Js0 the processing Step. 2 HISTORY OF COMPUTER For many centuries people use »mmunication. They always searched easy and pvented different calculating devices. The compu! Jescription of these stages is given below. calculations and They also A brief d their brain-power to perform efficient ways for these purposs> ter history is divided into four stages 24 Pres ° Mechanical Age (3000 B.C to 1450 A.D) The he word "pre" means " é ord “pre” means "before" and "mechanical" means “performed by machine Me the earliest aBe of re-mechanical " de isthe peri amt Bi te pti before the invention of machines tt etween 3000 B.C and 1450 A.D). Human beings a that time primarily1 cach other using von of language was used t0 tell a story and to keep eon is one owned. This eventually led to the arrival of the First wri” communicated with these drawings on the rock. Th things such as how many anit Haas cuneyorm’. Instead of using pictures to express words Signs were compy 0 vith spoken sounds, Afterwards, the "Phoenictan” alphabet was developed ws 2 et more smplfed writing technique. For writing information, pen-like objects <2 espe The information was writen on leaves, leather, and barks, Later paper eo eet of papyrus plants. The Chinese made paper from rags, on which modem aoa result, books were developed and then libraries were established. 1, snd the Abacus were also invented during this period. 10 conrespn papermaking is bi numbering systems ‘Abacus ‘bacus is considered the first calculating device. It was used for simple addition and Subtraction, It was first of all used in China. Abacus consisted of a rectangular wooden rack or frame having. parallel Wires. Each wire contained a number of beads as shown in the figure. The beads across the wires could be moved easily. All Simple calculations were performed by moving these beads according fo the defined rules. igre bars 1.22 Mechanical Age (1450 to 1840) During the mechanical age (between 1450 and 1840), many calculating machines wet developed /invented. Some of the important inventions during this age are as follows: 4+ Napier’s Bones Napier’ Bones was a calculating device. It was invented by John Napier in the ear'y " century. He was a Scottish mathematician, He also presented the idea of logarithms. # éreated logarithm tables for arithmetic calculations. ‘Figure: John Napier, Rods & calculating device 2. Pascaline Pascline was a calculating machine twas invented in 1642 by Baise Pascal He ¥ mathematician and philosopher of France.spsisted of a Series of pasealine SoM. Each wheel wit om 0 to 9. This or ed the digits £0 9 . display machine performed £3 calla operations and displayed : erciny rotation of diferent ‘nother name of Pascaline real wheel calewlato. eo Pascal and Opened Pascline with wheey pitference Engine & Analytical Engine sarles Babbage Was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University ofthe Courledtwo calculating machines, the "Diference Engine" and “Analyice! opie” he designed the Difference Engine. in 1853, Charles Babbage began the construction of a new calculating machine called Tatical Engine. it was the first automatic programmable computer, Analytical Engine iuded several features that are also present in the moder electronic computer. It is tesause Charles Babbage is considered as the father of the moder digital compute: : saa Charles Babbage Difference Engine Analytical Engine 3 Electromechanical Age (1840 to 1940) lectromechanical" means "a mechanical device or machine which operates ‘rcall’. During the electromechanical age (between 1840 and 1940) many ‘omechancal devices/machines were invented that led to modern information technology ns, For example, the voltaic battery, telegraph, telephone, and radio were invented 9 fed. George Boole also introduced Boolean Algebra in this period. Dis jatehanical computing devices were also invented in this period. Some of them a Punched Cards | 1890, an Am Media in e¢ his machine ards 8 it erin scientist Herman Hollerith introduced pun "jaar. uters. He developed the first electromechanical PMN Tyee car were mine could read the information that had been punch i". saved ot different uted in stack form. Solutions 0 different problems slacks of cards and accessed when needed,Figure: Herman Hollerith, Tabulator and Punched Card Format - Harvard Mark-1 Harvard Mark-I was designed by Howard Aiken, a professor at Harvard Unisesy around 1944. It was an electromechanical calculating machine. Mark-I was bul by engineers, Mark-I is also called ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculate), calculating machine operated under the control of given instructions. The Ma, remained in operation till 1959 1.24 Electronic Age (1940 to Present Day) The electronic ag day. Computers or devices of this age are operating with electronic components such as vacua tubes, transistors, ICs, and microchips. Different electronic computing machines/devices were invented in this period. These machines are one thousand times faster than that of eect mechanical machines. Some of the earliest computers are as follows. of computer history began around 1940 and continues to the prese 1+ Atanasoff-Berry Computer Atanasoff-Berry Computer, or ABC is the first automatic electronic digital compute was designed and built from 1939 t 1942 by professor Dr. John Atanasoff of the USA and his graduate student, Clifford Berry. The Boolean algebra was applied for designing the circuits of this computer. The working model of ABC was completed in 1942 - ENIAC. ENIAC stands for "Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer”. It was the fis programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer. It was developed in 1946 b JP. Eckert and John Mauchly in the USA. It could perform 5000 additions per second 3. EDVAC EDVAC stands for "Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer". It was designed in 1949 by J.P. Eckert and John Mauchly. It was designed on te program concept. In EDVAC, binary numbers were used instead of decimal numbers