
Routing: How Data Packets Are Handled 153
Device Parameters: Supporting Communication Outside the Network
153
IP Packets: Carrying Data End to End 154
Gateway: The Way Out of the Network 155
Route: A Path to a Network 156
Destination Network 160
Next Hop: Where the Packet Goes Next 161
Packet Forwarding: Moving the Packet Toward Its Destination 162
Routing Processes: How Routes Are Learned 163
Static Routing 163
Dynamic Routing 164
Routing Protocols 164
Summary 166
Labs 167
Check Your Understanding 167
Challenge Questions and Activities 170
To Learn More 170
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xii Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Chapter 6 Addressing the Network: IPv4 171

Objectives 171
Key Terms 171
IPv4 Addresses 173
Anatomy of an IPv4 Address 173
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion 174
Decimal-to-Binary Conversions 178
Addressing Types of Communication: Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast
183
IPv4 Addresses for Different Purposes 188
Types of Addresses in an IPv4 Network Range 188
Subnet Mask: Defining the Network and Host Portions of the Address
190
Public and Private Addresses 192
Special Unicast IPv4 Addresses 194
Legacy IPv4 Addressing 196
Assigning Addresses 198
Planning to Address the Network 198
Static or Dynamic Addressing for End-User Devices 200
Selecting Device Addresses 202
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) 204
ISPs 205
Calculating Addresses 206
Is the Host on My Network? 207
Calculating Network, Hosts, and Broadcast Addresses 209
Basic Subnetting 211
Subnetting: Dividing Networks into Right Sizes 216
Subnetting a Subnet 220
Testing the Network Layer 228
Ping [Link]: Testing the Local Stack 228
Ping Gateway: Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN 229
Ping Remote Host: Testing Connectivity to Remote LAN 230
Traceroute (tracert): Testing the Path 231
ICMPv4: The Protocol Supporting Testing and Messaging 232
Overview of IPv6 235
Summary 237
Labs 237
Check Your Understanding 238
Challenge Questions and Activities 240
To Learn More 241
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xiii

Chapter 7 OSI Data Link Layer 243

Objectives 243
Key Terms 243
Data Link Layer: Accessing the Media 244
Supporting and Connecting to Upper-Layer Services 245
Controlling Transfer Across Local Media 247
Creating a Frame 248
Connecting Upper-Layer Services to the Media 249
Standards 251
MAC Techniques: Placing Data on the Media 252
MAC for Shared Media 252
MAC for Nonshared Media 254
Logical Topology Versus Physical Topology 255
MAC: Addressing and Framing Data 258
Data Link Layer Protocols: The Frame 258
Framing: Role of the Header 259
Addressing: Where the Frame Goes 260
Framing: Role of the Trailer 260
Sample Data Link Layer Frames 262
Putting It All Together: Following Data Through an Internetwork
267
Summary 274
Labs 274
Check Your Understanding 274
Challenge Questions and Activities 276
To Learn More 277

Chapter 8 OSI Physical Layer 279

Objectives 279
Key Terms 279
Physical Layer: Communication Signals 280
Purpose of the Physical Layer 280
Physical Layer Operation 281
Physical Layer Standards 282
Physical Layer Fundamental Principles 283
Physical Signaling and Encoding: Representing Bits 284
Signaling Bits for the Media 285
Encoding: Grouping Bits 287
Data-Carrying Capacity 290
Physical Media: Connecting Communication 292
Types of Physical Media 292
Copper Media 293
Media Connectors 304
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xiv Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Summary 307
Labs 307
Check Your Understanding 308
Challenge Questions and Activities 310
To Learn More 311

Chapter 9 Ethernet 313

Objectives 313
Key Terms 313
Overview of Ethernet 315
Ethernet: Standards and Implementation 315
Ethernet: Layer 1 and Layer 2 316
Logical Link Control: Connecting to the Upper Layers 317
MAC: Getting Data to the Media 317
Physical Implementations of Ethernet 319
Ethernet: Communication Through the LAN 320
Historic Ethernet 320
Legacy Ethernet 321
Current Ethernet 322
Moving to 1 Gbps and Beyond 323
Ethernet Frame 324
Frame: Encapsulating the Packet 324
Ethernet MAC Address 326
Hexadecimal Numbering and Addressing 328
Another Layer of Addressing 331
Ethernet Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast 331
Ethernet MAC 334
MAC in Ethernet 334
CSMA/CD: The Process 334
Ethernet Timing 338
Interframe Spacing and Backoff 341
Ethernet Physical Layer 342
10- and 100-Mbps Ethernet 343
1000-Mbps Ethernet 345
Ethernet: Future Options 346
Hubs and Switches 347
Legacy Ethernet: Using Hubs 347
Ethernet: Using Switches 349
Switches: Selective Forwarding 351
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 355
Resolving IPv4 Addresses to MAC Addresses 355
Maintaining a Cache of Mappings 356
ARP Broadcast Issues 360
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xv

Summary 362
Labs 362
Check Your Understanding 363
Challenge Questions and Activities 365
To Learn More 365

Chapter 10 Planning and Cabling Networks 367

Objectives 367
Key Terms 367
LANs: Making the Physical Connection 368
Choosing the Appropriate LAN Device 368
Device Selection Factors 370
Device Interconnections 374
LAN and WAN: Getting Connected 374
Making LAN Connections 380
Making WAN Connections 384
Developing an Addressing Scheme 388
How Many Hosts in the Network? 388
How Many Networks? 389
Designing the Address Standard for Your Internetwork 390
Calculating the Subnets 391
Calculating Addresses: Case 1 391
Calculating Addresses: Case 2 397
Device Interconnections 398
Device Interfaces 398
Making the Device Management Connection 400
Summary 402
Labs 402
Check Your Understanding 403
Challenge Questions and Activities 405
To Learn More 407

Chapter 11 Configuring and Testing Your Network 409

Objectives 409
Key Terms 409
Configuring Cisco Devices: IOS Basics 410
Cisco IOS 410
Access Methods 411
Configuration Files 413
Introducing Cisco IOS Modes 414
Basic IOS Command Structure 418
Using CLI Help 420
IOS Examination Commands 426
IOS Configuration Modes 428
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xvi Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Applying a Basic Configuration Using Cisco IOS 429

Naming Devices 429
Limiting Device Access: Configuring Passwords and Banners 431
Managing Configuration Files 436
Configuring Interfaces 440
Verifying Connectivity 444
Test the Stack 444
Testing the Interface 446
Testing the Local Network 449
Testing Gateway and Remote Connectivity 451
Tracing and Interpreting Trace Results 453
Monitoring and Documenting Networks 458
Basic Network Baselines 458
Capturing and Interpreting Trace Information 459
Learning About the Nodes on the Network 461
Summary 464
Labs 465
Check Your Understanding 467
Challenge Questions and Activities 468
To Learn More 469

Appendix Check Your Understanding and Challenge Questions

Answer Key 471
Chapter 1 471
Chapter 2 472
Chapter 3 473
Chapter 4 478
Chapter 5 479
Chapter 6 481
Chapter 7 483
Chapter 8 487
Chapter 9 488
Chapter 10 489
Chapter 11 493

Glossary 495
Index 515
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xvii

Icons Used in This Book

Desktop Laptop Firewall attachment

Computer

IP Phone LAN Switch Router Route/Switch

Processor

Server Cloud Wireless IP Phone

Router

Devices Devices Streaming

Video

Wireless LAN WAN

Media Media Media

Command Syntax Conventions

The conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventions
used in the IOS Command Reference. The Command Reference describes these conventions
as follows:
■ Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown. In
actual configuration examples and output (not general command syntax), boldface indi-
cates commands that are manually input by the user (such as a show command).
■ Italics indicate arguments for which you supply actual values.
■ Vertical bars (|) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements.
■ Square brackets [ ] indicate optional elements.
■ Braces { } indicate a required choice.
■ Braces within brackets [{ }] indicate a required choice within an optional element.
01_20870fm.qxd 10/11/07 10:11 AM Page xviii

xviii Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Introduction
Cisco Networking Academy is a comprehensive e-learning program that delivers informa-
tion technology skills to students around the world. The Cisco CCNA Exploration curricu-
lum consists of four courses that provide a comprehensive overview of networking, from
fundamentals to advanced applications and services. The curriculum emphasizes theoretical
concepts and practical application, while providing opportunities for you to gain the skills
and hands-on experience needed to design, install, operate, and maintain networks in small-
to medium-size businesses, as well as enterprise and service provider environments. The
Network Fundamentals course is the first course in the curriculum and is based on a top-
down approach to networking.
Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide is the official supplemental
textbook for the first course in v4.x of the CCNA Exploration online curriculum of the
Networking Academy. As a textbook, this book provides a ready reference to explain the
same networking concepts, technologies, protocols, and devices as the online curriculum.
This book emphasizes key topics, terms, and activities and provides many alternate explana-
tions and examples as compared with the course. You can use the online curriculum as
directed by your instructor and then use this Companion Guide’s study tools to help solidify
your understanding of all the topics.

Goal of This Book

First and foremost, by providing a fresh, complementary perspective of the online content,
this book helps you learn all the required materials of the first course in the Networking
Academy CCNA Exploration curriculum. As a secondary goal, individuals who do not
always have Internet access can use this text as a mobile replacement for the online curricu-
lum. In those cases, you can read the appropriate sections of this book, as directed by your
instructor, and learn the topics that appear in the online curriculum. Another secondary goal
of this book is to serve as your offline study material to help prepare you for the CCNA exam.

Audience for This Book

This book’s main audience is anyone taking the first CCNA Exploration course of the
Networking Academy curriculum. Many Networking Academies use this textbook as a
required tool in the course, while other Networking Academies recommend the Companion
Guides as an additional source of study and practice materials.
01_20870fm.qxd 10/11/07 10:11 AM Page xix

xix

Book Features
The educational features of this book focus on supporting topic coverage, readability, and
practice of the course material to facilitate your full understanding of the course material.

Topic Coverage
The following features give you a thorough overview of the topics covered in each chapter
so that you can make constructive use of your study time:
■ Objectives: Listed at the beginning of each chapter, the objectives reference the core
concepts covered in the chapter. The objectives match the objectives stated in the corre-
sponding chapters of the online curriculum; however, the question format in the
Companion Guide encourages you to think about finding the answers as you read the
chapter.

How To
■ “How-to” feature: When this book covers a set of steps that you need to perform for
certain tasks, the text lists the steps as a how-to list. When you are studying, the icon
helps you easily refer to this feature as you skim through the book.
■ Notes, tips, cautions, and warnings: These are short sidebars that point out interesting
facts, timesaving methods, and important safety issues.
■ Chapter summaries: At the end of each chapter is a summary of the chapter’s key
concepts. It provides a synopsis of the chapter and serves as a study aid.

Readability
The authors have compiled, edited, and in some cases rewritten the material so that it has a
more conversational tone that follows a consistent and accessible reading level. In addition,
the following features have been updated to assist your understanding of the networking
vocabulary:
■ Key terms: Each chapter begins with a list of key terms, along with a page-number
reference from inside the chapter. The terms are listed in the order in which they are
explained in the chapter. This handy reference allows you to find a term, flip to the
page where the term appears, and see the term used in context. The Glossary defines all
the key terms.
■ Glossary: This book contains an all-new Glossary with more than 250 terms.
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xx Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide

Practice
Practice makes perfect. This new Companion Guide offers you ample opportunities to put
what you learn to practice. You will find the following features valuable and effective in
reinforcing the instruction that you receive:
■ Check Your Understanding questions and answer key: Updated review questions are
presented at the end of each chapter as a self-assessment tool. These questions match
the style of questions that you see in the online course. Appendix A, “Check Your
Understanding and Challenge Questions Answer Key,” provides an answer key to all
the questions and includes an explanation of each answer.
■ (NEW) Challenge questions and activities: Additional—and more challenging—
review questions and activities are presented at the end of chapters. These questions are
purposefully designed to be similar to the more complex styles of questions you might
see on the CCNA exam. This section might also include activities to help prepare you
for the exams. Appendix A provides the answers.

Packet Tracer ■ Packet Tracer activities: Interspersed throughout the chapters you’ll find many activities
Activity to work with the Cisco Packet Tracer tool. Packet Tracer allows you to create networks,
visualize how packets flow in the network, and use basic testing tools to determine
whether the network would work. When you see this icon, you can use Packet Tracer
with the listed file to perform a task suggested in this book. The activity files are avail-
able on this book’s CD-ROM; Packet Tracer software, however, is available through
the Academy Connection website. Ask your instructor for access to Packet Tracer.

Labs and Study Guide

The supplementary book Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide,
by Cisco Press (ISBN: 1-58713-2036), contains all the labs from the curriculum plus addi-
tional challenge labs and study guide material. At the end of each chapter of this
Companion Guide, icons indicate what hands-on activities, labs, and Packet Tracer activities
are available in the Labs and Study Guide.
■ Lab and Activity references: This icon notes the hands-on labs and other activities
created for this chapter in the online curriculum. Within Network Fundamentals, CCNA
Exploration Labs and Study Guide, you will also find additional labs and study guide
material created by the authors of that book.

Packet Tracer
■ (NEW) Packet Tracer Companion activities: Many of the hands-on labs include
Companion Packet Tracer Companion activities, where you can use Packet Tracer to complete a
simulation of the lab. Look for this icon in Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration
Labs and Study Guide for hands-on labs that have a Packet Tracer Companion.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Medicine - Lab Manual
First 2025 - Laboratory

Prepared by: Prof. Brown

Date: August 12, 2025

References 1: Interdisciplinary approaches

Learning Objective 1: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 9: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 2: Case studies and real-world applications
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 12: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 16: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 3: Practical applications and examples
Example 20: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 25: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 4: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 33: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 37: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Abstract 5: Current trends and future directions
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 42: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 45: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Results 6: Interdisciplinary approaches
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 51: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 53: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 57: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 59: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 7: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 62: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 69: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 8: Literature review and discussion
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 71: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 72: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 74: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 9: Practical applications and examples
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 82: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 84: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 88: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 89: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 10: Best practices and recommendations
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 94: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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