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D E B R E TA B O R U N V E R S I T Y
G A FAT I N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O G Y
D E PA R T M E N T O F E L E C T R I C A L A N D C O M P U T E R E N G I N E E R I N G
R E S E A RC H M E T H O D O L O G Y A N D P R E S E N TAT I O N S
PA R T - O N E
DTU, GIT 11/20/2024
Outline
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Objectives
Definition of Research
Types of Research
Research Methods and Methodology
Scientific Research
Scientific Research phase
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Objectives
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To help students:
To know criteria for scientific research
To provide essential elements of research methodology
To write a critical review of the relevant literature
To identify a research problem and process
To get presentation skills both in written and oral
To know the way to disseminate research outputs
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Objective of the Course
The course introduce the essential aspects of proposing,
designing, conducting and reporting on research works.
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Prepare Yourself Psychologically
Is being a top student enough?
Neither necessary nor sufficient
Do you know your intellectual or mental limit?
Ready for failures?
Are you extremely motivated?
All you need is passion
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DTU, GIT 11/20/2024
Definition of Research
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What is Research?
There is a vast body of knowledge at present in almost every discipline in
the form of :-
literature
art
culture
Humans still need much more knowledge.
Needs to overcome existing and emerging challenging problems in society,
business, technology, the environment, etc
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Our knowledge of the universe is always incomplete
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The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English:-
A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search
for a new facts in any branch of knowledge.
The Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary:
A studious inquiry or examination; especially investigation or
experimentation aimed at:-
the discovery and interpretation of facts
revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts
practical application of such new or revised theories or laws
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Research is the systematic investigation of situation or
problem into existing or new knowledge.
So research is used to:-
found or confirm facts,
solve new or existing problems,
support theorems, or develop new theories
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Summary
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Research is an art of investigation of new and innovative
aspects of any branch of knowledge.
Research is also defined as search for knowledge through
objective and systematic method of finding solution to a
problem or developing foundational theory
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Types of Research
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Research Towards Solution of Problems
1. Evaluative:-Selecting best solution among the existing
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2. Developmental:-Better solution than any available
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Research further be subdivided into three sub classes:
1) Survey study
This research or study method does not go into the depth
of the issue (problem & solution).
It generates useful preliminary findings on the problems and
possible means of solutions that may then be utilized as
hints for full researches that intend to go to deep and broad
researches.
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2) Case study
Problems and means of solutions are studied in depth but
for a narrow scope of the problem and coverage at hand.
Example: Performance improvement of spectral beam forming of MIMO
systems
3) Comparative method/study
To identify better or best means/solution under certain conditions
among existing ones by comparative analysis method.
Metrics and/or weighted parameters against which the overall
comparison among alternatives could be considered.
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Applied
Address practical problems and solutions that can be
implemented for near term benefits
Basic
research on ideas and sake of knowledge
Analytical
Analyze and make critical evaluation of information
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Quantitative
Provides numerical results to validate the claims
Qualitative
Comparative development of enhancing the usage patters
and experiences.
Empirical
Relies on experience and Observations
Descriptive
Survey, comparative and correlation methods
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Research Methods and Methodology
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Methods and Techniques
Research methods:- all techniques that are used for
conduction of research.
Techniques:- Instruments in performing research operations
such as:-
making observations,
recording data,
the way data is extracted from experiment or
simulation
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processing data and the like.
Research Methods and Methodology
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Methods refer to the behavior and instruments used in
selecting and constructing research technique.
Method is more general and generates techniques
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Research Methods and Methodology
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Tools: Physical and/ or conceptual instruments that are
used in scientific and technical works.
Mathematical symbols
Systems
Computers
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Research Methods and Methodology
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Methodology : scientific method
The way to systematically solve the research problem is
research methodology
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Research Methods and Methodology
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It is necessary to know not only the research
methods/techniques but also the methodology.
Research methodology has many dimensions and research
methods do constitute a part of the research methodology.
The scope of research methodology is wider than that of
research methods
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Research Methods and Methodology
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When we talk of research methodology we talk:
how to develop certain tests,
which of these methods or techniques are relevant and
which are not (consider the logic behind the methods ),
why we are using a particular method or technique and
why we are not using others,
how to apply particular research techniques,
what would they mean and indicate and why
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Research Methods and Methodology
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First described by the English philosopher and scientist Roger
Bacon in the 13th century, it is still generally agreed that the
scientific method is the basis for all scientific investigation
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Scientific Research
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Scientific research is the process of inquiry in which we:
Pose a question about the physical world
Develop a set of procedures using the rational process
that if followed, would convincingly answer that question
Plan to make appropriate observations
Rationally interpret observation to arrive at a conclusion
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Research criteria /characteristics of scientific method
Empirical
decisions are based on concrete data
Evidence based approach
Scientific decisions are made based on the data derived
from direct observation and experiments
Observation
Aware of surrounding and making careful measurements.
A keen eye to surroundings can often provide many ideas
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Question
After getting a research idea (from making observations), the
next step in the research process involves:
Translating the research idea into an answerable question.
Hypothesis
Are the researchers attempt to explain the phenomenon being
studied, and that explanation should involve a prediction about
the variables being studied.
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Predictions are then tested by gathering and analyzing data,
and the hypotheses can either be supported or refused on the
basis of the data.
Hypothesis is tentative solution for the problem.
Hypothesis is testable
Hypothesis may or may not correct
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Discussions with colleagues and experts about the
problem Review of
similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar
problems;
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Null Hypothesis (H0) versus alternative hypothesis (Ha)
Null Hypothesis
No statistical significance between the two variables
Researcher is trying to disprove it
Relationship is due to chance
Example: Eating chocolate has no impact on running
temperature
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Alternative hypothesis (Ha)
Statistical significance between the two variables
Researcher is trying to approve it
Relationship is not due to chance
If Ha is accepted H0 is rejected
Example: Eating chocolate has impact on running
temperature
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Experiment
After articulating the hypothesis, the next step involves
conducting the experiment (or research study)
Analysis
After conducting the study and gathering the data, the
next step involves analyzing the data
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Conclusion
After analyzing the data, you are now in a position to draw
some conclusions about the results of the study
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Replication
means conducting the same research study a second time with
another group of participants to see whether the same results
are obtained.
If the results of a research is replicated reduce chance of
error.
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Good Academic Research
Sufficient data sources
Appropriate data sources
Accurately recorded
Properly analyzed
No hidden assumption
Conclusion well-founded
Properly presented
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Characteristics of a Good researcher
Prepared and open mind
Broad interests in several areas
Capacity for hard work
Desire to know the truth
Ability to learn from mistakes of the past or others
Positive attitude and faith in scientific method
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Scientific Research phase
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It is not distinct stages
1. Formulating the problem
2. Constructing the model
3. Testing the model
4. Derive solution from the model
5. Test and control the solution
6. Implement the solution
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Continue…
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