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Introduction to JAVA™
Introduction to Java™ Programming and Data Structures
Comprehensive Version

Eleventh Edition

Y. Daniel Liang

Armstrong State University

330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013

To Samantha, Michael, and Michelle
Senior Vice President Courseware Portfolio ​Management: Marcia J. Horton
Director, Portfolio Management: Engineering, ​Computer Science & Global
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Cover Photography: Germano Poli/123RF.com
Full-Service Project Management: Shylaja Gattupalli, SPi Global

Java™ and Netbeans™ screenshots ©2017 by Oracle Corporation, all rights

reserved. Reprinted with permission.

Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced,

with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text.

Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the

suitability of the information ​contained in the documents and related graphics
published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and
related graphics are provided “as is” without warranty of any kind. Microsoft
and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions
with regard to this information, including all warranties and conditions of
merchantability, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular
purpose, title and non-infringement. In no event shall Microsoft and/or its
respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential ​-
damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or
profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action,
arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of ​information ​-
available from the services. The documents and related graphics contained
herein could include technical ​inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes
are periodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its
respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the
product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time. Partial screen
shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified.

Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken,

New Jersey 07030. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of
America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should
be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage
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mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to
use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson
Education, Inc., Permissions Department, ​Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken,
New Jersey 07030.

Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their

products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this
book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations
have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Liang, Y. Daniel, author.

Title: Introduction to Java programming and data structures / Y. Daniel

Liang, Armstrong State University.

Other titles: Introduction to Java programming

Description: Eleventh edition. Comprehensive version. | New York, NY :

Pearson Education, 2017. | Revised edition of: Introduction to Java

programming / Y. Daniel Liang, Armstrong Atlantic State University.

Tenth
 edition. Comprehensive version. 2015. | Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017002082| ISBN 9780134670942 | ISBN 0134670949

Subjects: LCSH: Java (Computer program language)

Classification: LCC QA76.73.J38 L52 2017 | DDC 005.13/3--dc23 LC record

available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002082

1–17

ISBN-10: 0-13-467094-9

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-467094-2
Preface
Dear Reader,

Many of you have provided feedback on earlier editions of this book, and
your comments and suggestions have greatly improved the book. This edition
has been substantially enhanced in presentation, organization, examples,
exercises, and supplements.

The book is fundamentals first by introducing basic programming concepts

and techniques before designing custom classes. The fundamental concepts
and techniques of selection statements, loops, methods, and arrays are the
foundation for programming. Building this strong foundation prepares
students to learn object-oriented programming and advanced Java
programming.

fundamentals-first

This book teaches programming in a problem-driven way that focuses on

problem solving rather than syntax. We make introductory programming
interesting by using thought-​provoking problems in a broad context. The
central thread of early chapters is on problem solving. Appropriate syntax
and library are introduced to enable readers to write programs for solving the
problems. To support the teaching of programming in a problem-driven way,
the book provides a wide variety of problems at various levels of difficulty to
motivate students. To appeal to students in all majors, the problems cover
many application areas, including math, science, business, financial, gaming,
animation, and multimedia.

problem-driven

The book seamlessly integrates programming, data structures, and algorithms

into one text. It employs a practical approach to teach data structures. We
first introduce how to use various data structures to develop efficient
algorithms, and then show how to implement these data structures. Through
implementation, students gain a deep understanding on the efficiency of data
structures and on how and when to use certain data structures. Finally, we
design and implement custom data structures for trees and graphs.

data structures

The book is widely used in the introductory programming, data structures,

and algorithms courses in the universities around the world. This
comprehensive version covers fundamentals of programming, object-oriented
programming, GUI programming, data structures, algorithms, concurrency,
networking, database, and Web programming. It is designed to prepare
students to become proficient Java programmers. A brief version
(Introduction to Java Programming, Brief Version, Eleventh Edition) is
available for a first course on programming, commonly known as CS1. The
brief version contains the first 18 chapters of the comprehensive version. An
AP version of the book is also available for high school students taking an
AP Computer Science course.

comprehensive version

brief version

AP Computer Science

The best way to teach programming is by example, and the only way to learn
programming is by doing. Basic concepts are explained by example and a
large number of exercises with various levels of difficulty are provided for
students to practice. For our programming courses, we assign programming
exercises after each lecture.

examples and exercises

Our goal is to produce a text that teaches problem solving and programming
in a broad context using a wide variety of interesting examples. If you have
any comments on and ​suggestions for improving the book, please email me.

Sincerely,
Y. Daniel Liang

[email protected]

www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang

www.pearsonhighered.com/liang

ACM/IEEE Curricular 2013 and

ABET Course Assessment
The new ACM/IEEE Computer Science Curricular 2013 defines the Body of
Knowledge organized into 18 Knowledge Areas. To help instructors design
the courses based on this book, we provide sample syllabi to identify the
Knowledge Areas and Knowledge Units. The ​sample syllabi are for a three
semester course sequence and serve as an example for institutional ​-
customization. The sample syllabi are accessible from the Instructor Resource
Website.

Many of our users are from the ABET-accredited programs. A key

component of the ABET accreditation is to identify the weakness through
continuous course assessment against the course outcomes. We provide
sample course outcomes for the courses and sample exams for measuring
course outcomes on the ​Instructor Resource Website.

What’s New in This Edition?

This edition is completely revised in every detail to enhance clarity,
presentation, content, examples, and exercises. The major improvements are
as follows:

The book’s title is changed to Introduction to Java Programming and

Data Structures with new enhancements on data structures. The book
uses a practical approach to introduce design, implement, and use data
structures and covers all topics in a typical data structures course.
Additionally, it provides bonus chapters that cover advanced data
structures such as 2-4 trees, B-trees, and red-black trees.

Updated to the latest Java technology. Examples and exercises are

improved and simplified by using the new features in Java 8.

The default and static methods are introduced for interfaces in Chapter
13.

The GUI chapters are updated to JavaFX 8. The examples are revised.
The user interfaces in the examples and exercises are now resizable and
displayed in the center of the window.

Inner classes, anonymous inner classes, and lambda expressions are

covered using practical examples in Chapter 15.

More examples and exercises in the data structures chapters use lambda
expressions to simplify coding. Method references are introduced along
with the Comparator interface in Section 20.6.

The forEach method is introduced in Chapter 20 as a simple alternative

to the foreach loop for applying an action to each element in a
collection.

Use the default methods for interfaces in Java 8 to redesign and simplify
MyList, ​MyArrayList , MyLinkedList, Tree, BST, AVLTree, MyMap,
MyHashMap, MySet, MyHashSet, Graph, UnweightedGraph, and
WeightedGraph in Chapters 24–29.

Chapter 30 is brand new to introduce aggregate operations for collection

streams.

FXML and the Scene Builder visual tool are introduced in Chapter 31.

The Companion Website has been redesigned with new interactive quiz,
 CheckPoint questions, animations, and live coding.

More than 200 additional programming exercises with solutions are

provided to the instructor on the Instructor Resource Website. These
exercises are not printed in the text.

Please visit www.pearsonhighered.com/liang for a complete list of new

features as well as correlations to the previous edition.

Pedagogical Features
The book uses the following elements to help students get the most from the
material:

The Objectives at the beginning of each chapter list what students

should learn from the chapter. This will help them determine whether
they have met the objectives after ​completing the chapter.

The Introduction opens the discussion with a thought-provoking

question to motivate the reader to delve into the chapter.

Key Points highlight the important concepts covered in each section.

Check Points provide review questions to help students track their

progress as they read through the chapter and evaluate their learning.

Problems and Case Studies, carefully chosen and presented in an easy-

to-follow style, teach problem solving and programming concepts. The
book uses many small, simple, and stimulating examples to demonstrate
important ideas.

The Chapter Summary reviews the important subjects that students

should understand and remember. It helps them reinforce the key
concepts they have learned in the chapter.

Quizzes are accessible online, grouped by sections, for students to do

self-test on ​programming concepts and techniques.
 Programming Exercises are grouped by sections to provide students with
opportunities to apply the new skills they have learned on their own. The
level of difficulty is rated as easy (no asterisk), moderate (*), hard (**),
or challenging (***). The trick of learning programming is practice,
practice, and practice. To that end, the book provides a great many
exercises. Additionally, more than 200 programming exercises with
solutions are provided to the instructors on the Instructor Resource
Website. These exercises are not printed in the text.

Notes, Tips, Cautions, and Design Guides are inserted throughout the
text to offer valuable advice and insight on important aspects of program
development.

Note
Provides additional information on the subject and reinforces important
concepts.

Tip
Teaches good programming style and practice.

Caution
Helps students steer away from the pitfalls of programming errors.

Design Guide
Provides guidelines for designing programs.
Flexible Chapter Orderings
The book is designed to provide flexible chapter orderings to enable GUI,
exception ​handling, recursion, generics, and the Java Collections Framework
to be covered earlier or later. The ​diagram on the next page shows the chapter
dependencies.
Organization of the Book
The chapters can be grouped into five parts that, taken together, form a
comprehensive introduction to Java programming, data structures and
algorithms, and database and Web programming. Because knowledge is
cumulative, the early chapters provide the conceptual basis for understanding
programming and guide students through simple examples and exercises;
subsequent chapters progressively present Java programming in detail,
culminating with the development of comprehensive Java applications. The
appendixes contain a mixed bag of topics, including an introduction to
number systems, bitwise operations, regular expressions, and enumerated
types.
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