ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II

UE20MA151

Department of Science and Humanities

Introduction to vector calculus

 Vector field: Is an assignment of a vector to each point in a subset

of space.
 In other words, a vector field on two (or three) dimensional space
is a function 𝐹 that assigns to each point 𝑥, 𝑦 (or 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) a two

(or three dimensional) vector given by 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 or 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 .

Introduction to vector calculus, Continued…

 A vector field in the plane can be visualized as a collection of

arrows with a given magnitude and direction, each attached to a
point in the plane.
Introduction to vector calculus, Continued…

 The concept of differential and integral calculus can be extended

naturally to vector fields.

 Vector calculus, also known as vector analysis, deals with the

differentiation and integration of vector field, especially in the
three-dimensional Euclidean space.
Introduction to vector differentiation

 Let the position vector of a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in space be

𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘.
 If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are all functions of a single parameter 𝑡, then 𝑟 is called a
vector function of 𝑡, also called a vector point function and written
𝑟=𝑟 𝑡 .
 As the parameter 𝑡 varies the point 𝑃 traces a curve in space.
 Thus, we can write 𝑟 = x t i + y t j + z t k. This is called the
vector equation of the curve.
Introduction to vector differentiation, Continued

Let 𝑃 and 𝑄 be two neighbouring points on the curve.

Let 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟 and 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑟 + 𝛿𝑟. Thus 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 − 𝑂𝑃 = 𝛿𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑡+𝛿𝑡 −𝑟 (𝑡)
The derivative of the vector 𝑟 𝑡 is given by = lim
𝑑𝑡 𝛿𝑡→0 𝛿𝑡
Geometrical meaning of the derivative of a vector

As 𝛿𝑡 → 0, 𝑄 → 𝑃, which means that the chord 𝑃𝑄 approaches the tangent

to the curve at 𝑃.
𝑑𝑟
Therefore, geometrically is a vector along the tangent to the curve at 𝑃.
𝑑𝑡
Velocity and Acceleration

 Since 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 represents the position vector of a point

moving along a curve, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 will be a function of the time variable 𝑡
and accordingly 𝑟 is a function of the time variable 𝑡.
𝑑𝑟
 Therefore, 𝑣 = gives the velocity of the particle at time 𝑡.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑟 𝑑2 𝑟
 Furthermore, 𝑎 = = = represents the rate of change of
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

velocity 𝑣 and is called the acceleration of the particle at time 𝑡.

Velocity and Acceleration, Continued…

A particle moves along the curve 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡 3 , 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 2𝑡 − 5.

Determine its velocity and acceleration.
We have 𝑟 = x t i + y t j + z t k = 1 − 𝑡 3 𝑖 + 1 + 𝑡 2 𝑗 + 2𝑡 − 5 𝑘
𝑑𝑟
𝑣= = −3𝑡 2 𝑖 + 2𝑡𝑗 + 2𝑘 is the velocity.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 𝑟
𝑎= = −6𝑡𝑖 + 2𝑗 is the acceleration.
𝑑𝑡 2
Vector differential operator

 The vector differential operator (or Hamiltonian operator) is defined

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
as 𝛻 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

 This operator read as “del” (or “nabla”).

 It is not a vector (neither has magnitude nor direction) but combines
both differential and vectorial properties analogous to those of
ordinary vectors.
Gradient of a scalar function

 If to each point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) of a region 𝑅 of space there corresponds a

scalar ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , then ∅ is called a scalar point function and we say
that scalar field is defined in 𝑅.
 Example, ∅ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧; ∅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , etc.
 If ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is a continuously differentiable scalar function, then the
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
gradient of ∅ (grad ∅ ) is defined as 𝛻∅ = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

 Clearly, 𝛻∅ is a vector quantity.

 Geometrically, 𝛻∅ is normal to the surface ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶.
Gradient of a scalar function, Continued…

If ∅ = 2𝑥𝑧 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦, find 𝛻∅ and 𝛻∅ at 2, −2, −1 .

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛻∅ = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 = 2𝑧 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 8𝑥𝑧 3 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻∅ 2, −2, −1 = 10𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 16𝑘
𝛻∅ = 372 = 2 93
Gradient of a scalar function, Continued…

Find the unit outward drawn normal to the surface (𝑥 − 1)2 +𝑦 2 + 𝑧 + 2 2

at
the point 3,1, −4 .
𝛻∅ = 2𝑥 − 2 𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧 + 4 𝑘
𝛻∅ 3,1, −4 = 4𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 4𝑘, which is normal to the given surface.
Also, 𝛻∅ = 6.
The unit outward drawn normal to the given surface is
𝛻∅ 2𝑖+𝑗−2𝑘
𝑛= =
𝛻∅ 𝟑
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II
UE20MA151

Department of Science and Humanities

 Directional derivatives

 For a function 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , the partial derivative with respect to 𝑥 gives

the rate of change of 𝑓 in the 𝑥 direction and the partial derivative
with respect to 𝑦 gives the rate of change of 𝑓 in the 𝑦 direction.
 How do we compute the rate of change of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 in an arbitrary
direction?
 The rate of change of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 in an arbitrary direction is given by
directional derivative.
 To find the directional derivative of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 in an arbitrary direction, we
take the dot product of 𝛻𝑓 with a unit vector in the desired direction.
Directional derivatives, Continued…

Definition: If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is a scalar function and 𝑑 is any vector, then

𝑑
𝛻𝑓 ∙ 𝑛, where 𝑛 = is called the directional derivative of 𝑓 along 𝑛.
𝑑

Maximum directional derivative:

The directional derivative of a scalar function 𝑓 at any point is
maximum in the direction of 𝛻𝑓 and the maximum value is 𝛻𝑓 .
Problems on directional derivatives

Find the directional derivative of 𝑓 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 at the point 1,1 in

the direction 𝑖 + 2𝑗.
𝑑
Now, directional derivative= 𝛻𝑓 ∙
𝑑
𝛻𝑓 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗

𝛻𝑓 1,1 = 3𝑖 + 𝑗

Given 𝑑 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗. Then 𝑑 = √5

𝑑 5
Directional directive= 𝛻𝑓 ∙ = = √5
𝑑 √5
Problems on directional derivatives, Continued…

Find the directional derivative of 𝑓 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 at 2, −1,1

in the direction of the normal to the surface 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 − 𝑦 2 at −1,2,1 .
𝑑
Now, directional derivative=𝛻𝑓 ∙
𝑑

𝛻𝑓 = 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑗 + 3𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘
At 2, −1,1 , 𝛻𝑓 = 𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 3𝑘.
𝑥
Let ∅ = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 − 𝑦2 be a surface. Then 𝛻∅ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 + 𝑘.
𝑧

At −1,2,1 , 𝛻∅ = −4𝑗 − 𝑘 = 𝑑. So, 𝑑 = √17.

𝑑 −4𝑗−𝑘 15
Directional directive= 𝛻𝑓. = 𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 3𝑘 ∙ =
17 √17
𝑑
Angle between the surfaces

 If ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is a scalar function, then 𝛻∅ is a vector normal to the surface

∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡. Obviously, the unit normal 𝑛 along 𝛻∅ is
𝛻∅
given by 𝑛 =
𝛻∅

 The angle between the two surfaces is defined to be equal to the angle
between their normals.
 If ∅1 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶1 and ∅2 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶2 be the equations of the two
𝛻∅1 ∙𝛻∅2
surfaces, then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = where 𝜃 is the angle between the
𝛻∅1 𝛻∅2

normals.
Angle between the surfaces, Continued…

𝜋
 If 𝜃 = , then the surfaces are said to intersect each orthogonally.
2

𝜋 𝜋
 When 𝜃 = , then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 𝛻∅1 ∙ 𝛻∅2 = 0.
2 2

This is the condition for the surfaces to intersect at right angles.

Problems on angle between the surfaces

Find the angle of intersection of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 29 and

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 8𝑧 = 47 at the point 4, −3, 2 .
Let ∅1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 29 and ∅2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 8𝑧 − 47
be the two surfaces.
Now, 𝛻∅1 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘
At 4, −3,2 , 𝛻∅1 = 8𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 4𝑘 and 𝛻∅1 = 116
Also, 𝛻∅2 = 2𝑥 + 4 𝑖 + 2𝑦 − 6 𝑗 + (2𝑧 − 8)𝑘
At 4, −3,2 , 𝛻∅2 = 12𝑖 − 12𝑗 − 4𝑘 and 𝛻∅2 = 304
Problems on angle between the surfaces, Continued…

𝛻∅1 .𝛻∅2
Therefore, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝛻∅1 𝛻∅2

152
=
116 304
= 0.809
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.809 = 35.96°
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II
UE20MA151

Department of Science and Humanities

Divergence

 Divergence of a vector function 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is written as divergence of

𝐹 (or div of 𝐹 ) and denoted by 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 is defined as

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻∙𝐹 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 ∙𝐹
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⇒𝛻∙𝐹 = 𝑖+ 𝑗 + 𝑘 ∙ 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3

⇒𝛻∙𝐹 = + + , a scalar quantity.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

 The symbol 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 does not represent the dot product of 𝛻 and 𝐹 in

the sense of dot product of two vectors, since 𝛻 is just a differential
operator and not a vector. Also, 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 ≠ 𝐹 ∙ 𝛻.
Physical interpretation of divergence

 If 𝐹 is the velocity of a moving fluid at a point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ,

then divergence of 𝐹 represents the rate at which the fluid

flows out at the point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 per unit volume.
 A point 𝑃 in a vector field 𝐹 is said to be source if divergence

of 𝐹 is positive.

 A point 𝑃 in a vector field 𝐹 is said to be sink if divergence of

𝐹 is negative.
Problems on divergence

[Link] 𝛻 ∙ 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑘 at the point 1,2,3 .

Let 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now, 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 ∙ 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

⇒ 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 = 6𝑥 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 2

At 1,2,3 , 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 = 80
Problems on divergence, Continued…

[Link] the constant 𝑏 such that

𝐴 = 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘 has zero
divergence.
Let 𝐴 = 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘

Given that 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 = 0.
⇒ 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
⇒ 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑏 + 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑏 = −2
Solenoidal vector

The vector function 𝐹 is said to be solenoidal vector if 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 = 0 at all the

points of the function. For such a vector, there is no loss or gain of fluid.
Show that 𝐴 = 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑖 + 3𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 − 4𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥 3 𝑧 𝑘 is

not solenoidal but 𝐵 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝐴 is solenoidal.

Now, 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 = 4𝑥 + 8𝑧𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 8𝑧𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 3

⇒ 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ≠ 0.

Therefore, 𝐴 is not solenoidal.

Solenoidal function, Continued…

Now, 𝐵 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝐴

⇒ 𝐵 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑧 2 + 8𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑗
− 4𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 4 + 2𝑥 4 𝑦𝑧 3 𝑘
Now, 𝛻 ∙ 𝐵 = 6𝑦𝑥 2 𝑧 2 + 16x𝑧 3 𝑦 3 + 6𝑦𝑥 4 𝑧 2 − 6𝑦𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 16x𝑧 3 𝑦 3 − 6𝑦𝑥 4 𝑦𝑧 2

⇒ 𝛻 ∙ 𝐵 = 0.

Thus, 𝐵 is solenoidal.
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II
UE20MA151

Department of Science and Humanities

Curl

Curl of a vector function 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is written as curl of 𝐹 and denoted by

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 × 𝐹 is defined as 𝛻 × 𝐹 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 × F1 𝑖 + F2 𝑗 + F3 𝑘
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⇒𝛻×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
F1 F2 F3

𝜕𝐹3 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹3 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1

⇒𝛻×𝐹 =𝑖 − +𝑗 − +𝑘 −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Clearly, 𝛻 × 𝐹 is a vector quantity.

Curl, Continued…

 The curl of any vector function, in general, gives the measure of

the angular velocity at any point of the vector field.
 A vector function 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is said to be irrotational if

𝛻 × 𝐹 = 0, otherwise it is said to be rotational.

Problems on curl

1. Show that (y + z) 𝑖 + (𝑧 + 𝑥) 𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑘 is irrotational.

Let 𝐹 = (y + z) 𝑖 + (𝑧 + 𝑥) 𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now,𝛻 × 𝐹 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 × (y + z) 𝑖 + (𝑧 + 𝑥) 𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⇒𝛻×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥𝑥+𝑦

⇒𝛻×𝐹 = 1−1 𝑖+ 1−1 𝑗+ 1−1 𝑘 =0

Therefore, F is irrotational.
Problems on curl

2. Find the curl of 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧𝑥 2 𝑗 + 𝑧𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘 at the point 1,2,3 .

Let 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧𝑥 2 𝑗 + 𝑧𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now,𝛻 × 𝐹 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 × 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧𝑥 2 𝑗 + 𝑧𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⇒𝛻×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑦𝑧𝑥 2 𝑧𝑥𝑦 2
⇒ 𝛻 × 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦𝑥 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑦 2 𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘

At 1,2,3 , 𝛻 × 𝐹 = 10𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 3𝑘 = 10𝑖 + 3𝑘

Problems on curl, Continued…

[Link] the constant a, 𝑏, 𝑐 so that

𝐴 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑗 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑘 is irrotational.

Also, find a scalar function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 such that 𝐴 = 𝛻𝑓.

Now, 𝛻 × 𝐴 = 𝑐 + 1 𝑖 − 4 − 𝑎 𝑗 + 𝑏 − 2 𝑘

Given that 𝐴 is irrotational. Therefore,

𝛻×𝐴 = 𝑐+1 𝑖− 4−𝑎 𝑗+ 𝑏−2 𝑘 =0

The above equation is identically satisfied when
𝑐 + 1 = 0; 𝑎 − 4 = 0; 𝑏 − 2 = 0.
⇒ 𝑐 = −1; 𝑎 = 4; 𝑏 = 2
Problems on curl, Continued…

Therefore, 𝐴 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 𝑖 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑗 + 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑘
To find a scalar function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 :
Given that 𝐴 = 𝛻𝑓
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
⇒ = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧; = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧; = 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑥2
On integration, we get 𝑓 = + 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑧 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧)
2

3𝑦 2
𝑓 = 2𝑥𝑦 − − 𝑧𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧); 𝑓 = 4𝑥𝑧 − 𝑧𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦).
2

𝑥2 3𝑦 2
Therefore, 𝑓 = + 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑧 − + 𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐
2 2
Related properties of gradient; divergence; and curl

The gradient, divergence, and curl are distributive with respect to the
sum and difference of functions.
1. 𝛻 𝑓 ± 𝑔 = 𝛻𝑓 ± 𝛻𝑔
2. 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 ± 𝛻 ∙ 𝐵

3. 𝛻 × 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝛻 × 𝐴 ± 𝛻 × 𝐵
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Problems
If the temperature 𝑇 = 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) is given by 𝑇 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑦 2 , then
determine the direction of maximum decrease of temperature at
the point 1,3 .
Problems, Continued…
If 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑖 + cos 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 𝑘, then find 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹
Problems, Continued…

Given 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑗. Check whether 𝐹 is

conservative or not? If so, find its scalar potential.
Problems, Continued…
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Line integral
𝑏
By definite integral we have 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. We note that the region of
the integration is an interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 on the 𝑥 −axis, that is, we
integrate the function 𝑓 𝑥 along the 𝑥 −axis from 𝑎 to 𝑏.
This concept can be generalized to a definite integral evaluated
along a curve.
A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is the integral of
some function along a curve (line).
Line integral, Continued…

Let 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 be a vector function and a curve 𝐴𝐵.

Line integral of the vector function 𝐹 along the curve 𝐴𝐵 is defined

as the integral of the component of 𝐹 along the tangent to the

curve 𝐴𝐵.
Line integral, Continued…

Component of 𝐹 along a tangent 𝑃𝑇 at 𝑃

= Dot product of 𝐹 and unit vector along 𝑃𝑇

𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
= 𝐹∙ is a unit vector along the tangent PT
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑟
Line integral= 𝐹∙ from 𝐴 to 𝐵 along the curve
𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑟
∴ Line integral= 𝑐
𝐹∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑐
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑠
Properties of line integral

1. 𝑐
𝑘𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑘 𝑐
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 , 𝑘 =constant

2. 𝑐
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐1
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑐2
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟, where 𝑐 is the sum of two curves

𝑐1 and 𝑐2 .
𝑏 𝑎
3. 𝑎
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = − 𝑏
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟
Applications of Line integral
Work done by a force: A natural application of the line integral is to
find the work done by a force 𝐹 in moving a particle along a curve 𝑐

from the point 𝑃1 to point 𝑃2 as 𝑐

𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟

Circulation: When 𝐹 denotes velocity of a fluid, then the circulation

of 𝐹 around a closed curve 𝑐 is defined by 𝑐

𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟
Surface integral
The concept of surface integral is a simple and natural generalization

of a double integral 𝑅
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 taken over a plane region 𝑅.

In a surface integral, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is integrated over a curved surface. The

definition of surface integral depends on splitting the surface into
small surface elements.
Surface integral, Continued…

Let 𝐹 be a vector function and 𝑆 be the given surface.

The surface integral of the vector function 𝐹 over the surface 𝑆 is

defined as the integral of the components of 𝐹 along the normal to

the surface.
Component of 𝐹 along the normal = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛, where 𝑛 is the unit
normal vector to an element 𝑑𝑆.

Surface integral of 𝐹 over 𝑆 = 𝐹∙𝑛 = 𝑆

𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆
Evaluation of surface integral
A surface integral is evaluated by reducing it to a double integral by
projecting the given surface 𝑆 onto one of the coordinate planes.
We choose 𝑑𝑆 as follows:

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑛∙𝑘
(For the projection of 𝑆 onto the 𝑥𝑦 −plane).

𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2. 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑛∙𝑖
(For the projection of 𝑆 onto the yz −plane).

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
3. 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑛∙𝑗
(For the projection of 𝑆 onto the xz −plane).
Flux integral

Surface integral represents the amount of fluid flowing through the

surface (per unit time). For this reason, we often call the surface
integral of a vector field a flux integral. The flux of 𝐹 across 𝑆 is given by
the flux integral.

Flux of 𝐹 across 𝑆 = 𝑆
𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆
Volume integral

Let 𝐹 be a vector point function and volume 𝑉 enclosed by a

closed surface. Then the triple integral 𝑉

𝐹 𝑑𝑉 is called the

volume integral or space integral.

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Line integral
Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field
𝐴 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖 − 5𝑧𝑗 + 10𝑥𝑘 along the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1; 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 ;
𝑧 = 𝑡 3 from 𝑡 = 1 to 𝑡 = 2.
Given 𝐴 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖 − 5𝑧𝑗 + 10𝑥𝑘
Let 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 . Then d𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧𝑘.

Now, 𝐴. 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖 − 5𝑧𝑗 + 10𝑥𝑘 ∙ 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧𝑘

⇒ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 10𝑥𝑑𝑧

Line integral, Continued…
Given, 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 .
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡.
Also, 𝑡 varies from 1 𝑡𝑜 2.
Now, 𝐴. 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 10𝑥𝑑𝑧

⇒ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑟 = 3 𝑡 2 + 1 2𝑡 2 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 − 5 𝑡 3 4𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 10 𝑡 2 + 1 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

⇒ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑟 = 12𝑡 5 + 12𝑡 3 − 20𝑡 4 + 30𝑡 4 + 30𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

⇒ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑟 = 12𝑡 5 + 10𝑡 4 + 12𝑡 3 + 30𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

Line integral, Continued…

Work done = 𝐴. 𝑑𝑟
2
= 1
12𝑡 5 + 10𝑡 4 + 12𝑡 3 + 30𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
= 303
Surface integral

Evaluate 𝑆
𝐴 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑠, where 𝐴 = 18𝑧𝑖 − 12𝑗 + 3𝑦𝑘 and 𝑆 is the part of

the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 which is located in the first octant.

Let ∅ = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 12.
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
Now, 𝛻∅ = 𝑖 + 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

⇒ 𝛻∅ = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘. Also, 𝛻∅ =7
𝛻∅ 2 3 6
Now, 𝑛 = = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝛻∅ 7 7 7

2 3 6 36𝑧 36 18𝑦
𝐴. 𝑛 = 18𝑧𝑖 − 12𝑗 + 3𝑦𝑘 ∙ 𝑖 + 𝑗+ 𝑘 = − +
7 7 7 7 7 7
Surface integral, Continued…

To find dS:
Projection of 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 on the xy plane gives a region 𝑅
bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, and the line 2x + 3𝑦 = 12.

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 7
Thus, 𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
𝑛.𝑘 6

36𝑧 36 18𝑦 7
Now, 𝐴. 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = − + 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 6𝑧 − 6 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
7 7 7 6

12 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦
⇒ 𝐴. 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = 6 − 6 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 6 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
6
Surface integral, Continued…

Therefore, 𝑆
𝐴. 𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅
6 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

12−2𝑥
6
= 3
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
6 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

6 4 2
= 𝑥=0
24 − 12𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3

= 24
Volume integral

If 𝐹 = 2𝑧𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘, evaluate 𝑉

𝐹 𝑑𝑉, where 𝑉 is the region bounded by the

surfaces 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4, and 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑧 = 2.

𝑉
𝐹 𝑑𝑉= 𝑉
2𝑧𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

4 2
2
⇒ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = 2𝑧𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
𝑉 𝑦=0 𝑧=𝑥 2
Volume integral, Continued…

4
2
2
⇒ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 z2 𝑖− xz𝑗 + yz𝑘 𝑥2
𝑥=0
𝑉 𝑦=0

4
2
⇒ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 4ˆi − 2xˆj + 2ykˆ − x4ˆi + x3ˆj − x2ykˆ
𝑥=0
𝑉 𝑦=0

2
32
⇒ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = 16ˆi − 8xˆj + 16kˆ − 4x4ˆi + 4x3ˆj − 8x2kˆ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑖 + 32𝑘
𝑥=0 5
𝑉
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Green’s Theorem
 Green's theorem can be used as an alternative way to
calculate the line integral.
 Green's theorem transforms the line integral around a simple
closed curve 𝐶 into a double integral over the region
𝑅 inside 𝐶.
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
Statement: If 𝑅 is a closed region in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane bounded by a
simple closed curve 𝐶 and if 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are two continuous
functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 having continuous first order partial derivatives in
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑅, then 𝐶
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 , where 𝐶 is traversed
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

in the positive direction (counter-clockwise direction).

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Note: If = , then by Green’s theorem, 𝐶
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
 Green's theorem works only for the case where 𝐶 is a simple closed
curve.
 If 𝐶 is an open curve (curve where the beginning and end points are
different), then we should not think about using Green's theorem.
 Green's theorem applies only to two-dimensional vector fields and
to regions in the two-dimensional plane.
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
Use Green’s theorem to evaluate the line integral

𝐶
3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶 is boundary of the

region defined by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
By Green’s theorem, 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Here, 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 , 𝑁 = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Therefore, = −16y; = −6y
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
𝑅 is the region bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
In 𝑅, 𝑦: 0 → 1; 𝑥: 0 → (1 − 𝑦).
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 1−𝑦
Now, RHS= 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 0
10𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1 1−𝑦
= 10 0 0
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦𝑑𝑦)
1
=10 0
𝑦 1− 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1
= 10 −
2 3
5
=
3
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
Use Green’s theorem to evaluate the line integral

𝐶
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶 is triangle with vertices (0,0); (1,0); and

(1,2) with positive orientation.

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
By Green’s theorem, 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦, 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 .

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Therefore, = 𝑥; = 2x𝑦 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
𝑅 is the region bounded by (0,0); (1,0); and (1,2).
In 𝑅, 𝑥: 0 → 1; 𝑦: 0 → 2𝑥.
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 2𝑥
RHS= 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 0
2x𝑦 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1 1 2𝑥
= 4
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 2
1 5 2
= 0
8𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2 2
= − =
3 3 3
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Green’s Theorem

Verify Green’s theorem in a plane for 𝐶

3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦,

where 𝐶 is the boundary of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and y = 𝑥 2

Green’s Theorem, Continued…
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
Green’s Theorem, Continued…
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Stokes' Theorem
 Green's theorem applies only to two-dimensional vector fields and
to regions in the two-dimensional plane.
 In Green’s theorem we relate a line integral to a double integral
over some region.
 Stokes' theorem generalizes Green's theorem to three dimensions.
 In Stokes' theorem, we relate a line integral to a surface integral,
that is, the transformation between the line integral and surface
integral.
Stokes' Theorem, Continued…

Statement: If 𝑆 is a surface bounded by a simple closed curve 𝐶 and if

𝐹 is any continuously differentiable vector function, then

𝐶
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑆
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = 𝑆
𝛻 × 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆, where 𝑛 is a unit

vector normal to 𝑆 and 𝐶 is traversed in the positive direction.

Stokes' Theorem, Continued…

Use Stokes' theorem to evaluate 𝐶

𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟, where 𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑗 + 𝑥𝑧𝑘
and 𝐶 is the bounding curve of hemisphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9, 𝑧 > 0
oriented in a positive direction.

By Stokes' theorem, 𝐶
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑆
𝛻 × 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆

Given, 𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑗 + 𝑥𝑧𝑘

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐹 = = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 𝑧 − 0 + 𝑘 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = −𝑧𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧
Stokes' Theorem, Continued…

To find 𝑛:
Let ∅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9. Therefore, 𝛻∅ = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘

𝛻∅ 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘

𝑛= =
𝛻∅ 4 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
2𝑥𝑖+2𝑦𝑗+2𝑧𝑘
⇒ 𝑛=
2∙3

𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗+𝑧𝑘
⇒𝑛 =
3
Stokes' Theorem, Continued…

To find dS: The projection of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 3
(𝑧 = 0) gives 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9. Thus, 𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
𝑛.𝑘 𝑧

𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗+𝑧𝑘 3
Now, 𝛻 × 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = −𝑧𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘 ∙ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 𝑧

𝑦𝑧 𝑦𝑧 3
⇒ 𝛻 × 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = − − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 3 𝑧

⇒ 𝛻 × 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = −2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Stoke’s Theorem, Continued…
Converting into polar coordinates:
Put 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃; 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.
In 𝑅, 𝑟: 0 → 3; 𝜃: 0 → 2𝜋.

Therefore, 𝑆
𝛻 × 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = −2 𝑅
𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

3
2𝜋
= −2 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0
𝑟=0

2𝜋 3
= −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 ∙ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝜃=0 𝑟=0
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II
UE20MA151

Department of Science and Humanities

Stokes' Theorem

Verify Stokes' theorem for 𝐹 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘,

where 𝑆 is the upper half surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1,
𝐶 is its boundary.

By Stokes' theorem, 𝐶
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑆
𝛻 × 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆
Stokes' Theorem, Continued…
Stokes' Theorem, Continued…
Stokes' Theorem, Continued…
Stokes' Theorem, Continued…
Stokes' Theorem, Continued…
THANK YOU
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II
UE20MA151

Department of Science and Humanities

Gauss Divergence Theorem
In Gauss Divergence theorem, we relate a surface integral to a
volume integral, that is, it transform the surface integral into
volume integral.
Statement: If 𝑉 is the volume bounded by a closed surface 𝑆 and if
𝐹 is a continuously differentiable vector function, then

𝑆
𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑉
𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉, where 𝑛 is the positive unit

vector outward drawn normal to 𝑆.

Gauss Divergence Theorem, Continued…

In other words, it states that ``the surface integral of the normal

component of a vector function 𝐹 , taken over a closed
surface 𝑆 equals the volume integral of the divergence of that
vector function 𝐹 , taken over a volume bounded by the closed
surface 𝑆``.
Gauss Divergence Theorem, Continued…

Using Gauss Divergence theorem evaluate 𝐹 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑖 + (2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦𝑗

taken over the rectangular parallelepiped 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3; 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2;
0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.
Given 𝐹 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑖 + (2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦𝑗
𝜕 𝜕
Now, 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

By Gauss Divergence theorem, 𝑆

𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑉
𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉
Gauss Divergence Theorem, Continued…
Gauss Divergence Theorem, Continued…

Using Gauss Divergence theorem, evaluate 𝑆

𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆, where

𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦2𝑗 + 𝑧2𝑘 taken over the region bounded by the

cylinder 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4; 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 3.
Given 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦2𝑗 + 𝑧2𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now, 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 = 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 + 𝑧2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧
Gauss Divergence Theorem, Continued…

By Gauss Divergence theorem, 𝑆

𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑉
𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉

Using cylindrical co-ordinates:

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃; 𝑧 = 𝑧. 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧.
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋; 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2; 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3. Therefore,

3 2𝜋 2

𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 4 − 4𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 2𝑧 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
𝑆 𝑧=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
Gauss Divergence Theorem, Continued…
THANK YOU