The process Of
Instructing,Guiding,Counselling,Motivating and
Leading people in the organization to achieve
its objectives
1. Directing Initiates Action.
2. Directing takes place at every level of
management.
3. Direction is a continuous Process.
4. Directing Flows from Top to Bottom.
1. Initiates Action.
2. Integrate Group Activity.
3. Provides Motivation.
4. Facilitate Changes.
5. Provides Stability and Balance in the
Organization.
1. Supervision
2. Motivation
3. Leadership
4. Communication
Instructing, Guiding and Observing and
subordinates at work to ensure that they are
Working As Per Plan and to help them in
solving their work problems.
Process of Stimulating and Inspiring people at
work to accomplish desired goal.
Inner Psychological Force.
▸ Motive-Desire, which Activates, Compels and
Directs and individual to behave in the direction
of achievement of goals.
▸ Motivation- Process of Stimulating and
Inspiring people at work to accomplish desired
goals.
▸ Motivator- Technique used to Motivate People
in an organisation. Like pay, bonus, promotion,
recognition, responsibility etc.
1. Motivation is an Internal Feeling.
2. Motivation produces Goal Directed Behaviour.
3. Motivation can be either Positive or Negative.
4. Motivation is a Complex Process.
Abraham Maslow, An eminent U.S
Psychologist.
Maslow's theory is based on Human Needs.
He suggested that within every human being,
there exists a Hierarchy Of Five Needs.
1) Basic Physiological Needs-
Include food, shelter, clothing and other basic
necessities of life.
2) Safety/ Security Needs-
Include Physical security & financial security.
3) Social/Affiliation Or Belonging Needs-
Include need for affection, love, sense of
belongingness, acceptance, companionship and
friendship
4) Esteem Needs-
Include the need for self-respect, autonomy
status, recognition and attention.
5) Self-Actualisation Needs –
Need for becoming What one really want to
become.
Also called the Dual Factor Theory and the
Motivation-Hygiene Theory of Motivation.
Herzberg conducted extensive Interviews and
Asked employees to think of a time when you
Felt Exceptionally Good or Exceptionally Bad
about your job.
The results indicated that when people talked
about Feeling Good/Satisfied they mentioned
features Intrinsic To The Job and when people
talked about Feeling Dissatisfied with the job
they talked, about factors Extrinsic To The Job.
Herzberg called these 'Motivation' and
'Maintenance' factors respectively.
1. Hygiene Factors (Maintenance Factors)
2. Motivators
Hygiene Factors (Maintenance Factors/Extrinsic)•
They are related to the Condition Under which a
job is performed.
They are Environment Related Factors, hygiene.
They must be viewed as preventive measures that
remove source of dissatisfaction from the
environment. Like physical hygiene, they do not
lead to growth but only prevent deterioration. It
will Not Improve Motivation.
HF- No Growth in work output, they Prevent Loss
in performance.
* Includes- Company Policy, Relationship with
superior, working condition etc.
Motivators (Intrinsic Factor)
They make People Satisfied with their job.
If managers wish to increase motivation and
performance above the average level, they must
Enrich The Work and Increase A Persons'
Freedom on the job. Motivation are necessary to
keep job satisfaction and Job Performance High.
Includes-
Achievement,Recognition,Responsibility,
Advancement, Growth.
In order to maximize human productivity, it is
absolutely necessary to Satisfy Employees'
Maintenance Needs and provide the
opportunity to Increase Their Motivation
Needs.
Incentives - all Measures/Techniques which are used to Motivate
people to contribute more efficiently.
The need of individual are Varied and Different. Incentives are
broadly classified as:
1) Financial Incentive
2) Non-Financial Incentive.
Category Incentive Description Example
Base salary, dearness
Base compensation for
Financial Salary and Allowances allowance, house rent
work performed
allowance
Performance-based Performance-linked
Bonus
reward cash payouts
Employees receive a
Profit Sharing Sharing company profits portion of company
profits
Employees can
Ownership stake in purchase company
Stock Options
company stock at a discounted
price
Earning based on
Commission Sales-based incentive
sales generated
Additional benefits
Perquisites Fringe benefits
beyond salary
Promotions, awards, public
Non-Financial Status Recognition and prestige
recognition
Feeling valued, supported,
Organizational Climate Positive work environment
and respected
Career Advancement Opportunities for learning
Growth and development
Opportunities and promotion
More challenging and Increased responsibility
Job Enrichment
meaningful work and autonomy
Assurance of continued
Job Security Feeling of stability
employment
Formal and informal
Employee Recognition Appreciation for
recognition for
Programs contributions
achievements
Involvement in decision-
Employee Participation Feeling valued and heard
making
The ability to make
Employee Empowerment Authority and control decisions and take
ownership
Leadership Process of Influencing the Behaviour of
people towards achievement of organisational Goal.
Leadership indicates the Ability of an Individual to
maintain Good Interpersonal Relations with Followers
and Motivate them to contribute for Organizational
Objectives.
Leadership indicates Ability of an individual to
Influence Others.
It aims to bring Change in the Behaviour of others.
It indicates Interpersonal Relations between leader
and followers.
It is exercised to Achieve Common Goals of the
organisation.
It is a Continuous Process.
Aspect Manager Leader
Focus Tasks and processes People and development
Long-term vision and
Goals Short-term objectives and deadlines
strategy
Authority Formal authority through position Influence and inspiration
Empowerment and
Motivation Control and direction
motivation
Encourages innovation and
Innovation Ensures stability and efficiency
risk-taking
Creates a culture of trust
Culture Emphasizes adherence to rules
and collaboration
Adapts to change and
Change Maintains stability and consistency
encourages flexibility
Inspires and motivates
Team Oversees and directs team members
followers
Uses "I" and focuses on individual Uses "We" and emphasizes
Language
contributions teamwork
Leadership Styles
Under this style, the Leader Centralizes All Decision - Making
powers and exercises Complete Control over his subordinate.
Communication is One Way.
Autocratic leader is Dogmatic.
This leadership style is Effective in Getting Productivity in
many situations like in a factory where supervisior is
responsible for production on time and has to ensure labour
productivity. This style of leadership also known as 'Directive
Style Of Leadership
Advantages:
1) Quick decision making.
2) Necessary for Less Competent Employee.
Disadvantages:
1) Leads to Low Morale and Frustration among
subordinates.
2) Reduce Initiatives and Creativity of subordinates.
3) Subordinates do not get an Opportunity for
development and growth.
Example-Adolf Hitler, Napoleon Bonaparte .
A democratic leader develops action plan and Makes
Decisions in Consultation with his subordinates.
He encourage them to Participate In Decision Making and to
give suggestions in setting goal.
▸ The democratic leader needs to Respect The Other's
Opinion and support subordinate in performing their duties
and achieving organizational objective.
This style of leadership Wins Greater Confidence,
Cooperation, Loyalty and Initiatives of the group. It Raises
the Morale of the subordinates.
Advantages:
1) Improves Morale and Job Satisfaction of employees.
2) Promotes a sense of Belongingness Responsibility
among subordinates.
3) Improve Decision Making.
4) Reduce Labour-Turnover and Absenteeism.
Disadvantage:
1) May lead to Unnecessary Delay in Decision Making.
2) Leader may try to Evade Responsibility by passing the
work to subordinates.
This style of leadership is known as "Laissez Faire" which
means no interference in the affair of others. (French word
means Let them do').
The followers are given High Degree of Independence and
Freedom to formulate their own objective and ways to
achieve them.
Group members work on their own tasks and resolve the
issue themselves.
The Leader is their Only to Support Them and supply them
the required information to complete the task assigned and
subordinates. This style is Effective only when leaders are
leading a Team of Highly Motivated and Skilled People,
who have produced excellent work in the past.
Advantages:
1) Improves Morale, Self-Confidence and Job Satisfaction of
employee.
2) Maximum Opportunity for Development and Growth of
subordinates.
3) It facilitates quick Making
Disadvantages:
1) Subordinates do not get the Benefit of Knowledge, Guidance
and Support of leader.
2) Subordinates may give more importance to their Personal
Interest as against Organizational Interest.
