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Microsoft Visual C 2010 An Introduction to Object

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Object-Oriented
Programming
Using C++
Fourth Edition
Joyce Farrell

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Using C++, Fourth Edition
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
BRIEF CONTENTS
PREFACE xvii
READ THIS BEFORE YOU BEGIN xxi

CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW OF OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

AND C++ 1

CHAPTER 2 EVALUATING C++ EXPRESSIONS 51

CHAPTER 3 MAKING DECISIONS 81

CHAPTER 4 PERFORMING LOOPS 123

CHAPTER 5 UNDERSTANDING ARRAYS, STRINGS, AND POINTERS 165

CHAPTER 6 USING C++ FUNCTIONS 223

CHAPTER 7 USING CLASSES 283

CHAPTER 8 CLASS FEATURES AND DESIGN ISSUES 333

CHAPTER 9 UNDERSTANDING FRIENDS AND OVERLOADING OPERATORS 385

CHAPTER 10 UNDERSTANDING INHERITANCE 451

CHAPTER 11 USING TEMPLATES 501

CHAPTER 12 HANDLING EXCEPTIONS 557

CHAPTER 13 ADVANCED INPUT AND OUTPUT 615

CHAPTER 14 ADVANCED TOPICS 673

APPENDIX A GETTING STARTED WITH MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 2008 731
APPENDIX B GETTING STARTED WITH OTHER C++ COMPILERS 737
APPENDIX C OPERATOR PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY 745
APPENDIX D FORMATTING OUTPUT 749
APPENDIX E GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS 755
GLOSSARY 761
INDEX 777

iii
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS
PREFACE xvii
READ THIS BEFORE YOU BEGIN xxi

CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW OF OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

AND C++ 1
THE TASK OF PROGRAMMING 2
PROGRAMMING UNIVERSALS 3
PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING 5
Early Procedural Programs 5
Modularity and Abstraction 7
Encapsulation 10
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 11
Objects and Classes 11
Inheritance 12
Polymorphism 13
GETTING STARTED IN THE C++ PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT 13
Creating a main() Function 14
WORKING WITH VARIABLES AND THE const QUALIFIER 16
The int Data Type 18
The char Data Type 18
The bool Data Type 19
Floating-Point Data Types 19
Declaring Variables 19
The const Qualifier 21
CREATING COMMENTS 22
ANSI/ISO STANDARD C++ 23
Using Libraries, Preprocessor Directives, and namespace 24
PRODUCING C++ OUTPUT 25
PROVIDING C++ INPUT 27
A FIRST LOOK AT DATA STRUCTURES AND CLASSES 29
YOU DO IT 32
Creating a Program That Displays Variable Values 32
Introducing Errors into a Program 34
Modifying a Program to Accept Input Values 35
Creating a Simple Structure 36

v
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER SUMMARY 37
KEY TERMS 38
REVIEW QUESTIONS 43
EXERCISES 45
CASE PROJECT 1 48
CASE PROJECT 2 48
UP FOR DISCUSSION 49

CHAPTER 2 EVALUATING C++ EXPRESSIONS 51

USING C++ BINARY ARITHMETIC OPERATORS 52
Using Modulus 56
PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY OF ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS 58
SHORTCUT ARITHMETIC OPERATORS 59
Compound Assignment Operators 59
Increment and Decrement Operators 60
OTHER UNARY OPERATORS 61
EVALUATING BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS 63
PERFORMING OPERATIONS ON STRUCT FIELDS 65
YOU DO IT 67
Using Arithmetic Operators 67
Using Prefix and Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators 68
Using Operators with struct Fields 69
CHAPTER SUMMARY 71
KEY TERMS 71
REVIEW QUESTIONS 73
EXERCISES 75
CASE PROJECT 1 78
CASE PROJECT 2 78
UP FOR DISCUSSION 79

CHAPTER 3 MAKING DECISIONS 81

USING THE IF STATEMENT 82
The Single-Alternative if 82
The Dual-Alternative if 85
USING A NESTED IF 87
AVOIDING COMMON PITFALLS WITH IF STATEMENTS 89
Pitfall: Forgetting that C++ Comparisons are Case Sensitive 89
Pitfalls: Assuming that indentation has a logical purpose, adding
an Unwanted Semicolon, and Forgetting Curly Braces 90

vi
 CONTENTS

Pitfall: Using = Instead of == 91

Pitfall: Making Unnecessary Comparisons 93
Pitfall: Creating Unreachable Code 94
USING THE SWITCH STATEMENT 96
USING THE CONDITIONAL OPERATOR 99
USING THE LOGICAL AND AND OR OPERATORS 100
Using the Logical AND Operator 100
Using the Logical OR Operator 102
Pitfall: Using OR When You Mean AND 104
Combining AND and OR Selections 104
MAKING DECISIONS WITH STRUCTURE FIELDS 105
YOU DO IT 107
Using a Single-Alternative if 107
Using a Dual-Alternative if 108
Using a Compound Condition and Nested ifs 109
CHAPTER SUMMARY 111
KEY TERMS 112
REVIEW QUESTIONS 113
EXERCISES 117
CASE PROJECT 1 121
CASE PROJECT 2 121
UP FOR DISCUSSION 122

CHAPTER 4 PERFORMING LOOPS 123

THE while LOOP 124
WRITING TYPICAL LOOPS 127
A Typical Loop: Input Verification 127
A Typical Loop: Reading Input Records 128
AVOIDING COMMON PITFALLS WITH LOOPS 130
Pitfall: Adding an Unwanted Semicolon 131
Pitfalls: Forgetting Curly Braces or Forgetting to Alter a Loop Control Variable 132
Pitfall: Failing to Initialize a Loop Control Variable 133
ACCUMULATING TOTALS 135
THE FOR LOOP 136
PRETEST VS. POSTTEST LOOPS 139
NESTED LOOPS 143
USING LOOPS WITH STRUCTURE FIELDS 145
YOU DO IT 149
Using a Loop to Validate User Data Entry 149
Using a Structure in an Application Containing Several Loops 150

vii
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER SUMMARY 154

KEY TERMS 155
REVIEW QUESTIONS 155
EXERCISES 159
CASE PROJECT 1 161
CASE PROJECT 2 162
UP FOR DISCUSSION 163

CHAPTER 5 UNDERSTANDING ARRAYS, STRINGS, AND POINTERS 165

UNDERSTANDING MEMORY ADDRESSES 166
UNDERSTANDING ARRAYS 167
STORING VALUES IN AN ARRAY 170
ACCESSING AND USING ARRAY VALUES 172
AVOIDING COMMON ARRAY ERRORS 175
Pitfall: Forgetting that Arrays are Zero-Based 175
Pitfall: Accessing Locations Beyond the Array 176
USING PART OF AN ARRAY 177
USING PARALLEL ARRAYS 180
CREATING ARRAYS OF STRUCTURE OBJECTS 183
USING TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 185
USING CHARACTER ARRAY STRINGS 188
Strings Created as Arrays of Characters 189
Special String-Handling Problems When Using
Character Arrays 190
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STRING CLASS 197
USING POINTERS 200
USING A POINTER INSTEAD OF AN ARRAY NAME 201
YOU DO IT 205
Using an Array 205
Understanding Memory Addresses 208
CHAPTER SUMMARY 210
KEY TERMS 211
REVIEW QUESTIONS 212
EXERCISES 215
CASE PROJECT 1 220
CASE PROJECT 2 220
UP FOR DISCUSSION 221

viii
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 6 USING C++ FUNCTIONS 223

WRITING SIMPLE FUNCTIONS 224
PLACING FUNCTIONS WITHIN FILES 226
Placing a Function as Part of the Same File, Before main() 226
Placing a Function as Part of the Same File, After main() 228
Placing a Function in Its Own File 230
UNDERSTANDING PROCEDURAL ABSTRACTION 232
UNDERSTANDING SCOPE 234
Distinguishing Between Local and Global Variables 234
Using the Scope Resolution Operator 237
RETURNING VALUES FROM FUNCTIONS 239
PASSING VALUES TO FUNCTIONS 243
AVOIDING COMMON ERRORS WHEN USING FUNCTIONS 246
Pitfall: Neglecting to Make Sure the Function Declaration, Header, and Call Agree 246
Pitfall: Indicating an Argument Type in a Function Call 247
Pitfall: Indicating a Return Type in a Function Call 247
Pitfall: Ignoring the Order of Parameters 247
Pitfall: Assuming that an Unused Return Value Has an Effect 248
USING OBJECTS AS PARAMETERS TO,
AND AS RETURN TYPES OF, FUNCTIONS 248
PASSING ADDRESSES TO FUNCTIONS 250
USING REFERENCE VARIABLES WITH FUNCTIONS 253
Declaring Reference Variables 253
Passing Variable Addresses to Reference Variables 255
PASSING ARRAYS TO FUNCTIONS 258
USING INLINE FUNCTIONS 260
USING DEFAULT PARAMETERS 262
OVERLOADING FUNCTIONS 264
Avoiding Ambiguity 266
YOU DO IT 267
Writing Functions That Return Values 267
Writing a Function That Requires a Parameter 269
CHAPTER SUMMARY 270
KEY TERMS 271
REVIEW QUESTIONS 273
EXERCISES 276
CASE PROJECT 1 281
CASE PROJECT 2 281
UP FOR DISCUSSION 282

ix
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 7 USING CLASSES 283

CREATING CLASSES 284
ENCAPSULATING CLASS COMPONENTS 286
Designing Classes 287
IMPLEMENTING FUNCTIONS IN A CLASS 289
Using Public Functions to Alter Private Data 290
UNUSUAL USE: USING PRIVATE FUNCTIONS AND PUBLIC DATA 295
CONSIDERING SCOPE WHEN DEFINING MEMBER FUNCTIONS 298
USING STATIC CLASS MEMBERS 301
Defining Static Data Members 301
Using Static Functions 305
UNDERSTANDING THE THIS POINTER 307
Using the this Pointer Explicitly 311
Using the Pointer-to-Member Operator 311
UNDERSTANDING POLYMORPHISM 313
YOU DO IT 314
Creating and Using a Class 314
Using a static Field 317
Understanding How static and Non-static Fields are Stored 320
CHAPTER SUMMARY 321
KEY TERMS 322
REVIEW QUESTIONS 323
EXERCISES 327
CASE PROJECT 1 330
CASE PROJECT 2 331
UP FOR DISCUSSION 331

CHAPTER 8 CLASS FEATURES AND DESIGN ISSUES 333

CLASSIFYING THE ROLES OF MEMBER FUNCTIONS 334
UNDERSTANDING CONSTRUCTORS 335
WRITING CONSTRUCTORS WITHOUT PARAMETERS 336
WRITING CONSTRUCTORS WITH PARAMETERS 341
Pitfall: Using Parentheses When Instantiating an Object with a Default Constructor 344
OVERLOADING CONSTRUCTORS 345
USING DESTRUCTORS 347
UNDERSTANDING COMPOSITION 352
Using Composition When Member Classes Contain Non-default Constructors 355
USING #IFNDEF, #DEFINE, AND #ENDIF 358
IMPROVING CLASSES 361

x
 CONTENTS

Selecting Member Data and Function Names 361

Reducing Coupling Between Functions 363
Increasing Cohesion in a Function 363
YOU DO IT 365
Creating a Class with a Constructor 365
Using Constructor Parameters 368
Understanding Composition 369
CHAPTER SUMMARY 372
KEY TERMS 374
REVIEW QUESTIONS 375
EXERCISES 378
CASE PROJECT 1 382
CASE PROJECT 2 383
UP FOR DISCUSSION 384

CHAPTER 9 UNDERSTANDING FRIENDS AND OVERLOADING OPERATORS 385

WHAT ARE FRIENDS? 386
HOW TO DECLARE A FUNCTION AS A FRIEND 387
UNDERSTANDING THE BENEFITS OF OVERLOADING AND POLYMORPHISM 391
USING A FRIEND FUNCTION TO ACCESS DATA FROM TWO CLASSES 393
Using a Forward Declaration 395
OVERLOADING OPERATORS—THE GENERAL RULES 397
OVERLOADING AN ARITHMETIC OPERATOR 402
Paying Attention to the Order of the Operands 405
OVERLOADING AN OPERATOR TO WORK WITH
AN OBJECT AND A PRIMITIVE TYPE 406
USING MULTIPLE OPERATIONS IN AN EXPRESSION 409
OVERLOADING OUTPUT 412
OVERLOADING INPUT 416
OVERLOADING THE PREFIX ++ AND – – OPERATORS 418
USING POSTFIX INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS 421
OVERLOADING THE == OPERATOR 422
OVERLOADING THE = OPERATOR 424
OVERLOADING [ ] AND ( ) 430
YOU DO IT 434
Overloading an Arithmetic Operator 434
Overloading an Output Operator 435
CHAPTER SUMMARY 436
KEY TERMS 438

xi
 CONTENTS

REVIEW QUESTIONS 439

EXERCISES 442
CASE PROJECT 1 447
CASE PROJECT 2 448
UP FOR DISCUSSION 449

CHAPTER 10 UNDERSTANDING INHERITANCE 451

UNDERSTANDING INHERITANCE 452
UNDERSTANDING THE ADVANTAGES PROVIDED BY INHERITANCE 453
CREATING A DERIVED CLASS 454
UNDERSTANDING INHERITANCE RESTRICTIONS 458
CHOOSING THE CLASS ACCESS SPECIFIER 462
OVERRIDING INHERITED ACCESS 463
OVERRIDING AND OVERLOADING PARENT CLASS FUNCTIONS 467
PROVIDING FOR BASE CLASS CONSTRUCTION 474
USING MULTIPLE INHERITANCE 478
DISADVANTAGES OF USING MULTIPLE INHERITANCE 481
USING VIRTUAL BASE CLASSES 482
YOU DO IT 484
Creating a Base Class 484
Creating a Child Class 486
Creating Another Child Class 488
Using Multiple Inheritance 489
CHAPTER SUMMARY 491
KEY TERMS 492
REVIEW QUESTIONS 493
EXERCISES 496
CASE PROJECT 1 498
CASE PROJECT 2 499
UP FOR DISCUSSION 500

CHAPTER 11 USING TEMPLATES 501

UNDERSTANDING THE USEFULNESS OF FUNCTION TEMPLATES 502
CREATING FUNCTION TEMPLATES 504
USING MULTIPLE PARAMETERS IN FUNCTION TEMPLATES 506
OVERLOADING FUNCTION TEMPLATES 509
USING MORE THAN ONE TYPE IN A FUNCTION TEMPLATE 511
USING MORE THAN ONE PARAMETERIZED TYPE IN A FUNCTION TEMPLATE 513

xii
 CONTENTS

EXPLICITLY SPECIFYING THE TYPE IN A FUNCTION TEMPLATE 516

Using Multiple Explicit Types in a Function Template 518
USING CLASS TEMPLATES 519
CREATING A COMPLETE CLASS TEMPLATE 521
UNDERSTANDING THE USEFULNESS OF CONTAINER CLASSES 523
CREATING AN ARRAY TEMPLATE CLASS 525
INTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY 531
Inserting a New Element into a Vector Using Iterators and the insert() Method 536
Sorting Vector Elements Using the sort() Algorithm 536
YOU DO IT 540
Creating a Function Template 540
Proving the Template Function Works with Class Objects 541
CHAPTER SUMMARY 544
KEY TERMS 546
REVIEW QUESTIONS 547
EXERCISES 550
CASE PROJECT 1 553
CASE PROJECT 2 554
UP FOR DISCUSSION 555

CHAPTER 12 HANDLING EXCEPTIONS 557

UNDERSTANDING THE LIMITATIONS OF TRADITIONAL ERROR HANDLING METHODS 558
THROWING EXCEPTIONS 560
USING TRY BLOCKS 563
CATCHING EXCEPTIONS 564
USING MULTIPLE THROW STATEMENTS AND MULTIPLE CATCH BLOCKS 566
Determining the Order of catch Blocks 568
USING THE DEFAULT EXCEPTION HANDLER 569
UNDERSTANDING EXCEPTION CLASSES IN THE STANDARD RUNTIME LIBRARY 570
An Example of an Automatically Thrown logic_error 571
Using the what() Function 573
Explicitly Throwing a Built-in exception 573
DERIVING YOUR OWN EXCEPTIONS FROM THE EXCEPTION CLASS 576
Overriding the Exception Class what() Function 580
USING EXCEPTION SPECIFICATIONS 582
Exception Specifications in ANSI C++ 582
How Visual C++ Departs from the ANSI Standard 583
UNWINDING THE STACK 583
RETHROWING EXCEPTIONS 589

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