Artificial Intelligence
Module 1 :Introduction
Module 1
1.1 Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI),
AI Perspectives: Acting and Thinking humanly, Acting and Thinking rationally, Intelligent Systems:
Categorization of Intelligent Systems, Components of AI, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Responsible
AI
1.2 Intelligent Agents: Introduction of agents, Structure and Characteristics of Intelligent Agent,
Types of Agents: Simple Reflex, Model Based, Goal Based, Utility Based Agents, The concept of
rationality, Environment Types: Deterministic, Stochastic, Static, Dynamic, Observable,
Semi-observable, Single Agent, Multi Agent, Learning Agents
1.3 History of AI, Applications of AI, The present state of AI, Ethics in AI
What is AI?
Source: Edureka
What is AI?
● AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a great scope in
future.
● AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.
● Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made
thinking power.".
Define:
● "It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."
● Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning,
reasoning, and solving problems
AI Perspectives
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be categorized based on how it thinks and acts, leading to
four perspectives in AI development. These perspectives define how AI mimics human
intelligence or applies pure logic and rationality.
1. Acting Humanly
AI that behaves like a human, focusing on mimicking human actions and responses in
interactions.
Example: Chatbots like ChatGPT or Siri, which are designed to converse naturally like
a human, even if they don’t fully “understand” in a deep cognitive sense.
Real-World Use Case: AI assistants, humanoid robots, and customer service bots.
AI Perspectives
2. Thinking Humanly
AI that attempts to replicate human thought processes by modeling cognition (e.g.,
perception, memory, reasoning).
Example: Cognitive AI models like IBM Watson, which analyze vast data sets to
simulate how humans process information and make decisions.
Real-World Use Case: AI in psychology research, neuromorphic computing, and
brain-inspired networks like deep learning.
AI Perspectives
3. Acting Rationally
AI that takes the best possible action to achieve its goal, regardless of how a
human would do it.
Example: Self-driving cars, which don’t imitate human drivers but instead use
sensor data, probability, and optimal decisions to navigate traffic safely.
Real-World Use Case: AI in logistics, robotics, and game-playing AI like AlphaGo,
which chooses the best possible moves without mimicking human thought
patterns.
AI Perspectives
4. Thinking Rationally
AI that processes information using formal logic and mathematical reasoning,
ensuring optimal decision-making.
Example: Expert systems in medical diagnosis (e.g., AI detecting diseases from
X-rays based on probability and logic).
Real-World Use Case: AI in finance for risk analysis, medical AI for diagnosis,
and automated theorem proving in mathematics.
AI Perspectives
Human-like AI is used where interaction and natural behavior are important (e.g.,
chatbots, assistants).
Rational AI is used in areas requiring optimization and efficiency (e.g., self-driving
cars, game AI).
The best AI systems often combine both perspectives to enhance performance.
Intelligent Systems
An intelligent system is any system that can perceive, learn, reason, and make
decisions to achieve a specific goal. These systems use Artificial Intelligence
(AI), Machine Learning (ML), and automation to function efficiently.
Characteristics of Intelligent Systems:
● Autonomy – Can operate with minimal human intervention.
● Adaptability – Can learn and improve over time.
● Decision-Making Ability – Uses data and logic to make choices.
● Interactivity – Can interact with humans or other systems.
