New test - October 29, 2017 [32 marks]

In which set do all the species contain more electrons than neutrons? [1 mark]
1.
A. 14N, 16O, 11C

B. 14N, 16O, 11C4–

C. 14N3–, 16O2–, 11C

D. 14N3–, 16O2–, 11C4+

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

Which electron transition in the hydrogen atom emission spectrum emits radiation with the longest wavelength? [1 mark]
2.
A. n=2→n=1

B. n=1→n=2

C. n=4→n=1

D. n=3→n=2

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]

What does 24 2+ represent? [1 mark]

3. 12M g

A. An ion with 12 protons and 24 neutrons

B. An ion with 14 protons and 24 neutrons

C. An ion with 12 protons and 12 neutrons

D. An ion with 12 protons and 22 neutrons

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]
 Which is correct for the line emission spectrum for hydrogen? [1 mark]
4.

A. Line M has a higher energy than line N.

B. Line N has a lower frequency than line M.
C. Line M has a longer wavelength than line N.
D. Lines converge at lower energy.

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

5. Which is correct for the chromium isotope 53

24
Cr? [1 mark]

A. 24 neutrons and 53 nucleons

B. 24 protons and 29 nucleons
C. 24 protons and 29 neutrons
D. 24 electrons and 53 neutrons

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

The diagram shows the first ionization energies of four consecutive elements in the periodic table. Which element is in Group 14? [1 mark]
6.

Markscheme
B
 Examiners report
[N/A]

Which electron configurations do not follow the Hund's rule? [1 mark]

7.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
Many G2s and OCC forum comments were made by teachers as reference had been made to the Aufbau principle instead of just Hund
´s rule. This was however no problem for the students as 88% recognised that options II and III are incorrect electron configurations.

8. Which equation represents the second ionization energy of potassium? [1 mark]

A. K(g) → K2+ (g) + 2e−

B. K+ (g) → K2+ (g) + e−
C. K(s) → K2+ (g) + 2e−
D. K+ (s) → K2+ (g) + e−

Markscheme
B

Examiners report
[N/A]

What is the abbreviated electron configuration of the telluride ion, Te2− ? [1 mark]
9.
A. [Kr]5s25d105p6
B. [Kr]5s24d105p2
C. [Kr]5s24d105p4
D. [Kr]5s24d105p6

Markscheme
D
 Examiners report
[N/A]

Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom? [1 mark]

10.
A. Protons and electrons

B. Neutrons and electrons

C. Protons and neutrons

D. Protons, neutrons and electrons

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

What is the name of the type of spectrum consisting only of specific wavelengths? [1 mark]
11.
A. Electromagnetic

B. Continuous

C. Line

D. Mass

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

Which quantities are the same for all atoms of chlorine? [1 mark]
12.
I. Number of protons

II. Number of neutrons

III. Number of electrons

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Markscheme
B

Examiners report
[N/A]
13. Which statement about the isotopes of an element is correct? [1 mark]

A. They have the same mass number.

B. They have a different atomic number.

C. They have the same chemical properties.

D. They are located in different places in the periodic table.

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

What is the relative atomic mass of an element with the following mass spectrum? [1 mark]
14.

A. 24

B. 25

C. 26

D. 27

Markscheme
A

Examiners report
There were G2 comments about the mathematical ability required for this question and the format of the graph. The high difficulty index
of 80% and satisfactory discrimination index of 0.42 would however indicate that it was accessible to candidates.

15. Between which ionization energies of boron will there be the greatest difference? [1 mark]

A. Between 1st and 2nd ionization energies

B. Between 2nd and 3rd ionization energies

C. Between 3rd and 4th ionization energies

D. Between 4th and 5th ionization energies

 Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

16. Which species possesses only two unpaired electrons? [1 mark]

A. Zn

B. Mg

C. Ti2+
D. Fe2+

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

17. What is the order of increasing energy of the orbitals within a single energy level? [1 mark]

A. d<s<f<p
B. s<p<d<f
C. p<s<f<d
D. f<d<p<s

Markscheme
B

Examiners report
[N/A]

Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.

Magnesium ions produce no emission or absorption lines in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Suggest why most [1 mark]
18a.
magnesium compounds tested in a school laboratory show traces of yellow in the flame.
 Markscheme
contamination with sodium/other «compounds»

Examiners report
[N/A]

18b. (i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum. [2 marks]

(ii) State what can be determined from the frequency of the convergence limit.

Markscheme
i
energy levels are closer together at high energy / high frequency / short wavelength

ii
ionisation energy

Examiners report
[N/A]

Copper is a metal that has been used by humans for thousands of years.

65Cu. [1 mark]
19a. State the full electron configuration of

Markscheme
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1/1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10;
 Examiners report
Most were able to quote the electron configuration of copper correctly; but some gave [Ar] 4s1 3d9 when they were specifically asked for
the full configuration. A few, inevitably gave 3d9 4s2. In (b), few related the difference in mass to a property and most did not give the
comparison; “the same number of electrons and protons” was more popular than “the same electron configuration”. The descriptions of
metallic bonding were disappointing; the mark for electrostatic attraction was rarely scored and many confused “nuclei” with
“cations/positive ions”.

63 65
19b. State one difference in the physical properties of the isotopes Cu and Cu and explain why their chemical properties are the [2 marks]
same.

Physical:

Chemical:

Markscheme
Physical:
63Cu lower boiling point/melting point/density/greater rate of diffusion than 65Cu;

Accept converse argument.

Do not accept “different mass”.

Chemical:

(properties identical because) same electron configuration/arrangement of electrons;

Accept “same number of protons and electrons”.

Do not accept “same number of electrons” OR “same valence (electrons)” OR “same atomic number” only.

Examiners report
Most were able to quote the electron configuration of copper correctly; but some gave [Ar] 4s1 3d9 when they were specifically asked for
the full configuration. A few, inevitably gave 3d9 4s2. In (b), few related the difference in mass to a property and most did not give the
comparison; “the same number of electrons and protons” was more popular than “the same electron configuration”. The descriptions of
metallic bonding were disappointing; the mark for electrostatic attraction was rarely scored and many confused “nuclei” with
“cations/positive ions”.

Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy and carry information.

20. State the relationship between the energy of a wave and its wavelength. [1 mark]
 Markscheme
hc
E= λ
/E = α λ1 / energy inversely proportional to wavelength / the higher the energy the shorter the wavelength / OWTTE;

Do not accept E = hυ/hf.

Examiners report
Most students scored the mark but only a few of them stated the quantitative relationship (inverse proportionality).

21. Describe the essential difference between the emission spectrum of sodium and the absorption spectrum of sodium. [1 mark]

Markscheme
Emission spectrum: coloured lines and Absorption spectrum: black/dark lines;

OR

Emission spectrum: lines and Absorption spectrum: continuous;

Allow “Emission spectrum: electrons emit energy as they drop to lower energy levels and Absorption spectrum: electrons absorb energy
as they are promoted to higher energy levels” / OWTTE.

Examiners report
Students found it difficult to explain clearly the difference between emission and absorption spectra for part (a). Most candidates
successful in gaining the mark, described the difference in terms of energy released or absorbed by the electrons. There was lack of
understanding however for the difference in the coloured and the dark lines produced by the two spectra. Candidates who described the
difference in terms of coloured lines or continuous spectrum had difficulty attaining the mark. Very few students achieved all 4 points for
part (b). Most had difficulty completing the information for 1H NMR. Many stated a number for what was measured instead of the
atomic/molecular process e.g. chemical shift as opposed to nuclear spin. Candidates were well prepared for answering part (c) often,
stating concentration of the element as the answer.

The element boron has two naturally occurring isotopes, 10B and 11B.

22a. Define the term isotopes of an element. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
atoms of the same element/with the same number of protons/with same atomic

number but different number of neutrons/mass number/mass;

Examiners report
Few candidates defined isotopes in terms of atoms.

22b. Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope, given that the relative atomic mass of B is 10.81. [2 marks]

Markscheme
10x + 11(1 − x) = 10.81, x = 0.19;
Accept similar method.
10B: 19% and 11B: 81%;

Examiners report
The percentage abundance was generally done well.

Lithium and boron are elements in period 2 of the periodic table. Lithium occurs in group 1 (the alkali metals) and boron occurs in group
3. Isotopes exist for both elements.

23a. The electron configuration of boron is 1s 2s 2p . Draw the shape of an s orbital and a px orbital on the axes below.
2 2 1 [1 mark]
 Markscheme
symmetrical shape of s orbital and dumbbell-shaped p orbital with electron density along x-axis;

Examiners report
In part (iii), a common mistake involved candidates drawing the lobe of electron density around the y or z axes for the px orbital. Some
candidates drew three dumbells for the s-orbital. Other candidates incorrectly drew hybrid orbitals.

(ii) Cobalt is a transition metal. One common ion of cobalt is Co3+ . Draw the orbital diagram (using the arrow-in-box notation) [2 marks]
23b.
for the Co3+ ion.

Markscheme
(ii)

Allow full arrows instead of half-arrows for example ↑↓.

Do not allow arrows with the same spin for example ↑↑ or ↓↓ in the same orbital.

Do not allow an orbital diagram with a

4s 13d5 configuration.

Examiners report
The orbital diagram in (ii) also proved to be quite a good discriminating question. Many candidates failed to realise that the electrons are
removed from the 4s level before the 3d for a first-row transition metal ion. In addition, a significant number of candidates showed poor
understanding of Hund‟s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity which states that when degenerate orbitals are available, electrons fill the
orbitals singly before filling them in pairs. Hence, in many cases incorrect representations were seen for the 3d which involved three
pairs of electrons of opposite spin being inserted in three 3d orbitals. Most candidates stated the Co2+ ion, though a common incorrect
answer was Co4+ . Part (iv) involved candidates having to explain why the complex [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 is coloured. This question was
asked a number of times in previous examinations and previously was typically really very poorly answered. In N12, the explanations
certainly were better though some candidates mixed up the principles of the line emission spectrum of hydrogen with the d to d
transitions involved in the explanation of colour pertaining to a transition metal complex.
 24. Explain why the relative atomic mass of argon is greater than the relative atomic mass of potassium, even though the atomic [1 mark]
number of potassium is greater than the atomic number of argon.

Markscheme
argon has a greater proportion of heavier isotopes / OWTTE / argon has a greater number of neutrons;

Examiners report
This question was the best answered on the paper and generally well answered question. In part (a) candidates sometimes incorrectly
used the term relative atomic mass instead of relative isotopic mass when referring to the mass of an isotope.

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