Expressing Obligation:

“Have to/Have got to”

Introduction to "Have to"
• "Have to" is used to express strong obligation or necessity.

o Examples:
o "I have to wake up early."

o "She has to attend meetings."

o "They have to clean their rooms.“

o "I have to go to work.“

o “you have to go to school.”

o “She has to do her homework.”

Positive Form
o Structure: Subject + have to/has to + base verb

o Examples:
o "She has to attend the meeting."
o "They have to complete the project by Friday.“
o "She has to write the report."
Negative Form
o Structure: Subject + do not/does not + have to + base verb

o Examples:
o "He does not have to leave early."

o "I do not have to attend the meeting.“

o "She does not have to attend the class.“

o "They do not have to complete the assignment.“

o We don’t have to take exams.

o He doesn’t have to wear uniform at his work.

Question Form
o Structure: Do/Does + subject + have to + base verb?

o Examples:
o "Do you have to work tomorrow?"

o "Does she have to finish the report?"

• "Does she have to complete the report?“

• "Do they have to attend the meeting?“
• Does she have to study math?
• Do we have to take regular breaks?
Use: Expressing Strong Obligation
• “Have to” Used to show something is necessary or compulsory.

o Examples:
o "You have to wear a seatbelt."

o "We have to be on time for the flight."

o "I have to finish my homework."

o "She has to take her medicine.“

o You have to work hard if you want to become successful.

Use: General or Repeated Obligation
• “Have to” Expresses obligations based on laws, rules, or authority.

o Examples:
o "Students have to attend classes regularly."

o "Employees have to follow company policies."

o "Citizens have to pay taxes."

o "Children have to go to school.“

o Mom says you have to clean your room before you go out.

o Students have to wear uniform.

 Use: Impersonal Obligation
• "Have to" is impersonal and doesn’t express the speaker's
opinion.

o Examples:
o"Tickets have to be purchased in advance."
o"Forms have to be filled out completely."
o"Applications have to be submitted by the deadline."
o"Orders have to be placed by Friday.“
oMy doctor says I have to take my drugs regularly.
"Have to" in the Present
o Examples:
o "I have to study for my exams."
o "He has to finish his work."
o "We have to leave now."
o "She has to take her test."
"Have to" in the Future
o Examples:
o"I will have to move to a new city."
o"They will have to find a new job."
o"We will have to save more money."
o"She will have to take the bus.“
oYou will have study hard for your
final exams.
"Have to" in the Past
• Examples:
o"I had to work late yesterday."
o"He had to take his medicine."
o"They had to stay home."
o"She had to cancel her plans.“
Other forms
• She is rich. She has never had to do any work in her life.
(present perfect)
• I hate having to get up early in the mornings. (-ing form)
Absence of Obligation
• Don’t have to/doesn’t have to/didn’t have
express the absence of obligation _ you can
do it but it isn’t necessary.

• Examples:
• You don’t have take the final exam.
• She doesn’t have wear uniform at her work.
• We didn’t have to work late.
• You don’t have to iron your socks. It is a
waste of time.
Introduction to "Have got to"
• "Have got to" is a more informal way
to express obligation.

o Examples:
o"I’ve got to go now."
o"You’ve got to see this."
o"I’ve got to finish my homework."
o"She’s got to meet her friends."
Use: Informality
• “Have got to” is common in spoken English and more informal.

o Examples:
o "You’ve got to see this movie!"
o "We’ve got to try this restaurant."
o "I’ve got to get to the meeting.“
o "He’s got to fix his car.“
o We’ve got to get up early tomorrow.
Use: Specific Obligations
• “Have got to” Expresses obligations that are true now or soon.

o Examples:
o "I’ve got to finish this by tonight."

o "We’ve got to leave now."

o "I’ve got to call my boss."

o "She’s got to submit the report.“

o I’ve got answer my phone.

o The teacher says we’ve got to take a quick break right now.

o You’ve got to pay me back tomorrow.

 Comparison between "Have to"
and "Have got to"
o “Have to” expresses a general repeated obligation.
o “Have got to” expresses an obligation which true for
now.

o Examples:
o"I have to go to work." vs. "I’ve got to go to work."
o"You have to see this." vs. "You’ve got to see this."
o"I have to study tonight." vs. "I’ve got to study tonight
."
o"She has to leave now." vs. "She’s got to leave now."
Introduction to Modal Verbs
o Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express necessity,
possibility, permission, ability, or other
certain conditions.

o Can
o Could
o May
o Might
o Must
o Shall
o Should
o Will
o Would
o Ought to
Characteristics of Modal Verbs
• No Final -s/-es in Third Singular Person
o Unlike regular verbs, modal verbs do not take an
-s/-es in the third person singular.

o Examples:
o "She can swim." (Not "She cans swim.")

o "He must go." (Not "He musts go.")

Characteristics of Modal Verbs
• No Do/Does/Did in Questions or Negative Forms
• Modal verbs form questions and negatives without
using do/does/did.

o Examples:
o "Can she swim?" (Not "Does she can swim?")

o "He must not go." (Not "He does not must go.")
 Characteristics of Modal Verbs
• Modal Verbs Followed by Full Verb Without "to" (Exception: "Ought to")
• Most modal verbs are followed by the base form of the verb without "to."

o Examples:
o "She can swim." (Not "She can to swim.")

o "He should stay." (Not "He should to stay.")

o Exception: "Ought to" is followed by the base form with "to."

o "You ought to see a doctor."
Characteristics of Modal Verbs
• No Infinitive or Gerund Form
• Modal verbs do not have infinitive or gerund forms.

o Examples:
o "She wants to be able to swim." (Not "She wants

to can swim.")
o "He enjoys being able to stay." (Not "He enjoys

canning stay.")
Characteristics of Modal Verbs
• The Past of Modal Verbs (Modal + have + Past Participle)
• The past form of modals is created by using the modal
verb + have + past participle.

o Examples:
o "She could have gone."

o "He must have forgotten."

 Expressing Obligation:
“Should/Ought to/Must”
Should for Mild Obligation
• Used to express a mild obligation or duty.

o Examples:
o "You should attend the meeting."

o "Employees should follow company guidelines.“

o I think you should spend less money.

o You shouldn’t sit very close to the television.

Should for Mild Advice/Suggestion
• Used to give mild advice/recommendations or suggestions

o Examples:
o "You should eat more vegetables."

o "She should see a doctor.“

o "We should take a break.“

o You should see that movie.

Activity:
• Complete the sentences with “should”.

• "She ______ (exercise) more."

• "We ______ (visit) the new restaurant.“
• "You ______ (attend) the meeting."
Ought to for Mild Obligation
• Used to express mild obligation, similar to "should."

o Examples:
o "You ought to report this issue."

o "He ought to wear a helmet.“

o You ought to be more careful with spending your money.

o "We ought to review the plan."

o "She ought to check her email."

Ought to for Mild Advice/Suggestion
• Used to give mild advice or suggestions
similar to “should”.

o Examples:
o"You ought to rest more."
o"They ought to study harder.“
oYou ought to eat more fruit.
oYou ought to get enough sleep.
Activity:
• Write sentences using "ought to" for obligation,
advice, and suggestion.

o Examples:
• "You ______ (report) this issue."
• "They ______ (review) their notes."
• "We ______ (visit) our relatives."
Must for Strong Obligation
• 1. Must expresses:
strong obligation or necessity. It often involves the speaker's opinion
or it usually expresses the wishes and feeling of the speaker.

o Examples:
o "You must finish your work on time."

o "Drivers must fasten their seatbelts.“

o You must take care of your small sister.

• 2. Must indicates a personal obligation or necessity.

o Examples:
o "I must call my parents."

o I must buy my mother a present for her birthday.

o We must not sleep tonight.

o I must complete my assignment by tomorrow.

Activity:
• Write sentences using "must" for strong obligation
and personal necessity.

o Examples:
• "You ______ (submit) the report."
• "He ______ (attend) the interview."
• "I ______ (buy) groceries."
Comparison between "Have to" and "Must"
o "Have to" indicates external obligation (rules or laws).
o "Must" indicates internal obligation (personal opinion).

o Examples:
o "You have to wear a uniform." (External)

o "I must apologize." (Internal)

• Activity:
• Compare sentences using "have to" and "must."
o Examples:
• "You ______ (wear) a uniform."
• "I ______ (apologize)."
Modal Verbs of Ability
Can for Ability
• "Can" is used to express ability in the present.
o Examples:
o "She can speak four languages."

o "I can play the guitar."

Could for Ability

• "Could" is used to express general ability in the past.
o Examples:
o "When I was young, I could run very fast.“

o "He could swim well as a child."

Other Forms: Be Able to/Managed to
• "Be able to" and "managed to" can be used to express ability
in various tenses.

o Examples:
o "I am able to meet you tomorrow."

o "She was able to finish the project on time."

o "He managed to solve the problem."

• "Could" for General Ability in the Past
• "Could" is used to describe general abilities in the past.

o Examples:
o "When I was a child, I could climb trees."

o "She could run very fast."

• "Was Able to" / "Managed to" for Specific Occasions in the Past
• "Was able to" or "managed to" are used to describe abilities
on specific occasions in the past.

o Examples:
o "He was able to fix the car."

o "She managed to complete the assignment on time.“

o I was able to see the president.

o The prisoner managed to escape.

Activity:
• Create sentences using "can," "could," "be able to," and "managed to."
o Examples:
• "I _____ (play) the piano."
• "She _____ (speak) Spanish fluently."
• "They _____ (finish) the task yesterday."
Modal Verbs of Permission
Can for Permission
• "Can" is used to ask for or give permission.
o Examples:
"Can I go to the bathroom?"
o

"You can use my phone.“

o

You can borrow my car.

o

You can’t leave the class.

o

You can’t come in here with your muddy shoes!

o
Modal Verbs of Permission
May for Permission
• "May" is a more formal way to ask for or give permission.
oExamples:
"May I leave early?"
o

"You may enter the room.“

o

You may speak about your day.

o

May I come in?

o
 Other Form: Be Allowed to
• "Be allowed to" is another way to express permission.

o Examples:
o"Students are allowed to use the library after school."
o"Are we allowed to take pictures here?“
oYou are not allowed to sit here. It is a military site here.
oAre we allowed to use dictionary for this test?
oAm I allowed to use your laptop?
Asking for Permission
• Various forms can be used to ask for permission.

o Examples:
o"Can I borrow your pen?"
o"Could I sit here?"
o"May I open the window?"
o"Am I allowed to leave early?"
Activity:
• Create sentences asking for and giving permission
using "can," "could," "may," and "be allowed to."

o Examples:
• "_____ I use your book?"
• "You _____ (leave) now."
• "_____ we have a break?"
Modal Verbs of Request
Can for Request
o "Can" is used to make informal requests.
o Examples:
o "Can you help me?"

o "Can you pass the salt?"

Could for Request

• "Could" is a more polite way to make requests.
o Examples:
o "Could you open the door?"

o "Could you explain that again?"

Modal Verbs of Request
Will for Request
•"Will" is often used for informal requests.
o Examples:
o "Will you lend me your notes?"

o "Will you join us?"

Would for Request

• "Would" is a polite way to make requests.
o Examples:
o "Would you mind helping me?"

o "Would you pass the sugar?"

Other Forms: Request
• Phrases like "Would you mind..." and "Do you mind..." are
used for polite requests.

o Examples:
o "Would you mind closing the window?"

o "Do you mind if I sit here?"

Activity:
• Create sentences making requests using "can,"
"could," "will," "would," and other polite forms.

o Examples:
• "_____ you help me with this?"
• "_____ you explain it again?"
• "_____ you mind if I join you?"
Modal Verbs of Offers
Will for Offer
• "Will" is often used to make offers.
o Examples:
o "I will help you with that."

o "Will you have some coffee?"

Should for Offer (in Question Form)

• "Should" can be used in question form to make
suggestions or offers.
o Examples:
o "Should I call a taxi for you?"

o "Should we start now?"

Other Form: ”Let’s”
• "Let's" is used to make generally inclusive offers and suggestions.
o Examples:
o "Let's go out for lunch."

o "Let's start the meeting."

• Activity:
• Create sentences offering help or making suggestions using "will,"
”should," and "let's."
o Examples:
• "I _____ help you with that."
• "_____ I open the window?"
• "_____ go for a walk."