Pulse modulation
(Carrier is the narrow pulses)
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The carriers
• Sinusoidal Electromagnet wave (continuous wave)
A, f, φ can be
modulated by message
• Narrow pulses
Amplitude, width, spacing
can be modulated
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Introduction
• Pulse Modulation is divided into two as Analog and Digital.
• Analog Modulation is divided into Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse
Time Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation or Pulse Duration
Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation
• Digital Modulation is divided into Pulse Code Modulation and Delta
Modulation.
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Introduction
Analog Pulse Modulation: The process of transmitting signals in
the form of pulses (discontinuous signals) by using special
techniques.
• Pulse Amplitude
Modulation
• Pulse Width Modulation
• Pulse Position Modulation
• Pulse Code Modulation
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Sampling
• The process of transmitting signals in the form of pulses
(discontinuous signals) requires using special techniques.
• The input signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each
sample is proportional to the amplitude of signal at that instant.
• This technique is called “sampling”.
• Sampling is common in all pulse modulation techniques.
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Sampling
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Sampling
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Sampling Rate
Sampling Theorem
• Nyquist showed that it is possible to reconstruct a band-limited
signal from periodic samples, as long as the sampling rate is at
least twice the frequency of the of highest frequency
component of the signal
i.e. fs ≥ 2fm
where fs is sampling rate
• Sampling rates that are too low result in aliasing or fold over
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Sampling Theorem
• Ideal sampling
• Nyquist criteria
fs>2fmax
• Use Low Pass Filter (LPF) to restore the signal
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Spectrum of the sampling signal
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Spectrum of the sampling signal
• Sampling
• In fact, the pulse width of the sampling is different from zero,
so the PAM signal:
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Three pulse modulation methods
• Pulse-duration modulation (PDM), also referred to as pulse-
width modulation (PWM), where samples of the message
signal are used to vary the duration of the individual pulses in
the carrier.
• Pulse-position modulation (PPM), where the position of a
pulse relative to its u,. modulated time of occurrence is varied
in accordance with the message signal.
• In pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), the amplitudes of
regularly spaced pulses are varied in proportion to the
corresponding sample values of a continuous message signal;
the pulses can he of a rectangular form or some other
appropriate shape.
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Three pulse modulation methods
• PAM : Pulse Amplitude Modulation.
PWM: Pulse Width Modulation
PPM: Pulse Position Modulation
• Messages are transported by
the amplitude, width, position
of the pulse sequence
• At receiver Information is
reconstructed from pulse
sequence (Demodulation)
• How do perform these methods?
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Pulse amplitude modulation
• In PAM, amplitude of pulses is varied in accordance with
instantaneous value of modulating signal.
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More details
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PAM
• Depending upon the shape and polarity of the sampled pulses, PAM is of
two types:
• Natural PAM sampling occurs when top portion of the pulses are
subjected to follow the modulating wave.
• Flat topped PAM sampling is often used because of the ease of
generating the modulated wave. In this pulses have flat tops after
modulation.
Natural Flat topped
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Electronic circuit creates PAM
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PAM-Flat top sampling
• PAM is obtained using sample and hold (S/H) technique. This approach
produces flat top pulses.
• S/H circuit consist of two FET switches and a capacitor.
• A gate pulse at G1 closes the sampling switch and the capacitor holds
the sampled voltage until discharged by a pulse applied G2.
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PAM-Flat top sampling
• PAM is obtained using sample and
hold (S/H) technique. This
approach produces flat top pulses.
• S/H circuit consist of two FET
switches and a capacitor.
• A gate pulse at G1 closes the
sampling switch and the capacitor
holds the sampled voltage until
discharged by a pulse applied G2.
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PAM with flat or nature top
(actual sampling)
• Need equalizer
before low-pass filter
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PAM-Demodulator
A zero-order holding circuit.
Here the switch ‘S’ is closed after
the arrival of the pulse and it is
opened at the end of the pulse. the output of a Low Pass filter (LPF)
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PAM-Demodulator
• App: Telephone impulse modems faster than
300 bits/sec use PAM
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Pulse multiplexing: case 1
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Pulse multiplexing: case 2
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Comments on PAM
• Benefits or advantages of PAM
High efficiency: It can generate the pulse signals and carry the
message at the same time, which increases its efficiency and
transmission power.
• In PAM, system is lowest in complexity to implement. Hence
generation and detection is easy.
Convenient for multiplexing
Low noise: Both PAM and PWM do not require
synchronization of pulses because the position of pulses does
not varies with the amplitude.
Quick transmission and reception.
Base for all types of digital modulation.
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Comments on PAM
• Drawbacks or disadvantages of PAM
Noise interference is higher.
➨It is difficult to remove noise, as this will affect small
amplitude part which carries information.
➨It has lowest power efficiency among all three types.
➨Instantaneous power of transmitter varies.
• Applications :
It is used in Ethernet Communications
It is used in many micro-controllers for generating the
control signals.
It is used in Photo-biology.
It is used as an electronic driver for LED lighting.
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PWM
• In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant but the width
of each pulse is varied in accordance with instantaneous value
of the analog signal.
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PWM
• Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) is a digital technology that uses the
amount of power delivered to a device that can be changed.
• Using analog signal (continuous in terms of both voltage and current)
– Simple and straightforward
– BUT: not easy to regulate, not power efficient, not resilient to
noise
• PWM is a powerful technique for digitally encoding analog signal
levels
– High-resolution counters are used to generate a square wave
– The duty cycle of the square wave is modulated to encode an
analog signal
– Typical applications: switching power supplies, motor control
– Power loss in the switching devices is very low: “on” no current,
“off” not voltage drop
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PWM
• Use a sawtooth signal concurrent with the information signal
• At cut point, create a rectangular pulse that its width is proportional to
information amplitude
PWM output is formed by the intersection of
the saw-tooth wave and sinusoid
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PWM
• Duty Cycle: on-time / period
On Time
Duty Cycle = 100%
Period
• VLOW is often zero
On Off
VHI
Duty
V AVG = DVHI + (1 − D )VLOW VLOW Cycle (D)
Period (T)
• A percentage measurement of how long the signal stays on.
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PWM
• Duty Cycle Characteristic
• The average value of a PWM signal increases linearly with the
duty cycle
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PWM
• Type of PWM: Lead Edge Modulation
• The lead edge is fixed at the lead edge of the window and the
trailing edge is modulated.
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PWM
• Type of PWM: Trail Edge Modulation
• The trail edge is fixed and the lead edge is modulated.
• Centered Pulses
• The pulse center is fixed in the center of the time window and both
edges of pulse are modulated
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Comments on PWM
• Benefits or advantages of PWM
• ➨Noise interference is less or minimum.
➨System is moderate in complexity to implement.
➨It has moderate power efficiency among all three types.
➨It supports higher power handling capability.
• Drawbacks or disadvantages of PWM
• ➨Instantaneous power of transmitter varies.
➨The system requires semiconductor devices with low
turn-ON and turn-OFF times. Hence they are very
expensive.
➨High switching losses due to higher PWM frequency.
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Comments on PWM
Application
• In the past, motors were controlled at intermediate speed by using
resistors to lower delivered power.
• Electric stove heater.
• Lamp dimmers.
• Voltage regulation – convert 12 volts to 5 volts by having a
41.7% duty cycle.
• Sound production: PWM controlled signals give sound effects
similar to a chorus.
• Power transfer: PWM used to reduce the total power given to a
load without relying on resistive losses.
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PPM
• Pulse position modulation: Amplitude and width of the pulses is
kept constant but the position of each pulse is varied in accordance
with the amplitudes of the sampled values of the modulating signal.
• PPM signal is further modification of a PWM signal.
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PPM
• Generation of PPM Signal
Monostable Multivibrators have
only ONE stable state.
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Comments on PPM
• Drawbacks or disadvantages of PPM
System is highest in complexity to implement (Complexity of circuit).
It requires very large bandwidth (BW) compare to PAM.
• Cost
• Radio Frequency Interference
• Voltage spikes
• Electromagnetic noise
• Applications : used in communication over optic fibers
Pulse position modulation is used in remote controlled aircraft, cars, boats,
and other vehicles and is responsible for conveying a transmitter’s controls to
a receiver. Each pulse’s position may describe an analogue controller’s
physical direction, while the number of pulses may describe the number of
possible commands that the device may receive.
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PCM
Pulse code modulation (PCM):
obtained from the quantized PAM
signals by encoding each quantized
sample into a digital word:
• PCM digits vs PCM
waveform.
• The source information is
sampled and quantized to one of
L levels; then each quantized
sample is digitally encoded into
an l-bit (l = log2 L) codeword.
For baseband transmission,
codeword bits will then be
transformed to pulse waveforms.
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PCM
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PCM
• Most ADC’s use uniform quantizers.
• The quantization levels of a uniform quantizer are equally spaced
apart.
• Uniform quantizers are optimal when the input distribution is
uniform. When all values within the Dynamic Range of the
quantizer are equally likely.
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PCM
• Effect of quantization noise can be reduced by increasing the
number of quantization intervals in the low amplitude regions (high
probability of signal). This means that spacing between the
quantization levels should not be uniform.
• This type of quantization is called "Non-Uniform Quantization”.
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PCM
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PCM Waveform
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Revision
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Revision
• What are the PAM, PWM and PPM.
• What is difference between The PAM with ideal sampling and
the PAM with real sampling.
• Advantage and disadvantage of PAM, PWM and PPM.
• The main advantage of these pulse modulation schemes are
better noise immunity and possibility of use of repeaters which
makes communication more reliable and error free.
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