COMPUTER NETWORKS
What is cisco packer tracer:
Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by Cisco
Systems. It's primarily used for teaching and learning networking
concepts, particularly for students preparing for Cisco certifications like
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate).
What You Can Do with Packet Tracer:
Design and simulate complex network topologies.
Practice configuring Cisco routers, switches, firewalls, and end
devices.
Visualize network traffic and interactions between devices.
Test configurations without physical hardware.
Create interactive network labs and scenarios for learning or
testing.
How to install cisco packet tracer:
Open google chrome
Search cisco packet tracer downloader
Open Resource Hub: Get Packet Tracer, Virtual Machine
Login cisco account
Click on Packet Tracer 8.2.2 Windows 64bit
Then give the all permissions and install cisco packet tracer
2B) USE PACKET TRACER SOFTWARE TO BUILT NETWORK
TOPOLOGY AND CONFIGURE USING LINK STATE ROUTING
PROTOCOL.
A) TOPOLOGY:
In computer networks, a topology refers to the arrangement of
devices (nodes) and how they are connected and communicate
with each other. There are several types of topologies they are:
BUS TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
MESH TOPOLOGY
TREE TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY:
All devices share a single communication line (backbone).
Data travels in both directions until it finds the destination.
IMPLEMENTATION OF BUS TOPOLOGY:
Take 4 Laptops and 4 switches
Connect Laptops and switches with thunder cable
Then for giving the IP addresses for Laptops, Place the cursor on the
Laptop the click on Left button on mouse.
Click on Desktop.
Click on IP configuration.
Then give the IP address to Laptop.
Also give the IP addresses for remaining Laptops.
Now check the model if it is working or not by sending a message
from one Laptop to another Laptop.
Now drag the message which is visible on top.
Now place the message in Laptop 0 and Laptop 3.
Now we see the message send to receiver successfully or not.
Now we see that the message successfully sends from source to
destination.
TREE TOPOLOGY:
A combination of star and bus topologies.
Devices are grouped into star-configured workgroups connected to a
bus backbone.
IMPLEMENTATION OF TREE TOPOLOGY:
Select some pc’s and switches
Now connect the pc’s and switches by using thunder cable.
Now connect all switches like a tree.
Now assign the IP addresses and Default Gateway to all pc’s.
Now check the model if it is working or not by sending a message
from one Laptop to another Laptop.
Drag and place the message on any two pc’s.
Now check the message is successfully send to receiver or not.
The message was successfully sends from source to destination.
RING TOPOLOGY:
A Ring Topology is a type of network configuration where each device
(node) is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a closed
loop or ring. Data travels in a unidirectional or bidirectional fashion
through the ring until it reaches its destination.
IMPLEMENTATION OF RING TOPOLOGY:
Select some pc’s and switches
Connect the pc’s with switches by using thunder cable.
Also connect all switches.
Now assign IP addresses to all pc’s.
Now check the model by sending message from source to
destination.
The message was successfully sends from source to destination.
MESH TOPOLOGY:
A Mesh Topology is a type of network setup where every device is
connected to every other device in the network. It offers multiple
paths for data to travel, making it highly reliable and fault-tolerant.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MESH TOPOLOGY:
Select some pc’s and switches
Connect the pc’s with switches by using thunder cable.
Also connect all switches and also connects the cable into cross.
Now assign IP addresses to all pc’s.
Now check the model by sending message from source to
destination.
The message was successfully sends from source to destination.
STAR TOPOLOGY:
A Star Topology is one of the most common and widely used network
topologies today. In this setup, all devices (nodes) are connected to a
central device, such as a hub, switch, or router.
IMPLEMENTATION OF STAR TOPOLOGY:
In this star topology we implement the model by switch and another
model by router.
For the switch model take some pc’s and one switch.
For the hub model take some pc’s and one hub.
In the first model all the pc’s are connect to the switch.
And in the second model all the pc’s are connect to the hub.
Now assign IP addresses to all pc’s.
Now check the model by sending message from source to
destination.
The message was successfully sends from source to destination.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SWITCH CASE AND HUB CASE
In the first case the message was send directly to the destination
without checking all the end devices.
In the second case the message was send to all the end devices and
match the IP address.
HYBRID TOPOLOGY:
A Hybrid Topology is a combination of two or more different types of
network topologies (e.g., star, bus, ring, mesh) integrated into a single
network. It's designed to leverage the strengths of each topology while
minimizing their weaknesses.
IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRIDTOPOLOGY:
Select some pc’s and switches and arrange like this.
We can place atleast two or more topologies combine.
Now connect the all swithches.
Then after connecting the switches now connect all the end devices
to the switches.
Now assign the IP addresses and Default Gateway to all the end
devices.
Now check the model by sending message from source to
destination.
The message was successfully sends from source to destination.
OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF):
✅ What is OSPF?
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state routing protocol
used in IP networks to find the best path for data. It's an interior
gateway protocol (IGP) designed for use within a single autonomous
system (AS).
Standardized: Open (not proprietary), defined in RFC 2328
(OSPFv2) and RFC 5340 (OSPFv3).
Metric: Uses cost (based on bandwidth) to choose best paths.
Algorithm: Uses Dijkstra’s Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm.
Fast convergence and loop-free.
🧠 How OSPF Works
1. Router IDs (RID) are assigned.
2. Routers discover neighbors on connected links.
3. Routers exchange Link-State Advertisements (LSAs).
4. Each router builds a Link-State Database (LSDB).
5. SPF algorithm runs to build a Shortest Path Tree (SPT).
6. Routing table is populated based on the SPT.
IMPLEMENTATION OF OSPF:
Take some routers, switches and pc’s.
Connect all by using thunder cable.
Now assign IP addresses to the pc’s.
Now assign IPV4 address to the routers.
Now assign IPV4 address to the 2nd router.
Now assign IPV4 address to the 3rd router.
After assigning IPV4 address es to all routers
Now send message from sender to destination it become failed
because router addresses are just match to pc’s .it does not travels
through all routers so it will become failed.
For that we activate all the routers. now activate first router for that
we use
For activating second router
For activating another router
Now our model is ready to transmit the data.
