testes, peak age 15–35 yrs.

Cancer Etiology & Risk Factors: Cryptorchidism,

family history, HIV, infertility, Klinefelter’s
syndrome.
Prostate Cancer
Case Description: Malignancy of the Pathophysiology: Germ cell tumors
prostate gland, usually adenocarcinoma, (seminomas radiosensitive, non-
common in men >50 years. seminomas aggressive). Spread via
lymphatics to retroperitoneal nodes, lungs,
Etiology & Risk Factors: Age, family history, liver, brain.
African-American race, high-fat diet,
androgen exposure. Signs & Symptoms: Painless lump/swelling
in testicle, scrotal heaviness, back pain
Pathophysiology: Initiates from prostatic (retroperitoneal spread), gynecomastia.
epithelial cells due to androgen stimulation.
Tumor spreads locally to seminal vesicles, Diagnostics:
bladder neck, rectum. Hematogenous
 - Scrotal ultrasound (solid vs cystic).
spread to bones, lungs, liver.
 - Serum tumor markers: AFP, β-hCG,
Signs & Symptoms: Urinary hesitancy, LDH.
frequency, nocturia, weak stream,  - Radical orchiectomy biopsy.
hematuria, erectile dysfunction, bone pain  - CT scan for metastasis.
(metastasis).
Medical Management: Orchiectomy,
Diagnostics: chemotherapy, radiation (seminomas).

 - PSA (blood test for antigen levels). Nursing Interventions: Pain relief, wound
 - DRE (palpation of prostate through care, fertility counseling, body image
rectum). support, education on testicular self-exam.
 - TRUS biopsy (ultrasound guided).
 - Bone scan (detects metastasis).
 - MRI (local invasion). Bladder Cancer
Case Description: Malignant neoplasm of
Medical Management: Active surveillance, bladder lining, often transitional cell
radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, carcinoma.
androgen deprivation, chemotherapy.
Etiology & Risk Factors: Smoking, aromatic
Nursing Interventions: Monitor urinary amine exposure, chronic infection,
output, catheter care, pain management, schistosomiasis.
psychosocial support, education on sexual
health. Pathophysiology: Carcinogen exposure
causes urothelial mutation. Multifocal
growth invades muscle and pelvic
Testicular Cancer structures.
Case Description: Malignant tumor of
Signs & Symptoms: Painless hematuria, Nursing Interventions: Neutropenic &
dysuria, frequency, pelvic pain (advanced). bleeding precautions, pain management,
emotional support, family education.
Diagnostics:

 - Cystoscopy with biopsy.

Laryngeal Cancer
 - Urine cytology.
Case Description: Malignancy of larynx,
 - IV pyelogram/CT urogram.
mostly squamous cell carcinoma.
 - CT/MRI for staging.
Etiology & Risk Factors: Smoking, alcohol,
Medical Management: TURBT, intravesical
HPV, asbestos.
chemo/BCG therapy, cystectomy
(advanced). Pathophysiology: Malignant mucosal
transformation with local invasion and
Nursing Interventions: Monitor urine
cervical lymph node metastasis.
output, encourage fluids, bladder irrigation,
stoma care post-cystectomy. Signs & Symptoms: Hoarseness, dysphagia,
sore throat, hemoptysis, neck mass.

Leukemia Diagnostics:
Case Description: Malignant proliferation of
abnormal WBC precursors in bone marrow.  - Laryngoscopy with biopsy.
 - CT/MRI.
Etiology & Risk Factors: Radiation,  - PET scan.
benzene, chemotherapy, Down syndrome,
genetic mutations. Medical Management: Partial/total
laryngectomy, radiation, chemotherapy.
Pathophysiology: Blast proliferation
crowds normal hematopoiesis causing Nursing Interventions: Airway
anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia. management, tracheostomy care,
nutritional support, communication aid.
Signs & Symptoms: Fatigue, pallor,
infections, bleeding, bone pain,
hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy. Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular
Carcinoma)
Diagnostics:
Case Description: Primary malignant tumor
 - CBC (anemia, thrombocytopenia, of hepatocytes.
abnormal WBC).
Etiology & Risk Factors: Chronic HBV/HCV,
 - Peripheral smear (blasts).
cirrhosis, aflatoxin, alcoholism.
 - Bone marrow biopsy.
 - Immunophenotyping. Pathophysiology: Chronic injury and
 - Cytogenetic studies. regeneration causes mutations; tumor
grows causing portal hypertension &
Medical Management: Chemotherapy,
failure.
targeted therapy, bone marrow transplant.
Signs & Symptoms: RUQ pain, monitor bowel function, pain control,
hepatomegaly, jaundice, ascites, weight patient education.
loss.

Diagnostics: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Case Description: Malignancy of lymphoid
 - AFP levels.
tissue with Reed-Sternberg cells.
 - Ultrasound.
 - CT/MRI (triple phase). Etiology & Risk Factors: EBV,
 - Liver biopsy. immunosuppression, young and older
adults.
Medical Management: Surgery, liver
transplant, TACE, radiofrequency ablation, Pathophysiology: Abnormal B cells spread
sorafenib. contiguously via lymph nodes, spleen,
marrow.
Nursing Interventions: Monitor liver
function, manage ascites, pain Signs & Symptoms: Painless
management, nutritional support. lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats,
weight loss, pruritus.

Colon Cancer Diagnostics:

Case Description: Adenocarcinoma of
colon/rectum, often from polyps.  - Lymph node biopsy (Reed-Sternberg
cells).
Etiology & Risk Factors: Age >50, family  - CBC.
history, IBD, diet, Lynch syndrome.  - CT/PET scan.
 - Bone marrow biopsy.
Pathophysiology: Adenoma-carcinoma
sequence with local invasion and liver Medical Management: Chemotherapy
metastasis. (ABVD regimen), radiation.

Signs & Symptoms: Change in bowel habits, Nursing Interventions: Monitor for
bleeding, anemia, abdominal pain, weight infection, manage fatigue, fertility
loss. counseling, psychosocial support.

Diagnostics:
Lung Cancer
 - Colonoscopy with biopsy.
Case Description: Malignant tumor of lung
 - FOBT.
(NSCLC and SCLC).
 - CEA marker.
 - CT colonography. Etiology & Risk Factors: Smoking, asbestos,
 - CT abdomen/pelvis. radon gas, pollution.
Medical Management: Surgical resection, Pathophysiology: Mutated epithelial cells
chemotherapy, radiation (rectal). form tumor, spreading to brain, bone, liver,
adrenals.
Nursing Interventions: Colostomy care,
Signs & Symptoms: Cough, hemoptysis, Nursing Interventions: Pain control,
dyspnea, chest pain, weight loss. fracture prevention, hydration, infection
prevention, monitor renal & calcium levels.
Diagnostics:

 - Chest X-ray.
 - CT scan.
 - Bronchoscopy with biopsy.
 - Sputum cytology.
 - PET scan.

Medical Management: Surgery,

chemotherapy, radiation,
targeted/immunotherapy.

Nursing Interventions: Oxygen therapy,

airway clearance, pain relief, smoking
cessation, palliative care.

Multiple Myeloma
Case Description: Plasma cell malignancy in
bone marrow.

Etiology & Risk Factors: Radiation,

pesticides, family history, African descent.

Pathophysiology: Monoclonal plasma cells

overproduce immunoglobulins; bone
lesions, renal failure, anemia result.

Signs & Symptoms: Bone pain, fractures,

hypercalcemia, anemia, renal impairment.

Diagnostics:

 - Serum protein electrophoresis.

 - Urine Bence-Jones proteins.
 - Bone marrow biopsy.
 - Skeletal survey (X-ray).
 - MRI/CT.
 - Blood tests for calcium, renal function.

Medical Management: Chemotherapy,

targeted therapy, stem cell transplant,
bisphosphonates, dialysis.